Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the bacterial infections of seminal fluid in males with primary infertility. The patients were referred to and/or visiting the Urology Department in Salah Al-Deen Teaching Hospital. Methods: The present study was carried out from May 2017 to June 2018 and the number of the patients group was 60. The patients aged between 20 to 50 years. Semen was collected from infertile men of a couple that female failed to become pregnant after one year of regular and unprotected intercourse of marriage and submitted for seminal fluid analysis for the bacteriological analyses. The control group consisted of 50 fertile male who were selected randomly from Tikrit City during the period of this study. Semen culture was done for all the patients and the control group. Results: There were 30 patients who suffered from bacteriospermia and 16 of them (53.3%) were infected with gram positive organisms, while only 14 (46.7%) patients were infected with gram negative organisms. The most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus which was isolated from bacteriospermia. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis and Niesseria gonorrhoae were also isolated and the frequencies of isolation were 23.3% (7), 13.3% (4), 10.0% (3), 10.0% (3), 6.6% (2), and 6.6% (2) respectively. The present study showed many antibiotics were not active against gram positive bacteria isolated e.g. the resistance frequenciy to rifampcin, vancomycin and clindamycin was 48%, 44% and 40% respectively. Conclusions: The gram positive organisms were more prevalent than gram negative organisms in patients with bacteriospermia and the isolationfrequencies of two groups were 16 (53.3%) and 14 (46.7%) respectively. The most effective antimicrobial agents were amikacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and the least effective one was ceftazidime, whereas moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone were effective at different levels.
Resistance to antibiotic is considered as a virulence factor for the pathogenic microorganisms to cause the infections. The first cases of antimicrobial resistance occurred in the late 1930s and in the 1940s, soon after the introduction of the first antibiotic classes, sulfonamides and penicillin. Common bacteria such as strains of S. aureus became resistant to these classes of antibiotics at record speed. Antimicrobial resistance is not new, but the number of resistant organisms, the geographic locations affected by drug resistance, and the breadth of resistance in single organisms are unprecedented and mounting [
Diseases and disease agents that were once thought to be controlled by antibiotics are returning in new leagues resistant to these therapies. However, that antimicrobial resistance is also evident in other microorganisms namely, parasites, fungi and viruses [
The patients are referred to and/or visiting the Urology Department in Salah Al-Deen Hospital. The number of the patients and controls were 110 (60 patients and 50 healthy fertile group) and they were recruited from May 2017 until June 2018. Semen was collected from infertile males and controls for seminal fluid analysis for the bacteriological. The control group consisted 50 persons were selected randomly from Tikrit City during the period of this study. Semen culture was done for all the patients. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
Infertile men of couples that failed to get female pregnant become pregnant after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Infertile man with azoospermia. Infertile man with oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia. The control group composed of 50 subjects who were looked healthy and had comparable criteria to the patient and composed of 50 males.
Media were prepared and sterilized according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The prepared media used for isolation, determination of the viable count, identification and susceptibility testing were carried out after being solidified [
Testing Antibiotic sensitivity testing of all isolates was performed on Mueller-Hinton medium by the Kerby Bauer method (1996) following the definition of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS, 1999). The medium was allowed to cool at 45˚C and poured into Petri dishes to about 4 mm thickness of medium. The solidified plates were incubated at 37˚C for 15 - 30 minutes to let the excess moisture to evaporate (Fisher scientific, USA) [
The plates were inoculated by dipping a sterile swab into the inoculum, the excess inoculum was removed by pressing and rotating the swab firmly against the side wall of the tube above the level of fluid, then the swab was rubbed all over the surface of the medium, rotating the plate 3 times at an angle of 60 degree after each application and finally the swab passed around the edge of agar surface. The plate was left to dry at room temperature with the lid closed for few minutes. After 15 minutes of inoculation, the antibiotic discs were applied and the plates were inverted for incubation to avoid accumulation of moisture on the agar surface [
The results were expressed mean, standard deviation; statistical analysis of the results was performed using the statistical package software (SPSS), version 15.01 and Excel 2010. Pearsons correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variable for all parameters. The differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.
Semen culture was done for all the 110 subjects of study (60 patients group and 50 healthy control group) who were included in this study. Only 30 out of 60 patients group had positive semen culture as shown in
The antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out using disc diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration for all the bacterial isolates to the most commonly antibiotic agents that used in the treatment of pyospermia as it was shown in
All gram positive bacteria that isolated during present study were highly
Types of bacteria | Antibiotic | ||
---|---|---|---|
En. faeculis | St. saprophyticus | St. aureua | |
2 | 2 | 1 | Levofloxacin |
1 | 1 | 1 | Ciprofloxacin |
1 | 1 | 1 | Norfloxacin |
2 | 2 | 1 | moxifloxacin |
4 | 4 | 4 | Amikacin |
2 | 2 | 2 | Gentamicin |
2 | 2 | 1 | Vancomycin |
2 | 2 | 2 | Azithromycin |
1 | 1 | 2 | Rifampcin |
1 | 1 | 1 | Clindamycin |
sensitive to the amikacin 86%, ciprofloxacin 80% and levofloxacin 90%. While moderate sensitive to moxifloxacin 68%, norfloxacin 68%, gentamicin 60% and azithromycin 62% was seen. But many antibiotics did not reveal activity against bacteria that isolated from seminal fluid as rifampcin 48%, clindamycin 40% and vancomycin 44%. Also the gram negative bacteria that isolated during present study were sensitive to the amikacin 90%, ciprofloxacin 85%, levofloxacin 88% and cefepime 80%, but were moderately sensitive to moxifloxacin 75%, norfloxacin 55%, cefotaxime 50% and ceftriaxone 60%. Other antibiotics used in the
Types of bacteria | Antibiotic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Niesseria gonorrhoae | Proteus mirabilis | Klebsiella pneumoniae | E. coli | |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Levofloxacin |
2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | Ciprofloxacin |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Norfloxacin |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | moxifloxacin |
2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | Amikacin |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Cefepime |
2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | cefotaxime |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Cefuroxime |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Ceftazidime |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | Ceftriaxone |
study such as ceftazidime 20% and cefuroxime 40% were not active against gram negative bacteria isolated during study.
The results of this experiment showed that 30 (50%) specimens of subject group revealed positive bacterial culture, whereas 10 (12.9%) specimens of subject group showed no bacterial growth even after 48 hours of incubation, which may be due to the presence of another type of causative agents that might seek special technique for their detection such as viruses, Chlamydia or Mycoplasma. These results were corresponding to those results being reported by Mogra and his colleagues [
The present result was conformity with Jedrzejczak et al. [
The detection of gram positive Staphylococci species from seminal fluid specimens was documented. It was found that gram positive Staphylococci species involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome [
Resistance of S. aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus to penicillin and rifampicin, clindamycin and vancomycin was presented during the present study. The results revealed the most of S. aureus and CoNS isolates were resistant to penicillin. Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase (a form of β-lactamase) production: an enzyme which broke down the β- lactam ring of the penicillin and its derivatives giving rise to inactivate products, cannot bind to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) on cell wall [
The susceptibility and resistance profile of all isolates in the current study revealed that ampicillin and amoxicillin were slightly effective while amikacin and ciprofloxacin showed the higher efficacy. There was a general increase in the resistance pattern of isolates to all the antibiotics used in this study. The current findings confirm that bacterial resistance was high and frightening problem in our country. A new generation of antibiotics is still locally working in a higher rate. The usage of antibiotics in our locality of the world needs to be under health assessment and control with more laboratory investigations to explore the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, leading to conclude high rate of resistance occurring in the local pathogens that may be disseminated to other geographical areas.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Al-Jebouri, M.M. and Mdish, S.A. (2019) Tracing of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Iraqi Males with Primary Infertility. Open Journal of Urology, 9, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.4236/oju.2019.91003