The article investigates the influences of a variable thermal conductivity and wall slip on a peristaltic motion of Carreau nanofluid. The model is concerned with heat and mass transfer inside asymmetric channel. The blood is considered as the base Carreau non-Newtonian fluid and gold (Au) as nanoparticles stressed upon. The Fronchiener effect of the non-Darcian medium is taken in consideration. The system is stressed upon a strong magnetic field and the Hall currents are completed. The problem is modulated mathematically by a system of non-linear partial differential equations which describe the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration. The system is reformulated under the approximation of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. It is solved on using multi-step differential transform method (Ms-DTM) as a semi-analytical method. A gold nanoparticle has increased the temperature distribution which is of great importance in destroying the cancer cells.
Cancer is a dangerous and deadly to most of its patients. Recent studies have shown that gold nanoparticles (GNP) can cure and overcome it because these particles have high atomic numbers which produce heat and leads to treatment of malignancy tumors. GNP has many properties that are very essential in cancer therapy. They are very small and can penetrate widely throughout a body. They have been considered as major area of research due to their applications in biomedical sciences [
The studying is that Darcian and non-Darcian flow in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flow saturating porous medium. This because of their wide applications such as chemical reactors, building non-Darcian fluids in saturated porous media meets a great importance. The Dag insulation, packed bed, enhanced oil recovery, food technology and filtration processes. Eldabe and Abu Zeid [
In the literature, numerous studies regarding peristaltic flow of a Carreau nanofluid have been done for Non-Newtonian fluids. Akbar et al. [
Peristaltic flow of a nanofluid under the effect of the hall current and porous medium was studied by Nowar [
Several applications in engineering occur at high temperature through variable thermal conductivity. Few such operations include nuclear power plants, in turbines, rockets, space vehicles and pumps operated at high temperatures (see Ref. [
The governing equations of motion become more complex to handle as supplemental nonlinear terms. So, the exact solutions of such problems are practically impossible, so we turn to find a new method such as the differential transform method (DTM). DTM is semi-analytical methods appear in the equations of motion, because of the flow behavior of Non-Newtonian nanofluids. This method was proposed by Zhou [
To the best of our knowledge, the effect of the Hall current, variable thermal conductivity on peristaltic flow of Carreau nanofluid has not been discussed before. Motivated by the above discussions, the aim of the present paper is to examine the MHD peristaltic flow of Carreau nanofluid accompanying heat and mass transfer in the presence of viscous dissipation. In order to clarify the problem at hand, the mathematical modeling is affirmed in Section 2, solutions of the problem on using the multi-steps DTM are presented in Section 3. In Section 4 the influence of the various parameters, the pressure gradient, pressure rise, longitudinal velocity, temperature and concentration are explored through figures and tables. The main findings have been abbreviated in Section 5.
Consider a peristaltic flow of an incompressible Carreau nanofluid in a two dimensional asymmetric channel of width d 1 + d 2 . It is convenient to work with the Cartesian coordinates ( X , Y ) where X-axis and Y-axis are the horizontal and vertical axes, respectively. The right and left walls have a constant temperature of T 1 and T 0 , respectively. Also, they have nanoparticle volume fractions of C 1 and C 0 . Asymmetry in the channel is produced by propagation of waves along the channel walls and traveling with different amplitudes, phases and of the constant speed. The sketch of the model is given in
Y = H 1 = d 1 + a 1 cos [ 2 π λ ( X − c t ) ] Right hand side (1)
Y = H 2 = − d 2 − b 1 cos [ 2 π λ ( X − c t ) + ϕ ] Left hand side (2)
where a 1 and b 1 are the amplitudes of the waves, λ is the wave length, the phase difference ϕ diverse in the range ( 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π ) , ϕ = 0 , corresponds to
symmetric channel with waves out of phase and ϕ = π the waves are in phase, and further a 1 , b 1 , d 1 , d 2 and satisfies the condition.
a 1 2 + b 1 2 + 2 a 1 b 1 cos ϕ ≤ ( d 1 2 + d 2 2 ) (3)
A strong uniform magnetic field with magnetic flux density B = ( 0 , 0 , B 0 ) is applied and the Hall effects are taken, also into account. Assuming that no applied polarization voltage, so that the electric field ignored. In case of the hall current, as given from generalization of the ohm [
J ¯ = σ [ E + V ¯ × B ¯ − 1 e ( n e ) ( J ¯ × B ¯ ) ] , (4)
where σ is the electrical conductivity of the fluid, V ¯ is the velocity vector, e is the electric charge of electrons, n e is the number density of the electrons. Equation (3) can be solved in J ¯ to yield the Lorentz force vector in the form:
J ¯ × B ¯ = σ B 0 2 1 + m 2 [ ( V + m U ) i _ + ( m V − U ) j _ ] , (5)
where U and V are the X and Y components of the velocity vector V = ( V x , V y , 0 ) , m = σ B 0 e ( n e ) is the hall parameter.
The variable thermal conductivity, with dimensionless temperature θ is taken into account where,
k ( θ ) = k 0 ( 1 + ϵ θ ) , for ϵ < 1 (6)
Here ϵ = ( T m − T w ) is the thermal conductivity variation parameter, k 0 is the thermal conductivity constant parameter at ϵ = 0 .
The constitutive equation for a Carreau fluid is given by [
η − η ∞ η 0 − η ∞ = [ 1 + ( Γ γ ˙ ) 2 ] , (7a)
and
τ i j = η 0 [ 1 + n − 1 2 ( Γ γ ˙ ) 2 ] γ ˙ i j , (7b)
In which τ i j is the extra stress tensor, η ∞ is the infinite shear rate viscosity, η 0 is the zero shear rate viscosity, Γ is the time constant, n is the power law index, and γ ˙ is defined as:
γ ˙ = 1 2 ∑ i ∑ j γ ˙ i j γ ˙ j i = 1 2 ∏ . (8)
where ∏ . = t r a c ( g r a d V + ( g r a d V ) T ) 2 is the second invariant strain tensor. For considering the natural convection, the nanofluid density ρ is defined by [
ρ = φ ρ p + ( 1 + φ ) ρ f 0 ≅ φ ρ p + ( 1 + φ ) [ ρ f ( 1 − β T ( ϑ − θ w ) ) ] , (9)
where ρ p is the density of the gold nanoparticles, ρ f 0 is the base fluid’s density, ϑ is the temperature distribution, θ w is the reference temperature, β T is the volumetric coefficient of the expansion and ρ f is the nanofluid’s density at the reference temperature, φ is the concentration of nanoparticles.
The governing equations of peristaltic flow in the case of an incompressible flow of Carreau nanofluid are given by [
The continuity equation:
∂ U ∂ X + ∂ V ∂ Y = 0 , (10)
The conversation of momentum yields
ρ f [ ∂ U ∂ t + U ∂ U ∂ X + V ∂ U ∂ Y ] = − ∂ P ∂ X + ∂ ∂ X ( τ X X ) + ∂ ∂ Y ( τ X Y ) − σ B 0 2 1 + m 2 ( V + m U ) + φ ρ p + ( 1 + φ ) [ ρ f ( 1 − β T ( ϑ − θ w ) ) ] g − η 0 k 1 − ρ f C b k 1 U 2 , (11)
ρ f [ ∂ V ∂ t + U ∂ V ∂ X + V ∂ V ∂ Y ] = − ∂ P ∂ Y + ∂ ∂ X ( τ Y X ) + ∂ ∂ Y ( τ Y Y ) + σ B 0 2 1 + m 2 ( m V − U ) − μ f k 1 V − ρ f C b k 1 V 2 , (12)
The energy equation gives
( ρ c ) f [ ∂ T ∂ t + U ∂ T ∂ X + V ∂ T ∂ Y ] = ∂ ∂ X ( k ( T ) ∂ T ∂ X ) + ∂ ∂ Y ( k ( T ) ∂ T ∂ y ) + σ B 0 2 1 + m 2 ( U 2 + V 2 ) + [ τ X X ∂ U ∂ X + τ X Y ∂ U ∂ Y + τ Y X ∂ V ∂ Y + τ Y Y ∂ V ∂ Y ] + ( ρ c ) p [ D T T 0 [ ∂ 2 T ∂ X 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ Y 2 ] + D B ( ∂ C ∂ X ∂ T ∂ X + ∂ C ∂ Y ∂ T ∂ Y ) ] , (13)
The concentration equation gives
[ ∂ C ∂ t + U ∂ C ∂ X + V ∂ C ∂ Y ] = D B ( ∂ 2 C ∂ X 2 + ∂ 2 C ∂ Y 2 ) + D T T 0 [ ∂ 2 T ∂ X 2 + ∂ 2 T ∂ Y 2 ] . (14)
where P is the pressure, k 1 is the permeability of the porous medium, g is acceleration of the gravity, T is the temperature of the fluid and C is the nanoparticles concentration. Both the magnetic field and channel are inclined at angle, ( ρ c ) f is the heat capacity of the fluid, k is the thermal conductivity, (c) p is the effective heat capacity of the nanoparticles material, D T is the thermophoretic diffusion and D B is the Brownian diffusion coefficient. Using similar arguments as given by [
To simplify the equations of motion, we may consider the following dimensionless quantities:
x ¯ = x λ , y ¯ = y d 1 , u ¯ = u c , v ¯ = v c δ , p ¯ = d 1 2 μ c λ , h 1 = H 1 d 1 , h 2 = H 2 d 2 , d = d 2 d 1 , a = a 1 d 1 , b = b 1 d 1 , R e = ρ f c d 1 η 0 , ψ ¯ = ψ c d 1 , τ ¯ x x = λ η 0 c τ x x , τ ¯ x y = d 1 η 0 c τ x y , τ ¯ y y = d 1 η 0 c τ y y , W e = Γ c d 1 , γ ˙ ¯ = d 1 γ ˙ c , s = k 1 d 1 2 , α = K ( ρ c ) f , θ = θ ′ − θ w θ m − θ w , φ = φ ′ − φ w φ m − φ w , P r = η 0 α ρ f , G r = ρ f d 1 2 g ( θ m − θ w ) ( 1 − φ m ) c η 0 , B r = a 1 2 ρ ( ρ p − ρ f g ) ( φ m − φ w ) c η 0 , N b = D B ( φ m − φ w ) , N t = D T ( θ m − θ w ) θ w , C f = ρ f C b d 1 2 c η 0 K . (15)
where δ is the dimensionless wave number, R e is the Reynolds number, P r is the Prandtl number, C f is the Forchheimer number, G r is the local Grashof number, B r is the local nanoparticles Grash of number, N b is the Brownian motion parameter and N t is the thermophoresis parameter, W e is the Weissenberg number, M is the magnetic parameter. Here θ m and φ m , denote the pipe temperature, fluid temperature and mass concentration, respectively. As usual in fluid mechanics, the stream function ψ = ψ ( x , y ) may be taken as
u = ∂ ψ ∂ y and v = − ∂ ψ ∂ x .
τ x y = [ 1 + n − 1 2 W e 2 γ ˙ 2 ] ( ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 − δ 2 ∂ 2 ψ ∂ x 2 ) = τ y x , (16)
The governing equations of the Carreau nanofluid are:
− ∂ p ∂ x + ∂ ∂ y [ 1 + n − 1 2 W e 2 ( ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 ) 2 ] ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 − ( M 2 1 + m 2 + 2 C f ) ∂ ψ ∂ y − C f ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 + G r θ + B r φ = 0 , (17)
− ∂ p ∂ y = 0 , (18)
1 P r ( ϵ ( ∂ θ ∂ y ) 2 + ( 1 + ϵ ∂ 2 θ ∂ y 2 ) ) + E c [ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 + n − 1 2 W e 2 ( ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 ) 4 ] + E c M 2 1 + m 2 ( ∂ ψ ∂ y + 1 ) 2 + N b P r ∂ θ ∂ y ∂ φ ∂ y + N t P r ( ∂ θ ∂ y ) 2 = 0 , (19)
∂ 2 φ ∂ y 2 + N t N b ∂ 2 θ ∂ y 2 = 0 . (20)
The eliminating of the pressure from Equations (17) and (18) gives
∂ 2 ∂ y 2 [ 1 + n − 1 2 W e 2 ( ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 ) 2 ] ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 − ( M 2 1 + m 2 + 2 C f ) ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 − C f ∂ 3 ψ ∂ y 3 + G r ∂ θ ∂ y + B r ∂ φ ∂ y = 0 (21)
The appropriate boundary conditions may be represented as:
ψ = q 2 , θ = 0 , φ = 0 , ∂ ψ ∂ y − L ∂ 2 ψ ∂ y 2 = − 1 , at y = h 1 = 1 + a cos 2 π x , (22)
ψ = − q 2 , θ = 0 , φ = 0 , ∂ ψ ∂ y = − 1 , at y = h 2 = − d − b cos ( 2 π x + ϕ ) , (23)
The dimensional time mean flow rate Q in the laboratory frame is related to q through the relation [
Q = q + 1 + d (24)
Now, the system of nonlinear differential Equations (19)-(21) subjected to the appropriate boundary conditions (22)-(32) must be solved, thus we use the Ms-DTM [
The above system may be solved by the MS-DTM method as follows. Using similar arguments as given by [
[ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] [ k + 3 ] [ k + 4 ] Ψ [ k + 4 ] + 1 2 ( − 1 + n ) W e 2 ∑ r = 0 k [ [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] [ k − r + 2 ] [ k − r + 3 ] [ k − r + 4 ] Ψ [ r + 1 ] Ψ [ k − r + 2 ] Ψ [ k − r + 4 ] ] − ( M 2 1 + m 2 + 1 s ) ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] Ψ [ r + 1 ] Ψ [ k − r + 1 ] + G r [ k + 1 ] Θ [ k + 1 ] + B r [ k + 1 ] Φ [ k + 1 ]
+ 3 ( − 1 + n ) W e 2 ( ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] [ k − r + 2 ] [ k − r + 3 ] × Ψ [ r + 1 ] Ψ [ k − r + 2 ] Ψ [ k − r + 3 ] ) + ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] [ k − r + 2 ] × [ k − r + 3 ] [ k − r + 4 ] Ψ [ k − r + 2 ] Ψ [ k − r + 4 ] − 2 C f [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Ψ [ k + 2 ] − C f [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] [ k + 3 ] Ψ [ k + 3 ] , (24)
ϵ P r [ ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] Θ [ r + 1 ] Θ [ k − r + 1 ] + ϵ P r ∑ r = 0 k [ [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] [ k − r + 2 ] Θ [ r + 1 ] Θ [ k − r + 2 ] ] + N b P r ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] [ k − r + 2 ] Φ [ k − r + 2 ] Θ [ k − r + 1 ] ] + N t P r ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] Θ [ r + 1 ] Θ [ k − r + 1 ]
+ E c M 2 1 + m 2 [ 1 + 2 [ k + 1 ] Ψ [ k + 1 ] + ∑ r = 0 k [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] Ψ [ r + 1 ] Ψ [ k − r + 1 ] + [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Ψ [ k + 2 ] ] + 1 P r [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Θ [ k + 2 ] + E c n − 1 2 W e 2 ∑ r = 0 k [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Ψ [ k + 2 ] + [ r + 1 ] [ k − r + 1 ] × [ k − r + 2 ] [ k − r + 3 ] [ k − r + 4 ] Ψ [ r + 1 ] Ψ [ k − r + 4 ] , (25)
[ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Φ [ k + 2 ] + N t N b [ k + 1 ] [ k + 2 ] Θ [ k + 2 ] = 0 (26)
where Ψ [ k ] , Θ [ k ] and Φ [ k ] are the differential transformation functions of ψ ( y ) , θ ( y ) and φ ( y ) respectively. The differential transform of the associated boundary conditions are given by:
Ψ 0 = − q 2 , Ψ 1 − 2 L Ψ 2 = − 1 , Θ 0 = 1 , Φ 0 = 1 at y = h 2 ( x ) = − d − b cos ( 2 π x + ϕ ) , (27)
∑ k = 0 n Ψ k [ h 1 ( x ) − h 2 ( x ) ] k = q 2 , ∑ k = 1 n k Ψ k [ h 1 ( x ) − h 2 ( x ) ] k − 1 − L ∑ k = 1 n k ( k − 1 ) Ψ k [ h 1 ( x ) − h 2 ( x ) ] k − 1 = − 1 ,
∑ k = 0 n Θ k [ h 1 ( x ) − h 2 ( x ) ] k = 0 , ∑ k = 0 n Φ k [ h 1 ( x ) − h 2 ( x ) ] k = 0 , at y = h 1 ( x ) = 1 + a cos ( 2 π ) . (28)
The expansions of the distributions of ψ ( y ) , θ ( y ) and φ ( y ) up to the tenth-order may be listed as follows:
ψ ( y ) = 0.75 − 1.00429 y − 0.0428583 y 2 + 0.196714 y 3 + 0.09676565239842302 y 4 + 0.001193861687515796 y 5 − 0.0006033224257142588 y 6 − 0.0022550902628023194 y 7 + 0.0004527902505426113 y 8 + 0.0003671545327072134 y 9 − 0.0000736874408943607 y 10 ,
θ ( y ) = 0.807854 y − 2.5917363287244672 y 2 + 2.2974739187465896 y 3 − 1.5353449243714945 y 4 + 0.7069612997113166 y 5 − 0.27258261651934795 y 6 + 0.11458745801237043 y 7 − 0.05626101276801457 y 8 + 0.027201065873438676 y 9 − 0.0124587997837748 y 10 ,
And
φ ( y ) = − 0.00870575 y + 4.535538575267818 y 2 − 4.020579357806532 y 3 + 2.686853617650115 y 4 − 1.237182274494804 y 5 + 0.47701957890885893 y 6 − 0.20052805152164827 y 7 + 0.0984567723440255 y 8 − 0.04760186527851768 y 9 + 0.0218028996216059 y 10 .
The solutions acquired by the Ms-DTM are displayed through the following numerical calculation. The aim of these calculations is to obtain the influences of various parameters on the distributions for each of pressure gradient and pressure rise as well as velocity, temperature and concentration as the follows:
Figures 2(a)-(e) show the influences of the different parameters on the
distribution of pressure gradient d P d x . It is found that the pressure gradient
increases with the increase of M , C f and N b . Therefore larger pressure gradient is needed for the motivation the flow through the channel. It is a usual sense. Meanwhile, it decreases by increasing N t . As seen in
Figures 3(a)-(f) show the influences of the different parameters on the distribution of pressure rise Δ P with volume flow rate Q for different values of N t , B r , N b , L and G r It is seen in
till a certain value Q then it decreases (case of increasing in C f ) , also in case of increasing in L the pressure rise increases till a certain value Q * then the pressure rise decreases in the augmented pumping region.
Figures 4(a)-(e) show the influences of the different parameters on the distribution of velocity profile. It is seen in
Figures 5(a)-(f) show the influences of the different parameters on the distribution of temperature θ It is seen in Figures 5(a)-(d) the temperature distribution increases with the increase of W e , N b , N t and M. Also it is noted that increases of the temperature distribution in the case of gold. Nanoparticles can be of help the treatment of cancer.
Figures 6(a)-(d) show the influences of the different parameters on the distribution of nanoparticles concentration. It is seen in Figures 6(a)-(c) the nanoparticles concentration decreases with the increase of W e , M and N t .
In this investigation, which behavior like a mathematical model describing the heat and mass transfer of blood flow as a Carreau nanofluid with the peristaltic flow conveying gold nanoparticles in an asymmetric channel. The coupled nonlinear governing equations have been modeled and then simplified using long wavelength approximations. The governing equations of motion are analytically solved through Ms-DTM to obtain the distribution of velocity, temperature and concentration. Ms-DTM is applicable to nonlinear models such as Carreau nanofluid models which is more complicated and has a higher degree of non-linearity, in a direct way without using linearization or restrictive assumptions. The main outcomes of the present study are concisely summarized as:
・ Thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters have an opposite effects on pressure gradient and pressure rise.
・ The behavior of Weissenberg and Forchheimer number on velocity profile are too similar.
・ The behavior of pressure gradient with the increase of local Grash of number appears as the dual role phenomenon.
・ The gold particles produce the heat which is helpful for treatment of the tumor glands, because it possesses a large atomic number.
・ Increases in N t and N b cause to increase in the temperature profile.
・ On the nanoparticles concentration the behavior of increasing in N t and M are similar.
Excellent agreement are founded between our results and published results by Akbar et al. [
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
y | u ( y ) ND Solve | u ( y ) Ms-DTM | Error | θ ( y ) ND Solve | θ ( y ) Ms-DTM | Error | φ ( y ) ND Solve | φ ( y ) Ms-DTM | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1.85355 | −1 | −1 | 1 × 10−8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
−1.5282 | −0.08505 | −0.08505 | 1 × 10−8 | 1.94023 | 1.94023 | 4 × 10−8 | −0.920409 | −0.920409 | 2 × 10−8 |
−1.20284 | 0.464817 | 0.464817 | 4 × 10−9 | 2.56321 | 2.56321 | 9 × 10−8 | −2.28562 | −2.28562 | 7 × 10−8 |
−0.877487 | 0.74798 | 0.74798 | 5 × 10−9 | 3.00065 | 3.00065 | 1 × 10−7 | −3.32613 | −3.32613 | 1 × 10−7 |
−0.552132 | 0.848036 | 0.848036 | 6 × 10−9 | 3.26138 | 3.26138 | 1 × 10−7 | −4.05741 | −4.05741 | 2 × 10−7 |
−0.226777 | 0.823794 | 0.823794 | 3 × 10−8 | 3.32328 | 3.32328 | 1 × 10−7 | −4.44074 | −4.44074 | 2 × 10−7 |
0.0985786 | 0.70687 | 0.70687 | 8 × 10−8 | 3.16658 | 3.16658 | 1 × 10−7 | −4.44151 | −4.44151 | 3 × 10−7 |
0.423934 | 0.501992 | 0.501992 | 1 × 10−7 | 2.78011 | 2.78011 | 1 × 10−7 | −4.0402 | −4.0402 | 3 × 10−7 |
0.749289 | 0.187037 | 2 × 10−7 | 2.15477 | 2.15477 | 1 × 10−7 | −3.22084 | −3.22084 | 3 × 10−7 | |
1.07464 | −0.28777 | −0.28769 | 4 × 10−7 | 1.26227 | 1.26277 | 1 × 10−7 | −1.93397 | −1.93397 | 2 × 10−7 |
1.4 | −1 | −1 | 6 × 10−7 | 6 × 10−7 | 3 × 10−7 | 2 × 10−7 | 1 × 10−6 | 1 × 10−6 | 4 × 10−7 |
Eldabe, N.T., Moatimid, G.M., El-Shekhipy, A.A. and Aballah, N.F. (2018) Peristaltic Blood Flow with Gold Nanoparticles on a Carreau Nanofluid through a Non-Darcian Porous Medium. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 9, 290-306. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2018.94017