People from the developed and developing countries want to settle in the developed country. Emigration of highly skilled persons from developing to developed countries has increased over the past decade. Now the migration is known as a tool for poverty reduction. Migration has more application for the country like Madagascar. Migration effects on economy always attract the researcher to think about it and especially in the new century it has been increased. Madagascar is a developing country. The percentage of migrants from Madagascar is not high. Only some skilled workers and students move from country for study and work. In a globalized village where visa will also be opened, migration obligation plays an energetic role in revenue at micro and macro level. And as a country, Madagascar must have the preparation for progress migration-oriented workers, create people sensitive migration policy and law and take smother steps that allow the working people going overseas. So in this paper migration and its effect have been discussed and at the end conclusion and some recommendations have been suggested.
The Republic of Madagascar is a country located in Eastern Africa, consisting of the world’s fourth largest island and some smaller islands in the Indian Ocean. Madagascar has a coastal plain, high plateau and mountains. Major rivers include the Betsiboka, Onilahy, Mangoky and Tsiribihina. The east coast of Madagascar has lowlands leading to steep bluffs and central highlands. The Tsaratanana Massif in the north has volcanic mountains. The west coast has many protected harbors and broad plains, while the southwest is a plateau and desert region. The largest city and capital is Antananarivo. Other important cities are Antsirabe, Mahajanga and Toamasina. Highest peak is the Maromokotro reaching 2876 meters above sea level (
The dynamics of world has been characterized not just by the international flow of capital, commodities, goods, services and information but more so of labor. The global labor market, mainly for the highly skilled is increasing. The migration of the highly skilled from developing countries is rising. Developing countries needs a critical mass of highly skilled scientists, engineers and other specialists to accomplish socioeconomic improvement. High quality experts are compulsory not only for industrial growth and competitiveness but also for provision of social services such as health, sanitation, energy infrastructure, education and agriculture. Migration of highly skilled scientists, engineers and medical professionals is generally known to bear a negative effect on a country’s economic and social growth. Source countries lose out not only on the investment they have made on training of highly skilled people but are often forced to hire foreign consultants to meet specific development needs at a high cost to tax payers. It is estimated that 30 to 50 per cent of the developing world’s population trained in science and technology live in the developed world [
As per there is not a high rate of migration from Madagascar but only small amount of highly skilled people migrate from Madagascar. Push factors can be unemployment, underemployment, security issues, underde-
Political map of madagascar
veloped education system and weak institutions of innovation and scientific research. Further factors can be include noncompetitive employment and career advancement, lack of research funding, insufficient intellectual stimulation, inefficient management of resources, low social capital and low salary structures. Pull factors can be better learning chances as members of international networks, access to high quality scientific structure and frontier technologies, higher salaries, competitive job environment, access to better education and health facilities for family and accessibility of funds for research and innovation. At the other hand advanced and developed countries always attract people from developing and developing countries like Madagascar. Developed countries with advanced knowledge-based economies would continue to attract human capital from the developing world as there will be more opportunities for the highly skilled.
Due to high rate of migration from some countries especially a case of India a recent study by the Federation of the American Immigration Reform (FAIR) on Brain Drain showed that India is experiencing a shortage of 145,000 engineers although it trains an estimated 178,000 software engineers each year. The shortage of software engineering in India is increasing; the one reason may be the migration rate of India. International migration is a mighty force globally. Over 175 m people, accounting for 3% of world is population, live permanently outside their countries of birth [
Migration has effect on economics widely, sometime may be it leaves effect in short term, but in long term it has very positive impact on the economy of the country. Immigration have economics effects for both sending and receiving countries, sometime also depend that who is moving especially with the respect of migrate workers’ skills levels. For sending countries, the short-term economic benefits of emigration are found in remittances. Remittances are funds that emigrants earn abroad and send back to their home country for to support their family in back home. International migration has substantial consequences for development. There are more than 215 international migrants and over 700 million internal migrants worldwide. According to official estimates, migrants from developing countries sent over USD 325 billion in officially recorded remittances to their origin countries in 2010—three times the size of official development assistance. Remittances flows to developing countries remained resilient during the recent global financial crisis compared to significant declines in private capital flows. Unlike commonly believed, around half of the official international migration from the South is to other developing countries rather than to wealthier countries in the North [
The Republic of Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, is in the western Indian Ocean, about 500km east of Mozambique and southern Africa. Accordingly International labor Organization (2012) the GDP growth rate is 3.1. Madagascar is facing a lot challenges this types which can be in the shape of poverty, unemployment, lack of houses, etc. More than 80% of its population lives in poverty, with most of them working in low productivity jobs, primarily in the agricultural sector. In Madagascar, it is not unemployment which is the problem, per se, but rather, underemployment, that is, employment that does not earn workers a living wage. Many Malagasy citizens are trapped in low-wage activities, often in the informal sector and usually in the agricultural sector [
Brain drains can also comprise industrialists and students (i.e. future professionals). The former’s departure denies the home country of some of the people who create businesses and employment. As for students, most developing countries send some of them abroad for tertiary-level studies, as a means of expanding and improving the human capital stock of the home country. However, this often becomes a route to brain drain. The greater the gap between the conditions in the study country and those in the home country, the higher the probability of graduates staying abroad [
Migrant’s rate from Asia is high, while migrant’s rate from the African country is not so high, but still these migrants have some effective impact on the economy and on the education system of the country. In
In
Net migration rate in Madagascar is 0 migrant(s)/1,000 populations (2013 est.) (
. Summary of migration effect on country
Positive Effects | Negative Effects |
---|---|
• Opportunities of work which is not available in home country. • May reduce the unemployment in the country. • Inflow of remittances and foreign exchange • Technology, Investment and venture capital from diasporas • Can be case of trade between sending and receiving country. • Stimulus to investment in domestic education and individual human capital investment • Return of skilled person may increase local human capitals, transfer of skills and linkage to foreign network. • Charitable activities of diasporas can assist in relief and local community development. | • Reduction of high skilled person in the home country. • Effect on production due to low stoke highly qualified persons. • Lower return from Public investment in Public Education. • Selective migration may cause increasing disparities in income in the home country. • Loss in Revenue (Income tax prospective). • Remittance may reduce over time. • Inflationary potential of remittances, especially on real estate in some areas. • A culture of migration, discouragements to invest locally. |
Source: Adapted by authors from UN/DESA (2004) [
. Total numbers of migrants
Millions of People | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | |||
By Region | |||||||||||||
Africa | 9.1 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 14.4 | 16.3 | 17.9 | 6.5 | 17.0 | 19.2 | ||
Asia | 28.5 | 28.2 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 32.1 | 37.2 | 49.9 | 47.2 | 50.3 | 53.3 | 61.3 | ||
Europe | 14.2 | 16.6 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 21.9 | 23.4 | 49.3 | 55.2 | 58.2 | 64.1 | 69.8 | ||
Latin America | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 7.5 | ||
North America | 12.5 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 15.3 | 18.1 | 22.1 | 27.6 | 35.5 | 40.3 | 44.5 | 50.0 | ||
Oceania | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | ||
World | 75.4 | 78.4 | 81.3 | 86.7 | 99.2 | 111.0 | 154.9 | 165.0 | 176.7 | 190.6 | 213.9 | ||
Source: United Nations (UN/DESA), International Migrants stock. The 2008 Revision (http://esa.un.org/migration) [
figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., −9.26 migrants/1000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving) [
People move across countries due to many reasons. Economic theory most prominently highlights the international labor mobility that descends from wage differences across countries. Likewise, many students from developing economies migrate to advanced countries, for either short or long durations, to study in the schools and universities of advanced countries [
It is impossible to simplify about the effects of migration on sending countries because the effects of migration on their economies depend very much on their position within the migration cycle. Most emigration countries will pass through some version of the stages of this cycle. Emigrations have an affective role on growth and poverty reduction through three channels: changes in the labor supply, changes in productivity, and through migrants’ remittances. The net benefit (that is, benefits minus costs) of emigration is the sum of these three effects,
Number of skilled emigrants from LDCs, 1990 and 2000
(Thousand persons)
Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from Doc- quier et al. (2011). [11]
and the relative importance of each channel varies over the life of the migration cycle. The five stages of the migration cycle are exit, adjustment, consolidation, networking and return. Some stages may be skipped or accelerated and return may coincide with immigration from other countries. By this study, I can say that migration has different types of effect on you, your family, education, effect on people and on the host and home country. Migration is a powerful vehicle for the development of both sending and receiving countries. Targeted migration policies are needed to enhance the quality of labor mobility and leverage remittances for development especially for the country Madagascar.
The Migration also have some effect on the other areas of life, just like one person he can get better education from advanced and developed country then after he come back he can work better for the country in the education sector and some other sector of science and technology. In the medical prospective a person from developing can gain better knowledge from the developed country. The relationship between migration and development is at once extremely significant but also marginal in many ways. It is important for all the reasons outlined
MADAGASCAR
Source: International organization for migration IOM (2013)
above. Development is marginal to migration: when we consider all the various aspects of managing migration, the development impacts on countries of origin is rarely going to be as projecting a research or policy issue as matters such as immigrant integration, migrant rights and the economic influences of immigration. Similarly, migration is marginal to development: of all the factors that form the development possible of an economy, migration is almost always going to be comparatively insignificant. Country like Madagascar need influence policies for this sector.
Due to lake of data, we could not give the full picture of people who are abroad from Madagascar now and how much revenue country is getting from these types of people, but as per the current situation of Madagascar we can suggest these types of some recommendations.
1) Government of Madagascar should take computerized data-bank of all migrants within very short time and government should try to make availability the data online.
2) Policy maker should make some polices for the poor people to go outside for the betterment of these types of families, government can introduced some sort of vocational courses for them because the skilled person demand is high before to go abroad. NGO and some other social organizations are can also do the same job for poor people.
To provide security to the whole country is the duty of government so the families which are living in Madagascar and their relatives are abroad, government should provide them security so that they can lead their life peacefully and do not think to leave country permanently.