A novel biophysical principle: the GM-model was revealed, describing an algorithm for coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies that either sustain or deteriorate life conditions. The particular frequency bands could be mathematically positioned on a Pythagorean scale, based on information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2. The particular scale exhibits a core pattern of twelve eigenfrequency functions with adjacent self-similar patterns, according to octave hierarchy. In view of the current interest in coherency and entanglement in quantum biology, in the present paper, we report on a meta-analysis of 60 papers in physics that deal with the influence of electromagnetic frequencies on the promotion of entangled states in, so called, EPR experiments. Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen originated the EPR-correlation thought experiment for quantum-entangled particles, in which particles are supposed to react as one body. The meta-analyses of the EPR-experiments learned that entanglement, achieved in the experiments is real, and applied frequencies are located at discrete coherent configurations. Strikingly, all analysed EPR-data of the independent studies fit precisely in the derived scale of coherent frequency data and turned out to be virtually congruent with the above mentioned semi-harmonic EM-scale for living organisms. This implies that the same discrete coherent frequency pattern of EM quantum waves that determine local and non-local states is also applicable to biological order and that quantum entanglement is a prerequisite for life. The study may indicate that the implicate order of pilot-wave steering system, earlier postulated by David Bohm is composed of discrete entangled EM wave modalities, related to a pervading zero-point energy information field.
Coherent and non-coherent scales of EM frequencies were earlier revealed by us in biological systems (see
It is known that living organisms are able to generate and receive electromagnetic pulses that are transferred and processed at a non-thermal level [
Cellular functions are sensible to low-level sinusoidal-modulated signals of different frequencies and pulse modulations. In many biological studies, windowing, both with regard to frequency and amplitude domains, has been found and non-coherent modulations of signals have also an influence on biological properties [
to Tamulis et al. quantum entanglement might be crucial in the first stages of origins of life and evolution of the biospheres because simultaneously excitation of two prebiotic kernels in the system by appearance of two additional quantum entangled excited states, will lead to faster growth and self-replication of minimal living cells [
In relation to this, there is biological evidence for the studies of Fröhlich in 1968, showing that living cells employ coherent waves, called solitons for constructive interference with electromagnetic fields [
A mathematical basis for a spectrum of discrete coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was recently derived based upon research carried out for solitons [
As mentioned above, in addition, a non-coherent-scale could be calculated based upon the finding that non-coherent parameters are located logarithmically just in between the coherent parameters of the 12-number scales. The derived arithmetical scales exhibit sequences of unique products of integer powers of 2, 3 and a factor √2 and contains about 1500 different determinate frequency data for ordered data and more than 1500 different numbers for disordered data in a fractal setting. A correlation between the proposed coherent scale and the “hidden variables” as described in the theory of David Bohm may be at stake (see Section 6).
256.0 | 269.70 | 288.00 | 303.41 | 324.00 | 341.33 | 362.04 | 384.00 | 404.54 | 432.00 | 455.12 | 486.00 Hz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.0 | 1.0535 | 1.1250 | 1.1852 | 1.2656 | 1.3333 | 1.4142 | 1.5000 | 1.5803 | 1.6875 | 1.7778 | 1.8984 Hz |
532.5 | 505.6 | 473.4 | 449.3 | 420.8 | 399.5 | 376.6 | 710.1 | 674.1 | 674.0 | 631.3 | 599.1 nm |
Three considerations were the starting point for the search to coherent frequencies of waves for condensed matter and living organisms: 1) a deterministic quantum wave model and the idea of Einstein that quantum randomness is not the determinant of the fabric of reality, 2) the conclusion of Schrödinger that living cells require external quantum information for their development and ecological survival, 3) the proposal of Fröhlich that living cells make use of constructive interference through so called acoustic solitons, that can be described by Bose-Einstein-statistics.
Many measurement data are now available to consider a universal wave function that is deterministic, and non-local. It is proposed to use the de Brog-lie–Bohm theory that is an interpretation of non-relativistic quantum theory that postulates an actual configuration. The actual configuration is bound to geometries, and more precise probably to nested toroidal geometries. Knowledge about frequencies of living cells and condensed matter learns that eigenfrequencies play a role, even when unobserved, and that toroidal geometry might be considered [
In 1924, Louis de Broglie argued that if photons, with their wavelike properties, could be described as particles, then electrons as particles should show wave like properties with a wavelength λ, inversely proportional to their momentum (p = mev): λ = h/p (massive particle me, velocity v, momentum p, Planck constant h). This relationship is now known to hold for all types of matter: all matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves. In his theory, particle motions are determined by a wave function, that de Broglie called a “pilot wave’’. For a many-body system, the pilot wave propagates in a multidimensional “configuration space”, which is constructed from the co-ordinates of all the particles involved.
Experiments confirmed de Broglie’s assumption and led Erwin Schrödinger to derive a “wave equation” to describe the motion of de Broglie’s waves. When Schrödinger proposed the wave nature of electrons and other matter particles, he may very well have had musical harmonics in mind [
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, in 1935, originated the so-called Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation for quantum-entangled particles [
The Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics was introduced in 1952, and later called the ontological interpretation, generally seen as an alternative to the standard Copenhagen interpretation. Bohm proposed an interpretation of the quantum mechanics that is nonlocal, causal, and does not treat systems and measuring apparatus differently [
Bohm’s interpretation of quantum physics grew out of into a major search into model based on the assumption of hidden variables. The concept is based on the principle that the state of the particles is affected by a field, which guides the motion of the particles. De Broglie called this the pilot wave, while the quantum potential is derived from the ψ-field. Mathematically, the field corresponds to the wave-function of quantum mechanics, and therefore evolves according to the Schrödinger equation in which the positions of the particles do not affect the wave function [
All physical observables in this model are represented by linear operators operating on the state vectors in the Hilbert space, the eigenvalues of such operators are real numbers and any measurement of an observable results in getting one of its eigenvalues [
The effect of the Quantum Potential on the electron depends on its form and Bohm redefined the term in-formation. The term quantum potential, indeed, is an informational effect shared by the surroundings particles/waves and depends on its form/shape and is derived from the ψ-field [
In the Copenhagen interpretation, that is, the most widely used interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Born rule: ρ ( X , t ) = | Ψ ( X , t ) | 2 defines that ρ, the probability density function of a particle equals the absolute square of the wave function Ψ and this interpretation constitutes one of the fundamental axioms of the current quantum theory. This is not the case for the De Broglie-Bohm theory, where the Born rule is not a basic law. Rather, in this theory the link between the probability density and the wave function has the status of a hypothesis, called a quantum equilibrium, which is additional to the basic principles governing the wave function, being the dynamics of the quantum particles and the Schrödinger equation, see equations 1 and [
When a quantum equilibrium exists also a quantum non-equilibrium should be considered. The existence of both quantum equilibrium and non-equilibrium states has not yet been verified experimentally; also quantum non-equilibrium is so far a theoretical construct. The relevance of quantum non-equilibrium states to physics lies in the fact that this can lead to quite different predictions for results of experiments, depending on whether the De Broglie-Bohm theory or the Copenhagen interpretation is assumed to describe reality [
As mentioned above, it is not yet known what is the nature of the Quantum Equilibrium is and how such an equilibrium is reached [
John Bell in theory proved that the supposed non-local effect of quantum-entangled particles was probably real, and this became known as Bell’s theorem or inequality. He resolved the paradox by pointing to a failure of local realism itself and proved the impossibility of completing quantum mechanics with local hidden variable theories [
EPR and Bell’s theorem have motivated researchers to improve the theory of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger pointed out that the EPR two-particle wave function does not represent the separable form but rather of the entangled form [
Among others: Clauser et al. found evidence against local hidden-variable theories by measuring linear polarization correlation of photons emitted in an atomic cascade of Calcium [
Many experiments have measured violation of the inferred Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and confirmed EPR-entanglement (see Appendix 1, and Appendix 2). It can be concluded therefore that experimental realizations of the EPR proposal provided ways to demonstrate a type of entanglement inextricably connected with quantum non-locality and always imply entanglement [
Of note, the observation of an EPR paradox for macroscopic objects at room temperature remains a question. The possibility of detecting an EPR paradox between two macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature, based on the experiments that have realized an entanglement between the ensembles has been examined [
However, an ingredient central to the EPR argument: causal separation of measurement events, is missing from the many experiments to date [
Entangled photons can be considered as an inseparable system, and entanglement may be interpreted as a correlation between modes of the electromagnetic field. Entanglement between two light beams has been observed spanning an octave, or 1.5 octave or different parametric ratios in optical frequency [
[
The concept of steering was introduced by Schrödinger in 1935 as a generalization of the EPR paradox for arbitrary pure bipartite entangled states. It is provided that steerable states are a strict subset of the entangled states, and a strict superset of the states that can exhibit Bell-nonlocality [
It is postulated by us that the Bohm’s Quantum Equilibrium has a typical determinate entangled configuration, of which the frequencies of the eigenvalues can be mathematically described by coherent eigenfrequency functions according to an adapted Pythagorean calculation. Bohm’s dynamics allow also a non-equilibrium, that are waves not in phase with the wave-functions and can be identified as non-coherent frequencies, able to disturb the proposed eigenfrequency functions. It is shown in the following that all physical experiments, carried out to show violation of Bell’s inequality during 50 years, can be precisely located at typical coherent frequencies according to Pythagorean rules as earlier shown for coherent states of living cells [
EPR-measurements of about 40 different scientific groups in the period 1972-2017 have been analyzed, that demonstrated different types of entanglement connected with quantum non-locality (see literature references
the proposed generalized coherent scale calculated according to an adapted Pythagorean scale calculation. The mean deviation of the applied frequency data, relative to the calculated different coherent frequencies amounts to maximally 0.65%, which is statistically relevant. It can be concluded that: 1) all analyzed EPR-measurements can be positioned at the normalized coherent frequency scale, of twelve scalars, 2) Multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and tripartite entanglement with optical network are precisely divided over the typical calculated coherent frequencies (see experiments of Marshall, Scheidl, Hensen B., Feng, Armstrong, in Appendix 1).
An analogy with the vision of Schrödinger has been found: when you perform a Schrödinger cat experiment, and observe the superposed system, than the outcome of the cat will either be alive or be dead, but never in between. All discrete EM frequencies of our GM-model for living organisms, show that cells are indeed either alive (sustaining coherent frequency patterns), or in contrast life deteriorating and/or life terminating (detrimental non-coherent frequency patterns) [
When the proposed algorithm of coherent frequencies is valid for both systems: 1) quantum entanglement of inanimate condensed matter, and 2) eigenfrequencies of living cells, than it may be concluded that living cells are coupled by quantum entanglement, and therefore may intrinsically show a behaviour of non-locality and entangled states.
A likely candidate for the Bohmian implicate order, as a source for pilot wave activity, is the well-known stochastic zero-point energy field, in the framework of Stochastic Electrodynamics [
According to Setterfield, 2017 In Quantum Electro-Dynamics, or QED physics, a sub-atomic particle’s position and momentum are claimed to be indeterminate until actually measured, according to the reigning Copenhagen interpretation [
Indeed, it has been demonstrated by SED physicists that many quantum phenomena can be described intuitively by classical physics when the action of the ZPE is added in [
“Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of subatomic particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum characteristics of each particle cannot be described independently―instead, a quantum state can be given for the system as a whole. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization and so on that are performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated”.
The problem that arises for QED physics is that, before the measurement is made, the spin (or whatever property is being considered) is indefinite by the uncertainty principle. However, if a measurement is made on either of the entangled particles, it not only collapses the state of the particle being measured, but so (also instantaneously) does that of its companion particle, no matter how far away that particle has gone. The outcome of the measurement process is considered to be random, with each possibility having an equal probability. These concepts result in the problem of how one particle instantaneously “knows” what has happened to the other particle. SED physics may provide an answer to this dilemma: the entangled particles in question really implicitly will have this correlated property in advance of observation. This approach became known as the “hidden variables theory”. Furthermore, Bell’s treatment of the problem faced by the EPR approach is also insufficient because it, too, ignores the action of a real ZPE. Therefore, Bell’s inequality is not a sufficient reason to reject the proposition that entangled particles already possess their physical characteristics from the beginning.
In summary, then, it may be stated that particle entanglement is real and that measurement reveals that they have appropriately correlated quantities. The QED physicist claims that the particles properties do not start off correlated, but once a measurement is made on one particle, this forces the other particle to assume the correlated property no matter where that particle may be. This leads to the dilemma of particles signaling each other faster than light. Yet, the problem of particles signaling to each other faster than light is clearly eliminated by the SED approach. In other words: wave/particles by definition share information in the ZPE field and the interconnectedness is related to the wholeness of the entire quantum system, as being part of the supposed universal wave function. As mentioned above, the latter may act on an universal scale and instantaneously through the network of Einstein-Rosen bridges and entanglement can be viewed upon as a basic natural process [
We considered earlier that geodesic or toroidal nested geometries may play a role in electromagnetic communication in animate and inanimate systems [
It can be concluded that de Broglie/Bohm’s interpretation of quantum mechanics, that is nonlocal, causal, and based upon determinate values, is compatible with our proposed spectrum of determinate (discrete) and coherent electromagnetic frequencies. Also non-equilibrium values seem to exist in view of the observation that distinct frequencies are precisely located logarithmically just in between the coherent frequency bands, see
If Bohm’s Deterministic Quantum Equilibrium can be described by the proposed coherent frequency scale than different aspects for condensed matter should be valid:
- Condensed matter is able to perform at non-local conditions, if the emitted electromagnetic frequencies (from atmospheric conditions or, in our study, from experimental origin), obey to the pattern of the proposed coherent frequency scale. Due to the permanent presence of a plethora of electromagnetic wave interactions any wave/particle will be accompanied by a distinct steering pilot wave and the resulting superposition will at least result in a degree of mesotropic entanglement that is expressed throughout the universe.
- The most optimum interaction with an entangled non-local field might be expected if the emitted frequencies are precisely located at all of the 12 basic frequencies over the broad frequency range, but preferably in an entangled state. These will probably be more effective when these frequencies are at the Tera-Hertz range, in which also the photon and electron frequencies are found.
- The GM-model may be able to calculate both elementary particles masses and zero-point energies of elements.
The former papers discussed: 1) the mathematical structure for electromagnetic frequencies that may reflect pilot waves of Bohm’s Implicate Order, and 2) semi-harmonic scaling that enables calculation of masses of elementary particles of the Standard Model. The present concept based upon this novel biophysical principle, called by us the GM-model, describes a semi-harmonic electromagnetic guiding mechanism for animate and non-animate systems, and shows the influence of typical discrete electromagnetic frequencies on the promotion of entangled states in, so called, Einstein, Podolsky Rosen-experiments. It has been shown that frequencies of EPR-states can be precisely calculated. Therefore, it is also expected that the GM-model is able to calculate the zero-point energies of the elements. With regard to Quantum-Biology, the present principle could have implications for further studies in Quantum Mechanics and in Quantum-Biology, including brain function [
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Geesink, H.J.H. and Meijer, D.K.F. (2018) A Semi-Harmonic Frequency Pattern Organizes Local and Non-Local States by Quantum Entanglement in both EPR-Studies and Life Systems. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 898-924. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.95056
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1a, b, c. 227.5 nm, 551.3 nm, 422.7 nm
2. 551.3 nm, 422.7nm, 50 MHz
3a. 253.7 nm, 3b. 532 nm, 3c. 710 nm
4. 532 nm
5. 670 nm, 351 nm, 702 nm, 10 MHz, 30 MHz, 10 fs
6. 405 nm, 80 MHz
7. 394 nm, 200 fs
8. 376.3 nm, 163 MHz
9. 626 nm
10. 426 nm, 447 nm, 700 MHz
11a, b, c. 532 nm
12. 702 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 400 nm, 422.5 nm
13. 532 nm, 150 KHz, 3 MHz
14. 532 nm
15. 5 MHz
16. 532 nm
17. 532 nm
18a, b. 425 nm, 150 fs, 790 kHz
19. 532 nm
20. 395 nm
21. 473 nm
22. 405 nm, 3.4 × 107 Hz, 2.4 GHz, 30 MHz
23. 532 nm, 20 MHz
24. 0.5 MHz, 6 GHz
25. 532 nm, 1064 nm
26. 532 nm
27. 526.5 nm, 0.8 mu, 1.5 μm
28. 400 nm, 76 MHz
29. 532 nm, 1064 nm
30. 404 nm, 200 kHz
31. 710 nm, 120 MHz
32. 397 nm 795, 40 MHz, 80 MHz
33. 710 nm
34 795 nm, 40 or 80 MHz
35. 471.5 nm
36a, b. 405 nm
37. 710 nm
38. 403 nm, 1518 nm
39. 710.1 nm
40. 532 nm
41. 637 nm, 100 MHz, 2.874 GHz
42. 397.5 nm
43. 400 nm, 80 MHz
44. 76 MHz, 120 fs pulses
45a, b, c. 405 nm, 532 nm, 671 nm