This paper deals with the effect of blended cement and natural latex copolymer to static and dynamic properties of polymer modified concrete. The polymer was used copolymer of natural latex methacrylate (KOLAM) and copolymer of natural latex styrene (KOLAS) with composition of 1%, 5%, and 10% w/w of weight of blended cement in concrete mixture. They are tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus elasticity for static analysis, and impact load and energy dissipation profile for dynamic analysis. The result shows that KOLAM with concentration 1% give better performance in static and dynamic properties. The KOLAM 1% gives improvement in flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus elasticity about 4%, 13% and 3% compared to normal concrete. And for dynamic properties, KOLAM 1% could reduce impact load up to 35% and improve energy dissipation capacity about 45% compared to normal concrete. The concentration of KOLAM higher than 1% resulting negative effect to static and dynamic properties, except modulus of elasticity. For KOLAS, there were no positive trends of static and dynamic properties.
Concrete had been used in many decades due to its properties and economics. However, it has some limitations such as low failure strain, low flexural and tensile strength, low chemical resistance, and etc. There are many solutions for eliminating its limitation. The most common in construction is using steel reinforcement for improving flexural and tensile strength [
The polymer addition into concrete mixture could be used for eliminating concrete limitation. The polymers in concrete have been used in many decades for widen the concrete applications. The polymer in concrete could be functioned as binder either with or without cement in form of polymer modified concrete, polymer concrete or polymer reinforcement concrete, or filler. Polymer as binder would improve the interfacial zone, and polymer as filler would fill the void. So it would result low porosity concrete [
The Natural rubber had been researched for improving the concrete strength [
The polymer addition into concrete mixture could be used for improving the earthquake resistant and damping capacity. The styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) had been research for that purpose by evaluating of energy dissipation of concrete [
Indonesia is second largest producer natural rubber in the world. The rubber is exported as natural rubber, about 80% [
There is a new trend of Indonesian cement industry, by reducing the production of ordinary Portland cement and more production volume in blended cement production, as a commitment to Kyoto protocol for CO2 reducing. So, this research was developed by replacing the Ordinary Portland cement into blended cement in producing polymer modified concrete. The blended cement was composing of min 65% clinker and max 35% supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, trass/natural pozzolan, and lime. The supplementary cementitious materials have been used for improving concrete durability by forming additional CSH [
Besides using blended cement, this research was dealing with modified natural latex as concrete additives. The polymers are copolymer of natural latex methacrylate (KOLAM) and copolymer of natural latex styrene (KOLAS). The polymer modified concrete of blended cement and copolymer of natural latex were evaluated for static and dynamic analysis. The static properties are compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The static properties were evaluates as a base of concrete strength evaluation. Based on the static properties, research was developed into dynamic evaluation. The dynamic evaluation was done based on impact load and energy dissipation profiles. The dynamic evaluation will be used as a preliminary research for concrete with impacting resistant (good damping capacity) and earthquake resistant application. So, by polymer addition will widen concrete application.
The involved blended cement and copolymer of natural latex could be used as an alternative for improving concrete performance in more sustainable. Due to blended cement more sustainable than ordinary Portland cement and copolymer of natural latex is renewable material. Thus, the research could be used as a reference in green construction for designing of impact and earthquake resistant building.
The materials used in this research were Indonesian local resources. They were chosen based on the previous research and survey result.
The aggregates prior to use were prepared and characterized based on relevant Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and ASTM. The fine aggregate was Pasir Galunggung and coarse aggregate was Maloko crushed stone. The fine and coarse aggregates were washed to reduce the clay lump and organic content. Clamp lump and organic content should be reduced until maximum value 5%. They should be minimized cause of retarding cement setting process. For fine aggregate, continued by drying process in room temperature to get saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. The SSD condition could eliminate the error from water content correction due to aggregate moisture. So, there will be no water correction and composition of concrete mixture will equal. They were characterized based on ASTM C 33 requirement as per
As well as aggregates, cement was characterized using Indonesian National Standard SNI 0302-2014: Semen Portland Pozolan (Portland Pozolan cement) [
The research used copolymer of natural latex methacrylate (KOLAM) and copolymer of natural latex styrene (KOLAS) as concrete additives. They were research product of National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) and have been commercialized by PT. Rel Ion Indonesia. The polymers were characterized based on ASTM [
Concrete samples were prepared and mixed based on ASTM C39/C 39 M [
Parameters | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Requirement of ASTM C 33 |
---|---|---|---|
Sieve analysis (fine modulus) | 2.657 | 7.391 | Fine: 2.3 ? 3.1 |
Bulk Density | |||
・ Compacted (kg/L) | 1.546 | 1.280 | |
・ Loose (kg/L) | 1.656 | 1.420 | |
・ Void (%) | 31.78 | 43.82 | |
Density and water absorption | |||
・ Oven dry (kg/L) | 2.43 | 2.53 | |
・ SSD (kg/L) | 2.54 | 2.58 | |
・ Density (kg/L) | 2.71 | 2.67 | |
・ Water absorption on SSD (%) | 4.24 | 2.13 | |
Material finer than 75 mm | 0.62 | 0.26 | Fine: max 5% Coarse: max 1% |
Abrasion and impact by Los Angeles Machine | - | 23.86 | Coarse: max 50% |
Lightweight particles in aggregates | 0.34 | 0.34 | Fine/Coarse: Max 0.50% |
Clay lump and friable particles in aggregates | 0.25 | 1.27 | Fine: max 3% Coarse: max 2% |
7.37 | NA | Fine: max 10% |
Parameters | Value | Requirement of SNI 0302:2014 |
---|---|---|
Chemical Properties | ||
Insoluble residue | 13.11 ± 0.06 | NA |
Silicone dioxide, SiO2 | 23.84 ± 0.21 | NA |
Ferric oxide, Fe2O3 | 3.24 ± 0.09 | NA |
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 | 8.08 ± 0.25 | NA |
Calcium Oxide, CaO | 57.52 ± 0.16 | NA |
Magnesium oxide, MgO | 0.82 ± 0.05 | Max 6.0 |
Sulfur oxide, SO3 | 1.63 ± 0.07 | Max 4.0 |
Loss of ignition | 4.52 ± 0.05 | Max 5.0 |
Alkalinity as Na2O | 0.50 ± 0.04 | NA |
Free lime | 0.94 ± 0.09 | NA |
Physical Properties | ||
Fineness, by Blaine Apparatus, m2/kg | 317 | Min 280 |
Setting time, Vicat test - Initial. minute - Final, minute | 191 270 | Min 45 Max 240 |
Autoclave expansion - Shrinkage, % - Expansion, % | NA 0.12 | Max 0.8 Max 0.2 |
Compressive strength - 3 days, kg/m2 - 7 days, kg/m2 - 28 days, kg/m2 | 184 234 317 | Min 130 Min 200 Min 280 |
Air content of mortar, % (v/v) | 5.9 | Max 12 |
Density, g/ml | 2.94 | NA |
Parameter | KOLAS | KOLAM | Testing Method |
---|---|---|---|
Total alkalinity calculated as Ammonia as % latex | 0.20 | 0.14 | ASTM D 1076-10 |
Dry rubber content, % | NA* | NA* | |
Total solid content, % | 39.14 | 40.57 | |
Coagulum content, % | 0.003 | 0.030 | |
Sludge content, % | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
pH | 10.35 | 9.95 | |
Density, g/mL | 0.98628 | 1.00704 | |
Viscosity, cP | 6 | 8.9 | Internal method |
and their compositions were calculated using ACI 211.1-91 (reapproved 2002) [
The polymer modified concretes of blended cement and copolymer natural latex were analyzed for static and dynamic properties, including interaction between blended cement and copolymer of natural latex in concrete to get better performance. The static properties were analyzed to get information about strength of concrete. And the dynamic properties were analyzed to get information about energy dissipation capacity.
In this research, the static analysis was dealing with mechanical properties of concrete. They are compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The testing methods of static analysis refer to ASTM.
The compressive strength is a method for justifying the strength of concrete. It was determined using ASTM C 39/C 39 M Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimen [
Based on
It was evaluated from the crack pattern of samples. The crack pattern was affected by loading profile, compactness of concrete specimens and distribution between aggregates and cement paste. Based on Indonesian National Standard SNI 1974:2011 [
Material | Composition (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | KOLAM 1% | KOLAM 5% | KOLAM 10% | KOLAS 1% | KOLAS 5% | KOLAS 10% | |
Water | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 | 216 |
Cement | 569.92 | 569.92 | 569.92 | 569.92 | 569.92 | 569.92 | 569.92 |
Coarse aggregate | 809.4 | 809.4 | 809.4 | 809.4 | 809.4 | 809.4 | 809.4 |
Fine aggregates | 657.86 | 657.86 | 657.86 | 657.86 | 657.86 | 657.86 | 657.86 |
KOLAM | 0 | 2.16 | 10.8 | 21.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
KOLAS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.16 | 10.8 | 21.6 |
Remarks: Normal is blended cement concrete (as reference). KOLAM/KOLAS is type of polymer. 1%, 5%, 10% is polymer composition in concrete (w/w of cement).
No. | Concrete | Concrete Density (kg/m3) | Difference from reference (%) | Compressive strength (MPa) | Difference from reference (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Normal | 2302.43 | 0.00 | 63.64 | 0.00 |
2 | KOLAM 1% | 2264.69 | −(1.64) | 63.58 | −(0.09) |
3 | KOLAM 5% | 2094.83 | −(9.02) | 40.87 | −(35.78) |
4 | KOLAM 10% | 1711.72 | −(25.66) | 12.55 | −(80.28) |
5 | KOLAS 1% | 2259.02 | −(1.89) | 47.56 | −(25.27) |
6 | KOLAS 5% | 2000.47 | −(13.11) | 29.35 | −(53.88) |
7 | KOLAS 10% | 1741.92 | −(24.34) | 11.39 | −(82.10) |
For normal concrete, the crack pattern was following pattern no. 1 that shown by
Beside the crack pattern analysis, the decreasing of compressive strength was evaluated from density of concrete. Increasing of polymer in concrete mixture, the density will be more decrease. This research used blended cement with composition of clinker about 80%, combination of natural pozolan (trass) and fly ash about 12% - 14% and lime about 6%. When they are mixed with polymer, there was bubbling (shown by
This phenomenon will be useful for lightweight or pervious concrete research
by engineering the void structure to get high strength concrete.
The flexural strength or modulus rupture was determined using ASTM C 78/C 78 M standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam
with third point loading) [
The splitting tensile strength was determined using ASTM C 496/C 496 M Standard test method for splitting tensile of cylindrical concrete specimen [
The modulus of elasticity was determined using ASTM C 469/C 469 M Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poison’s ratio of concrete compression [
The dynamic evaluation was approached by load and energy dissipation profile of concrete [
No. | Concrete | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Difference from reference (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Normal | 4.2852 | 0.00 |
2 | KOLAM 1% | 4.4544 | 3.95 |
3 | KOLAM 5% | 3.3331 | −(22.22) |
4 | KOLAM 10 % | 2.0232 | −(52.79) |
5 | KOLAS 1% | 3.4561 | −(−19.35) |
6 | KOLAS 5% | 2.1940 | −(48.80) |
7 | KOLAS 10% | 1.1086 | −(74.13) |
No. | Concrete | Splitting tensile Strength (MPa) | Difference from reference (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Normal | 12.95 | 0.00 |
2 | KOLAM 1% | 14.63 | 12.97 |
3 | KOLAM 5% | 12.03 | −(7.10) |
4 | KOLAM 10 % | 6.77 | −(47.72) |
5 | KOLAS 1% | 14.02 | 8.26 |
6 | KOLAS 5% | 10.95 | −(15.44) |
7 | KOLAS 10% | 4.92 | −(62.01) |
No. | Concrete | Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) | Difference from reference (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Normal | 25725.48 | 0.00 |
2 | KOLAM 1% | 26338.57 | 2.38 |
3 | KOLAM 5% | 17834.75 | −(30.67) |
4 | KOLAM 10 % | 10199.58 | −(47.72) |
5 | KOLAS 1% | 23524.62 | −(8.26) |
6 | KOLAS 5% | 15157.70 | −(15.44) |
7 | KOLAS 10% | 8334.15 | −(62.01) |
The load data were resulted by load cell.
The energy dissipation was calculated from load data.
dissipation. It could increase about 45% of KOLAM 1%. The higher concentration of KOLAM, the increasing of energy dissipation were not significant. They were about 7% and 5% for KOLAM 5% and KOLAM 10%. There was not positive trend while using KOLAS as concrete additive. Detail data of impact load and energy dissipation were summarized in
Due to KOLAS did not give positive effect in concrete, research should be developed for KOLAS. Development could be done by improving KOLAS physical
properties, involving additional materials or introduction additional process in order to get better performance of KOLAS modified concrete. So, KOLAS could be used as polymer for concrete in any concentration.
From
1) KOLAM in concrete will reduce brittleness and stiffness of concrete in certain concentration. The positive effect among static properties of KOLAM addition into concrete mixture was limited to 1% w/w of cement.
Concrete | Load (N) | Difference (%) | Energy Dissipation (J) | Difference (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 16455.18 | 0.00 | 90.0898 | 0.00 |
KOLAM 1% | 10701.9 | −(34.96) | 90.1312 | 46.06 |
KOLAM 5% | 15754.21 | −(4.26) | 90.0959 | 6.85 |
KOLAM 10% | 16009.65 | −(2.71) | 90.0936 | 4.27 |
KOLAS 1% | 20159.03 | 22.51 | 90.0541 | −(39.81) |
KOLAS 5% | 15881.93 | −(3.48) | 90.0946 | 5.35 |
KOLAS 10% | 20776.83 | 26.26 | 90.0471 | −(47.53) |
2) The higher concentration of KOLAM in concrete will decrease the static performance of concrete, except modulus of elasticity. Increasing KOLAM concentration in concrete mixture will result negative effect. The interaction between blended cement and KOLAM higher than 1% will get negative result due to foaming formation in fresh concrete and resulting void while setting and hardening process (in curing process). This phenomenon will lead to decreasing of concrete strength.
3) KOLAS in concrete did not give positive trend for static properties, except for modulus of elasticity. There were not positive result in concrete strength and brittleness of KOLAS modified concrete. The higher KOLAS concentration cause decreasing of concrete performance. There was negative interaction between blended cement and KOLAS. This phenomenon was about similar with KOLAM addition into concrete mixture. The KOLAS addition will reduce concrete stiffness that showed by modulus of elasticity profile, with decreasing about 62% (maximum).
4) KOLAM will give better improvement in dynamic properties. The effective concentration of KOLAM is 1% that could reduce impact load about 35% and increase energy dissipation about 45%. Increasing KOLAM concentration did not give significant effect of dynamic properties.
5) KOLAS did not give positive trend either impact load or energy dissipation.
6) KOLAM could be used as polymer for modifying blended cement concrete. It could give better performance in static and dynamic properties of concrete. So, there will be positive result when blended cement and KOLAM use together in certain ratio for designing impact and earthquake resistant construction with suitable strength and brittleness of concrete.
7) The research needs further investigation for using antifoaming agent to prevent any bubbling while blended cement interacted with copolymer of natural latex methacrylate and styrene in order to get high strength concrete with better performance of dynamic properties. So, polymer would be used in higher than 1%.
8) The research needs development for dealing with KOLAS as polymer for concrete additives to get better performance of KOLAS modified concrete.
9) Energy dissipation profile is an approach for determining of earthquake resistant. It should be developed and continuing research using full scale seismic testing. Also, for impact resistant properties, it should be developed by suitable testing method.
Thanks to Centre for Material and Technical Product Ministry of Industry Indonesia for research grant, PT. Semen Indonesia (Gresik Plant) for cement supply, PT. Holcim Indonesia for coarse aggregate supply, PT. Cisangkan for fine aggregate, PT. Fosroc Indonesia for concrete additive supply and PT. Mobar Sarana Energi for designing and manufacturing of impact testing equipment.
Andayani, S.W., Suratman, R., Imran, I. and Mardiyati (2018) Polymer Modified Concrete of Blended Cement and Natural Latex Copolymer: Static and Dynamic Analysis. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 8, 205-220. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.82016