The improvement of colorfastness properties of tie dyed cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye has been studied. Pretreated cotton knit fabric is use to dyeing for easy absorption and retention of dye. Color fastness properties of any dyed fabric are very important aspects as the end use of fabric depends on these properties. This study is to evaluate the color fastness to washing and perspiration using the method ISO 105-2CS:2002 and ISO105-E04. The fabric is dyed with reactive dye in same concentration but in two different temperature (30 °C and 60 °C) and with different amount of sodium carbonate (15 g/l, 18 g/l and 20 g/l) respectively. It is observed that the increasing temperature and using related amount of sodium carbonate the fabric absorbs more dye. In 30 °C temperature the result of washing fastness is fairly good to very good where in 60 °C the result is very good to excellent. Perspiration fastness result is fairly good to very good both in 30 °C and 60 °C temperature. The result shows very good of all washing and perspiration fastness in 20 g/l sodium carbonate. The result is concluded that the color fastness of tie-dyed samples is improved by the increasing of temperature and higher amount of sodium carbonate.
Tie-dye is an ancient process of dyeing for fabrics or garments. This method is applied on fabric by tying it strongly with ribbon or rope in predetermined design. After immersing fabric in the dye bath the color has absorbed in the fabric except the tied areas [
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Reactive dyes have many properties and one of the most important properties is how well they cling to the materials and how well they stay attached in the materials. Sodium carbonate used in reactive dyeing process depends on the shade percentage. If shade percentage is increases then sodium carbonate also is increases for fixation.
The development of useful washing effect on reactive dye by tie dyeing process on cotton knit fabric where to promoted colorfastness by increasing dyeing temperature [
White cotton knit fabric (100% cotton single jersey), GSM 150, Reactive dyes (Remazol Red), Glauber salt (Na2SO4∙10H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Dyeing auxiliaries, Stirrer, Nose mask, Beakers, Hand gloves, Weighing balance, Sample dyeing M/C, Basic laboratory glass wares, such as, conical flasks, measuring cylinders, thermometer, stirring rod, and volumetric flask.
All the process has done before dying, like scouring bleaching for maximum absorption of dye or any kind of solution. Before dyeing all data of the fabric such as-fabric GSM, count and thickness have collected. Six samples are taken and the weight of each sample is 5 gm. Each sample is tied strongly with rope. This experiment has done by two processes, one in room temperature (30˚C) and another in 60˚C. All auxiliaries, chemicals and dyes are given in
After that the two dye bath has been prepared at 30˚C and 60˚C temperature by adding all the auxiliaries and tied fabric. Dyeing machine run for 60 minutes. After 60 minutes the dye bath has been dropped and after treatment carried on.
For better colorfastness after treatment is very important process.
After completing dyeing it was needed another treatment and it is called after treatment. After treatment chemicals are given in
SL | Dyeing variables | Selected proportions |
---|---|---|
1 | Wetting agent (g/l) | 1 |
2 | Sequestering agent (g/l) | 1.5 |
3 | Levelling agent (g/l) | 1 |
4 | Concretion Reactive dye (%) | 4% |
5 | Glauber salt (Na2SO4∙10H2O), (g/l) | 60 g/l |
6 | Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3), (g/l) | 15 g/l, 18 g/l, 20 g/l |
7 | Dyeing Time (minutes) | 60 mins |
8 | Dyeing Temperature (˚C) | (30˚C, 60˚C) |
9 | Dyeing pH | 10 - 10.5 |
10 | Sample weight | 5 gm |
SL | After treatment Chemicals | Selected proportions |
---|---|---|
1 | Acetic Acid | 1 g/l |
2 | Detergent | 1 g/l |
3 | Soda Ash | 1 g/l |
4 | Temperature | 100˚C |
5 | Time | 10 min |
6 | M:L | with enough/l |
sample with acetic acid at 50˚C temperature. After finish acid wash it needs soap wash according to below recipe-detergent-1 gm/l, soda ash-1 g/l, temperature 100˚C, time-10 min with enough water. Rinse with 90˚C hot water for 10 minutes. Rinse with cold water for 5 minutes.
Textile fabric has many properties Fastness property is one of the most important properties of them. The resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile material to various types of influences like water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc.
Color fastness to wash is very important for dyed materials. The ability of a dyed fabric to retain its original shade during washing is called wash fastness.
The recipe of wash fastness is given in
SL | Wash fastness Chemicals | Selected proportions |
---|---|---|
1 | Detergent (ECE Non-phosphate) | 4 g/l |
2 | Sodium per borate | 1 g/l |
3 | M:L | 1:50 |
4 | Time | 30 mins |
5 | Temperature | 60˚C |
6 | Steel ball | As per required |
7 | Machine | Gyro wash, Oven dry Sewing machine. |
Multi-fiber fabric was attached with the dyed sample fabric by means of sewing by the white color sewing thread in the two ends. Colored fabric with the multi-fiber is treated in a wash vessel containing liquor by ECE detergent and sodium per borate. The sample was kept in 60˚C for 30 minutes in gyro wash machine. After treating the sample in wash vessel it will be dried in oven. After completed washing sewing thread is unraveled for separating the sample and multi-fiber. Using color change grey scale and color staining scale appropriate ratting is given. A multi-fiber fabric is given 6 color staining ratting each for individual fiber.
Perspiration can be either acidic or alkaline. Most of the tests for perspiration fastness are based on a solution containing the chemical histidine. Sample size is 10 cm × 4 cm & Multi-fiber is 10 cm × 4 cm Method: Color fastness to perspiration to E04.
The recipe of alkaline solution is given in
The recipe of acidic solution is given in
Properly wetted one composite specimen in the solution at pH 8 (for alkaline) at a liquor ratio of 1:50 and allow is to remain in the solution for 30 minute at room temperature. Clear excess all liquid from the specimen between two plates of per spirometer under a pressure of 12.5 kPa. This process was repeated with another composite specimen in the acid solution using a separate per spirometer. Place per spirometer in an oven at 37˚C ± 2˚C temperature for 4 hour. Remove the specimen, opened out it and allowed to dry. Both specimens are then assessed for color change of the test fabric and staining of the adjacent fabric. After complete all fastness test it was evaluated by two different scale one is color change grey scale and another is degree of staining grey scale.
SL | Perspiration Chemicals (Alkaline) | Selected proportions |
---|---|---|
1 | Histidine mono-hydrochloride mono-hydrate (C6H9O2N3HCl∙H2O) | 0.5 gm |
2 | Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 0.5 gm |
3 | Di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na2HPO4∙H2O) | 2.5 gm |
4 | Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) | 0.1 N |
5 | pH | 8 |
SL | Perspiration Chemicals (Acid) | Selected proportions |
---|---|---|
1 | Histidinemono-hydrochloridemono-hydrate (C6H9O2N3HCl∙H2O) | 0.5 gm |
2 | Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 05 gm |
3 | Sodium di hydrogen orthophosphate (NaH2PO4-2H2O) | 2.2 gm |
4 | Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) | 0.1 N |
5 | pH | 5.5 |
The experiment is done in two temperatures which is 30˚C and another is 60˚C temperature. This experiment it was observed that in same shade % dyeing temperature is increase dyeing shade also increase. Another observation is different amount of soda ash used in this experiment. It is established that 4% shade of reactive dye needs 20 g/l soda ash. But in this experiment different amount of soda ash is used which is 15 gm/l, 18 gm/l, 20 gm/l in 30˚C and 60˚C in both temperature. The optimum dyeing time is 60 minutes and pH is 10.5 to 11 which is standard for reactive dye.
In wash fastness test the result is clear from
Sodium Carbonate Temperature | ||
---|---|---|
30˚C | 60˚C | |
15 | 3 | 4/5 |
18 | 4 | 5 |
20 | 4/5 | 5 |
In wash fastness test the result is clear from
Multi-fiber | Soda Ash 15 gm/l | Soda Ash 18 gm/l | Soda Ash 20 gm/l | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30˚C | 60˚C | 30˚C | 60˚C | 30˚C | 60˚C | |
Wool | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Acrylic | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Polyester | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Nylon | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Cotton | 4 | 4 | 4/5 | 5 | 4/5 | 5 |
Acetate | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Mean | 4.83 | 4.83 | 4.91 | 5.00 | 4.91 | 5.00 |
Perspiration fastness result is given blew and the result is clear from
Soda Ash | Temperature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
30˚C | 60˚C | |||
Alkali | Acid | Alkali | Acid | |
15 | 4/5 | 4 | 4/5 | 4 |
18 | 3/4 | 3 | 4/5 | 4/5 |
20 | 4/5 | 3/4 | 4/5 | 4/5 |
Color staining test is done by the help of multi-fiber fabric. So the results are given in mean form and show
Multi fiber | Soda Ash 15 gm/l | Soda Ash 18 gm/l | Soda Ash 20 gm/l | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30˚C | 60˚C | 30˚C | 60˚C | 30˚C | 60˚C | ||||||||
Al | Ac | Al | Ac | Al | Ac | Al | Ac | Al | Ac | Al | Ac | ||
Wool | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 3/4 | 4/5 | 4 | 4 | 3/4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
Acrylic | 4 | 4 | 3/4 | 4 | 4 | 4/5 | 4 | 4 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4 | 4 | |
Polyester | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4/5 | 4 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | |
Nylon | 4 | 4 | 3/4 | 3 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 3/4 | 3/4 | 4/5 | 4 | 4/5 | 4 | |
Cotton | 3 | 3 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 3 | 3/4 | 3 | 2/3 | 3/4 | 3/4 | 3 | 3 | |
Acetate | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 3/4 | 4/5 | 4/5 | 4 | 4/5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4/5 | |
Mean | 4.08 | 4.08 | 3.68 | 3.35 | 4.08 | 4.23 | 3.73 | 3.68 | 4.15 | 4.23 | 4 | 4 |
Temperature | Sodium Carbonate Ash gm/l | Wash fastness test | Perspiration Fastness | Mean Score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C.C | C.S | C.C | C. S | |||||
Al | Ac | Al | Ac | |||||
30˚C | 15 gm/l | 3 | 4.83 | 4.5 | 4 | 4.08 | 4.08 | 4.08 |
18 gm/l | 4 | 4.91 | 3.4 | 3 | 4.08 | 4.23 | 3.93 | |
20 gm/l | 4.5 | 4.91 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 4.15 | 4.23 | 4.28 | |
60˚C | 15 gm/l | 4.5 | 4.83 | 4.5 | 4 | 3.68 | 3.35 | 4.14 |
18 gm/l | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 3.73 | 3.68 | 4.40 | |
20 gm/l | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4 | 4 | 4.50 |
It was observed that the samples tied and dyed with standardized dyeing conditions of reactive red dye exhibited the excellent (5) wash fastness both in color change and color staining for the samples dyed with 20 gm/l sodium carbonate in 60 temperature and perspiration fastness is very good in color change (4.5) both in acid and alkali and good for color staining (4) both in acid and alkali. In 30 temperature in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate gives very good (4.5), (4.91) in color change and color staining of wash fastness and fairly good (3.4) and very good (4.5) in acid and alkaline condition and both are good in acid (4.23) and alkaline (4.15) in perspiration fastness. So the mean score is (4.5) that is very good in 60˚ temperature and (4.4) is good in 30˚ temperature both in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate. So it can be concluded from the study tie dyeing with reactive 60˚ temperature is better than 30˚ temperature in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate.
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Bristi, U. (2018) The Effect of Temperature Variation on Dyeing Tie-Dye Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Reactive Dye. Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 4, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2018.44008
C.C = Color Change
C.S = Color Staining
Al = Alkali
Ac = Acid
M:L = Material:Liquor