In this paper the analytical and simulation results of probability of detection and false alarm of a co-operative cognitive radio network are compared under both awgn and Rayleigh fading environment. After getting the confidence level of above 95% from the simulation, a neural network (NN) is trained with simulation data where the analytical result is given as the target of the NN. Finally the results are verified with the profile of MSE (mean square error) of three data set (train, validation and test), regression on data set, confusion matrices and error histogram. Here we use Backpropagation algorithm and Hopfield model, all the results yield error of less than 4.5%. The concept of paper is applicable at fusion center (FC) to make proper judgment of presence of primary user (PU).
Recently huge work is going on cooperative cognitive radio network (CRN) to enhance sensitivity of the receiver under fading channel. In [
The entire paper is organized as, Section 2 provides statistical analysis of co-operative CRN and its simulation, signal detection under Rayleigh fading channel and modeling of neural network to train with simulation data, Section 3 provides results based on analysis of Section 2 and Section 4 concludes entire analysis.
This section provides both theoretical analysis and simulation algorithm of co-operative CRN in determination of false alarm and detection. Next the way of training of a NN under back propagation and Hopfield model is given explicitly.
The received signal of a SU can be expressed by two hypothesis model as [
y ( n ) = { v ( n ) H 0 s ( n ) + v ( n ) H 1 (1)
where, n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ , N − 1 are the sampling instants, v(n) is awgn at receiving end and s(n) is the transmitted signal by a PU. Here the received signal vector y follows Gaussian pdf like, N ( 0 , σ 2 I ) under H0 and N ( μ , σ 2 I ) under H1.
Applying Neyman-Pearson (NP) detection rule,
N ( μ , σ 2 I ) N ( 0 , σ 2 I ) > γ
⇒ 1 ( 2 π σ 2 ) N / 2 e − 1 2 σ 2 ∑ n = 0 N − 1 { y ( n ) − A } 2 1 ( 2 π σ 2 ) N / 2 e − 1 2 σ 2 ∑ n = 0 N − 1 y 2 ( n ) > γ
Solving we get the test statistics,
1 N ∑ n = 0 N − 1 y ( n ) = T ( y ) = σ 2 N A ln ( γ ) + A 2 = g (2)
It can be shown that the test statistics T(y) follows,
T ( y ) = { N ( 0 , σ 2 / N ) H 0 N ( A , σ 2 / N ) H 1 (3)
The pdf of T,
f T ( t ) = 1 2π exp { − t 2 / ( 2 σ 2 / N ) } = 1 2π exp { − N t 2 / 2 σ 2 } (4)
The probability of false alarm (under Hypothesis H0)
P F A = P ( T > g ) = 1 − P ( T ≤ g ) = 1 − F T (g)
where FT(g) is the cdf of T. Now the cdf of T can be expressd as,
F T ( g ) = ∫ − ∞ g 1 2π exp { − N t 2 / 2 σ 2 } d t = 1 − Q ( g σ 2 / N ) ;
where Q ( x ) 1 2π ∫ x ∞ e − t 2 / 2 d t
Therefore the probability of false alarm,
P F A = Q ( g σ 2 / N ) (5)
The probability of detection (under Hypothesis H1),
P D = P ( T > g ) = 1 − P ( T ≤ g ) = 1 − ∫ − ∞ g 1 2π exp { − N ( t − A ) 2 / 2 σ 2 } d t = 1 − Q ( A − g σ 2 / N ) = Q ( g − A σ 2 / N ) (6)
Combining Equation (5) and Equation (6),
P D = Q ( Q − 1 ( P F A ) − N A 2 σ 2 ) (7)
In fusion center (FC) three different types of decision is taken for proper detection as explained in [
P D _ F C = P D N and P F A _ F C = P F A N (8)
for OR logic case,
P D _ F C = 1 − ( 1 − P D ) N and P F A _ F C = 1 − ( 1 − P F A ) N (9)
and for majority decision case,
P D _ F C = ∑ j = ⌈ N 2 ⌉ N ( N j ) P D j ( 1 − P D ) N − j and P F A _ F C = ∑ j = ⌈ N 2 ⌉ N ( N j ) P F A j ( 1 − P F A ) N − j (10)
Recent papers deal with primary or secondary user emulation attack based on Equation (8) to Equation (10) to eliminate the malicious user at FC.
Let the nth sample of received signal is x(n) and the mean of such N samples,
T = 1 N ∑ n = 0 N − 1 x ( n ) is taken as a random variable under normal distribution, N(μ,
σ2/N). We have to determine the probability of the random variable T exceeds a threshold value γ. The steps of Monte Carlo simulation are shown below:
Algorithm
1) Generate N Gaussian random variable with mean μ = 0 and variance σ2 using, x = s q r t ( v a r ) ∗ r a n d n ( N , 1 ) .
2) Compute, T = 1 N ∑ n = 0 N − 1 x ( n ) .
3) Repeat step 1 and 2 to generate, T = [ T ( 1 ) T ( 2 ) T ( 3 ) ⋯ T ( M ) ] .
4) Count the number of element of the array T exceeds the threshold γ. If this number is k then the probability P ( T > γ ) = k / M .
5) In co-operative spectrum sensing technique, each CR sense the signal and sends its decision in FC (fusion center) to take the final decision based on k-out-of-N voting rule of [
The theoretical value, P ( T > γ ) = Q ( γ σ 2 / N ) = 0.5 e r f c ( γ 2 σ 2 / N ) . In a
CRN, if the threshold SNR at receiving end is taken as, γ = τ then P(T > τ) = k/M provides the probability of false alarm under Hypothesis H0 and 1−P(T > τ) under H1 provides the probability of detection.
First of all let us simulate the probability density function (pdf) of Rayleigh distributed random variable. Let x is a random variable follows Rayleigh pdf like,
f X ( x ) = x σ 2 e − x 2 / 2 σ 2 ; where σ 2 is the variance of x. (11)
The cdf of x will be,
∴ F X ( x ) = 1 2 σ 2 ∫ 0 x 2 e − y / 2 σ 2 d y = 1 − e − x 2 / 2 σ 2 (12)
Now solving for the r.v. x,
e − x 2 / 2 σ 2 = 1 − F X ( x ) ⇒ x = σ ( − 2 ln { 1 − F X ( x ) } ) (13)
Here the cdf F X ( x ) is actually a probability can be treated as a random number over [0 1].
In wireless communication the Rayleigh pdf of instantaneous SNR, γ is expressed as [
f Γ ( γ ) = 1 γ a v e − γ γ a v ; where γ a v is the average SNR (14)
The cdf of γ ,
F Γ ( γ ) = 1 − e − γ γ a v (15)
Now solving for the r.v. γ ,
1 − e − γ γ a v = F Γ ( γ ) ∴ γ = − γ a v ln ( 1 − F Γ ( γ ) ) (16)
The cdf, F Γ ( γ ) is now a random number in the range of [0 1], to generate the SNR, γ follows Rayleigh pdf.
Let us now train a neural network with simulated false alarm, detection and SNR; where the theoretical false alarm and detection is taken as the target value. In this section first we use backpropagation algorithm then Hopfield algorithm. In back propagation algorithm (BP) the signal flows in forward direction i.e. from input to output through hidden layers. The output and the desired signal are compared and error is detected. The weighting vector at the input terminals of output nodes is changed using steepest descent algorithm to reduce the amount of error. The weight vector of hidden layers is updated using same algorithm from the expression of error at those layers. The process is continued till the input of first hidden layer i.e. error reduction operation (or update of weight) flows in backward direction. The above procedure is iterated till error at output falls below the threshold.
For simplicity of understanding let us consider an ANN of three layers. The steps of BP are given bases on [
1) Apply the vector X p = [ x p 1 x p 2 x p 3 ⋯ x p N ] at pth instant as the input sequence;
2) The output of the jth node of hidden layer,
i p j = f h ( ∑ j = 1 L w j i h x p i + θ j h ) ;
where f h ( x ) is the activation function of hidden layer;
3) The final output of kth node,
o p k = f o ( ∑ j = 1 L w k j o i p j + θ k o ) ;
where f o ( x ) is the activation function of output;
4) Calculate error at output and hidden layer as,
δ p k o = ( y p k − o p k ) f ′ k o ( ∑ j = 1 L w k j o i p j + θ k o ) and δ p j h = f ′ k h ( ∑ j = 1 L w j i h x p i + θ j h ) ∑ k δ p k o w k j o ;
5) The weight is updated on output and hidden layer as,
w k j o ( t + 1 ) = w k j o ( t ) + η δ p k o i p j and w j i h ( t + 1 ) = w j i h ( t ) + η δ p j h x i ;
when error becomes less than a threshold for the training vector then algorithm stops. The algorithm next selects another input vector and its desired vector.
In this paper we also use Hopfield model to merge simulation and theoretical results. In Hopfield model the processing unit has two outputs: inverting and non-inverting. Each output is connected back to the all inputs except itself. If wij is the weight between ith input and jth output then the output at ith output before the non-linear function f(.) is:
S i = ∑ j n w i j O j + x i − Φ i ; for i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , n ;
where Oj is the output of jth neuron after the nonlinear function f(.), xi is the external input at node i, and Φi is the threshold of ith neuron. The Hopfield algorithm flows the steps like [
1) Initialize weights wij = +1 or −1.
2) The input xi and output Oi are initialized as: xi = Oi(k) = +1 or −1; i = 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , n ; the threshold, Φi = 0 and k = 0.
3) Evaluate S i = ∑ j n w i j O j + x i − Φ i and O i ( k ) = f ( ∑ j n w i j O j + x i − Φ i ) ; where k = 1.
4) Evaluate O i ( k + 1 ) = f ( ∑ j n w i j O i ( k ) ) ; 0 ≤ j ≤ N − 1.
5) Repeat step 4 until output remains unchanged.
The next section provides results based on both algorithms of this section.
The simulation results of Rayleigh fading taking the random variable as voltage or current are given in
The simulation and analytical results of PD and PFA are compared in
Next we made simulation of co-operative CRN with CR = 4 under a fusion center and found the results of
Here the entre input data (simulation data) is divided into three parts: 70% data for training purpose, 15% for validation (to minimize overfitting) and 15% for test (to verify that the accuracy). The profile of above three data sets is shown in
The output of the trained neural network and the target is compared by confusion matrix; where the rows and columns are the output and target respectively. The error of three types of data (training, validation and test) is shown by first three matrices and the fourth one shows the overall results where only 4.1% mismatch is found shown in
In error histogram x-axis is the error, which is actually the difference between targets and outputs and y-axis is frequency of data (three types of data: training, validation and test). The most of the data lies between error of −0.03749 to 0.01823 and maximum data stays on error, e = 0.00034 as shown in
Finally we apply Hopfield model to observe the convergence of theoretical and simulation work as shown in
In this paper we use NN to observe the convergence of analytical and simulation results of co-operative CRN under both awgn and Rayleigh fading channel. A fusion center (FC) can use such model to get the feedback from a set of SUs to avoid false alarm and misdetection more confidently. Because of nonlinear relation between SNR and probability of detection or false alarm, we can train convolutional NN under the concept of deep learning in future for comparison with the present work. Still we have the scope of inclusion of PUEA (Primary User Emulation Attack) to observe the degradation of performance as shown in the paper.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Azad, A.K., Das, J.K. and Islam, I. (2018) Signal Detection of Co-Operative Cognitive Radio Network under Neural Network. Journal of Computer and Communications, 6, 60-72. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2018.69006