MSW wastes depositing on a landfill in accordance with the national environment protection legislation means a (msw) waste conglomerate which generates greenhouse effect gas, especially CH 4 on an active lifetime of the deposit, but, in the same time, after the waste depositing quit too. As a consequence it is absolutely necessary to estimate gas emission quantities, mainly CH 4 annually. This thing can be done by quantitative waste degraded estimation, annually also. This paper describes the adequate technique to be used for the - m- parameters values establishing having in mind that - m- represents the number of months when a certain quantity of msw is degraded, annually, during the lifetime of the msw deposit (landfill). Nevertheless the establishing of the - m- values means, in fact, set up of the msw landfill NOMOGRAMA itself. The wastes agglomeration on a landfill can be expressed through a mathematical equation, whose analyze lead to the - m- values establishing. The waste (msw) will be degraded in time under the specific environmental factors of every region.
The anthropic activities regarding the msw deposit management are subjected and are generators of greenhouse effect gas, especially CH4 having potentially hazardous effects over the environment and especially on climate, as well. There are really concerns on the temperature rising, globally, due to the anthropic activities and it is provided that, up to 2020, Member States of UNFCCC-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [
The diminishing measures are in accordance with DOHA agreements and amendments of the Kyoto Protocol provisions [
It is well known that, through DOHA modification and agreements on the Kyoto Protocol [
Within the new global climate agreement stated in Paris [
With respect to the msw wastes which have been eliminated through depositing after sorting, researchers from different countries are looking to find out a calculus relation (formula) in order to be able to estimate, quantitatively, the greenhouse gas emission CH4, particularly. The formula will be applied both for conforming and nonconforming wastes deposits (landfills) [
Degree of uncertainty is great due to the various climate conditions, cultural diversification as well as the diversification of waste types and increasing of generated wastes quantity.
Within the present article (paper) I’m applying for a new concept regarding the management of msw wastes stated that the time is the main factor to establish the moment when wastes are completely degraded.
In spite of the fact that the calendaristic year is the reference year in the msw wastes management, the complete waste degradation, up to DOC, doesn’t happen within depositing year.
A certain waste quantity is degraded, annually, in accordance with the -m- parameter, the number of months stated at the calculation year -AT. The -m- value doesn’t depend on the msw eliminated quantity when depositing but generate the degraded quantity or taken into consideration [
So, the eliminated waste quantities while depositing is an interesting factor and this information should be a mandatory one to be obtained through periodical checking or estimative calculus.
Upon information given in this article it is not a way to make a parallel with the existing practice [
With regard the composition establishing of different types of wastes incorporated within main body of deposit such information can be taken from the reference [
In accordance with the provision of the European Directive 1999/31/CE [
The problem of waste disposal (msw), seen from the perspective of agglomeration and the formation of a conglomerate [
We shall start from the expression to be remembered is “If 7 is added to 3 times a natural number the same result is obtained as when this number is reduced from 13” [
This statement lead to the equation 3 x + 7 = 13 − x , where x is the variable [
Considering that waste (msw) degrades in time but is stored (quantitatively) in the body of the landfill, daily, monthly, or annually, we can speak of the time equation for a landfill (msw) of
3 t + 7 = 13 − t . (1))
Respectively: if 7 accumulate at 3 times the time of stationing a quantity of municipal waste (msw) on a site, the same result is obtained when a time (expressed in months -m-) of number 13 is obtained.
In the first year of storage, waste degradation (msw) is incipient so that, m = 0, [
The equation will make sense if the waste degradation is considered to be made annually depending on the life of each [
In the case of an active municipal waste disposal (msw) one we can speak of a calendaristic year -AC (starts on January the 1st, ending on December 31) and one year of calculation -AT (shorter by 6 months (between 01.07 and 31.12) remain undegraded).
The equations containing -m- parameter are:
Equation (2) Q mswdegrad . T = [ Q msw . T + Q msw . T − 1 ] ∗ [ 1 − exp ( − K t ) ] , [ Gg ] [
Equation (3) Q mswdegrad . T = [ Q msw . T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 ] ∗ [ 1 − exp ( − K t ) ] , [ Gg ]
The expression where -m-appears is: ( 1 − e − K ( 25 − m 12 ) ) and ( 1 − e − K ( 13 − m 12 ) )
where:
t-(time) expressed in months -m- in which degrading up to 45% of the wastes (msw) deposited or taken into account; -m- is a natural number, so m ∈ N .
At the time equation we can see:
・t-time cannot be measured in years; waste (msw) degrades annually but is stored on a daily basis;
・t-time cannot be measured in number of hours or number of days.
The only unit of measure for t-time, in the case of municipal deposits (msw) is the number of months, denoted -m-.
So every year -AT-, in a number of months -m-, a quantity of waste (msw) stored in the body of the deposit will be degraded.
I have stated (see the above) that x is the variable, so, consequently, -m- is the variable:
m ∈ N . It is established that 7 ≤ m ≤ 18 .
The time equation for a municipal waste disposal (msw) after the first year storage can be written, generally as follows:
( 3 + ( 8 n ) ) t + 7 = ( ( 12 n ) + 13 ) − t , (2)
where:
・n = first year of calculation after the 2nd year of waste disposal (msw)
・t (time)-number of months -m-, value set at the calculation year -AT, when degraded up to 45% of the waste stored or taken into account.
The following
It is to be noted that the calendar year of depositing starts on January the 1st and ends in the last day of the year, December, 31. It is so called the calendaristic year-AC.
Calculus regarding the CH4 emission is processed after the AC is ended, usually in the first month of the year. This is the so called the calculus year -AT and for this reason appears the value m = 7. So, this has to be considered that A C ≠ A T .
Within an operational (msw) deposit, the collected mixed wastes are degraded at the year AC, but at the calculus year AT, it is to be considered that deposited (msw) wastes in the last 6 months, e.g. July, 1st ¸ December 31st, are not degraded.
To set-up the -m- values I used the following temporal equation:
3 t + 7 = 13 − t (1)
This equation can be applied to the non-hazardous mixed deposited wastes.
Some consideration related to the information generated by the Equation (1):
This is an equation which have the solution: t = 3 / 2 , where t is expressed by m-number of months, annually stated, in which maximum 45% of the wastes deposited taken into consideration are degraded.
This solution carried-out incorrect information because:
・ (msw) mixed wastes deposited are degraded within a year and a half, which is not correctly;
・ (msw) mixed wastes deposited are degraded within a period of 18 months, which is not correctly also.
The temporal Equation (2) gives us the equations for the followings depositing years, after the first year of deposit.
After the depositing year 2, but the first year of calculation, the equation has the form:
11 t + 7 = 25 − t (2-1)
n = 1, year of calculation, A T ≠ A C ;
For the 3 rd year of storage, n = 2, year of calculation, A T ≠ A C , the equation is the form:
19 t + 7 = 37 − t , (2-2),
The same procedure for the following deposited years.
In all cases the equation has, from the mathematical point of view, the same unique solution:
t = 3 / 2
The free term, on the right part, deliver the information, as following:
・ In the first year, according to the Equation (1), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 12 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;
・ In the second year, according to the Equation (2-1), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 24 months + 1month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;
・ In the third year, according to the Equation (2-2), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 36 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;
・ In the fourth year, according to the Equation (2-3), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 48 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;
and so on.
t―Coefficient from the left size of the equation:
Generating, the number of months -m- (approximately) necessary for the (msw) mixed wastes deposited and its degradation at the calculus year AT, after dividing by number 7.
Examples:
・ 3 t + 7 = 13 − t , (Equation (1)), 3:7 = 0.43; conclusion: in the first year of depositing took place an insignificant degradation, and m = 0,
・ 11 t + 7 = 25 − t , (Equation (2-1)), 1st year of calculus, A T ≠ A C , 11:7 = 1.57; conclusion: m1 = 7;
・ 19 t + 7 = 37 − t , (Equation (2-2)), 2nd year of calculus, A T ≠ A C ,19:7 = 2.7; conclusion: m2 = 11;
・ 27 t + 7 = 49 − t , (Equation (2-3)), 3rd year of calculus, A T ≠ A C , 27:7 = 3.8; conclusion: m3 = 14, and so on.
Finally, the (msw) wastes are deposited, taking into consideration the calendaristic months. At the calculus year AT you have to subtract 7 months from calendaristic months because in the last 6 months +1, degradation of the wastes didn’t take place.
The (msw) wastes deposited within landfill body―a conglomerate of wastes, will be gradually degraded in accordance with the lifetime of every kind of waste.
The following
According to the IPCC expert group, t is expressed by m-number of months and belongs to a closed interval 7 ≤ m ≤ 18 and is independent by the quantity of mixed (msw) wastes deposited, much smaller one, deposited within -AC. The degraded process depends by environmental factors.
m-the number of months, is not dependent by the msw waste quantity but give us the quantity of degraded wastes at the calculation year AT. As a consequence, the msw waste quantity deposited, in every calendaristic year -AC, have to be known, as valuable information.
The CH4 emission starting to decrease after depositing of msw wastes ended [
Types of waste (msw) | Degradation periods [years] | Comments |
---|---|---|
Household bio-degradable wastes | 01 ¸ 07 | Within arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster. The newspaper paper is degrading more slowly. Office paper degrades more quickly. |
Non-household in wastes (msw) | 10 ¸ 13 | In arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster |
Industrial waste similar to household waste | 20 ¸ 30 | In arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster |
Waste paper and cardboard | 11 ¸ 23 | In arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster. The newspaper paper is degrading more slowly. Office paper degrades more quickly. |
Garden and park waste | 02 ¸ 15 | In arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster |
Waste wood and straw | 01 ¸ 30 | In arid areas degradation is slower; in wetlands degradation is faster |
The proposed calculus relation and the algorithm one lead to the establishing of the year when CH4emission quits.
At an active (msw) deposit, the mixed wastes degraded, at the year AT took place both from the quantity of wastes deposited and, in the same time, from earlier years deposited amount.
For a (msw) landfill where wastes deposit is stopped, -m- will have the value 6, because AT is identical with AC, AT º AC.
The environmental condition from the year of calculus, -AT. It is absolute necessary that:
∑ 0 + m 1 + m 2 + ⋯ + m n + 1 ≤ [ ( 12 n ) + 13 ] − 7 ,
where:
・ 0 correspond to the first depositing year: the degradation isn’t significant;
・ m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , m 4 , ⋯ , m n + 1 are m values established at the year AT;
・ n represent the number of the deposited year -AC-, in fact the lifetime of the landfill;
・ 12―the number of months, calendaristic one;
・ 13 = 12 + 1, 12―First year of storage (12 months) and 1―the necessary month for calculus and information collection;
・ 7 Months, which has the following structure, 6 months + 1, period which belong to the interval 01.07 ¸ 31.12, when the wastes are considered not degraded at the year AT.
A (msw) deposit (landfill) with mixed wastes, conforming or non-conforming, will have a starting year of depositing and a ended year of wastes depositing, both years starting and ending, being established by project, according to the national environmental authority decision or due to the external natural conditions (earthquakes, land sliding, floods, tornados, etc.) [
As it shown earlier, the (msw) deposit NOMOGRAMA depend by the stated project condition.
As a consequence the project has to be accompanied by its NOMOGRAMA and, eventually by an equivalent graphic regarding the evolution of CO2 according to the project data.
With referring to the amount of (msw) mixed wastes deposited at the year AC, an important remark is necessary: at the year AT the -m- values have to be established in accordance with the environmental conditions (draught, rainfall, freezing times, snow, etc.).
If the lifetime of a (msw) wastes deposit is 100 years, a NOMOGRAMA should be drawing up.
For the depositing year 4 (2003) we shall have:
∑ 0 + m 1 + m 2 + m 3 = 30 ≤ 42 lead to the -m- value; m = 14 for the year 2003.
This is a correct -m- value because the sum:
Years of depositing/Years of calculation | Number of months necessary for degradation -m- | Number of deposited months in accordance with calendaristic years depositing(12n) | The equation of every calculus year -AT after the first depositing year: ( 3 + ( 8 n ) ) t + 7 = ( ( 12 n ) + 13 ) − t , Equation(2) |
---|---|---|---|
1(2000) | 0 | ( 12 + 1 ) | 3 t + 7 = 13 − t (Equation (1)) |
2(2001)1 | 9 | ( ( 1 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 11 t + 7 = 25 − t (Equation (2-1)) |
3(2002)2 | 7 | ( ( 2 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 19 t + 7 = 37 − t (Equation (2-2)) |
4(2003)3 | 14 | ( ( 3 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 27 t + 7 = 49 − t (Equation (2-3)) |
5(2004)4 | 13 | ( ( 4 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 35 t + 7 = 61 − t (Equation (2-4)) |
6(2005)5 | 12 | ( ( 5 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 43 t + 7 = 73 − t (Equation (2-5)) |
7(2006)6 | 11 | ( ( 6 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 51 t + 7 = 85 − t (Equation (2-6)) |
8(2007)7 | 9 | ( ( 7 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 59 t + 7 = 97 − t (Equation (2-7)) |
9(2008)8 | 13 | ( ( 8 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 67 t + 7 = 109 − t (Equation (2-8)) |
10 (2009)9 | 11 | ( ( 9 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 75 t + 7 = 121 − t (Equation (2-9)) |
11(2010)10 | 10 | ( ( 10 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 83 t + 7 = 133 − t (Equation (2-10)) |
12(2011)11 | 7 | ( ( 11 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 91 t + 7 = 145 − t (Equation (2-11)) |
13(2012)12 | 9 | ( ( 12 × 12 ) + 13 ) | 99 t + 7 = 157 − t (Equation (2-12)) |
Legend:・ first column:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6∙∙∙ 10∙∙∙ 13∙∙∙ years of storage for calendar years, calendar year-AC, calculation years, -AT: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6∙∙∙ 9∙∙∙ 11∙∙∙ 13∙∙∙ after each calendar year -AC ended;・ The 2nd column―the -m- value at the calculation year;・ The 3rd column: n―the number of storage months corresponding to the years of calculation, n ∈ N ;・ The calculation AT equation year is generated by the Equation (2), where t is the time expressed by -m-number of degradation months having the value established at the calculation year -AT.
0 + 9 + 7 + 14 ≤ 42 ; 42 = 49 − 7, is according to the equation corresponding to the year 4 of depositing.
For the depositing year 7 (2006) we shall have:
∑ 0 + m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + m 4 + m 5 + m 6 = 66 ≤ 78 lead to the -m- value; m = 11 for the year 2006.
This is a correct -m- value because the sum:
0 + 9 + 7 + 14 + 13 + 12 + 11 ≤ 78 ; 78 = 85−7, is in accordance with the equation corresponding to the year 7 of depositing.
In the
For the period 2013 ÷ 2016, the manager of the Chitila-Iridex landfill, the 8th environmental region Bucuresti-Ilfov, sent the following information:
- At the year 2015, after 16 years of depositing 6.968 [Gg] of CH4, [9 721 000 m3 ] respectively, there were collected;
- At the year 2016, after 17 years of depositing 5.790 [Gg] of CH4, [8 077 600 m3] respectively, there were collected.
As a consequence, the calculated TDOC, by means of Equation (5) [
Landfill (MSW) Chitila-Iridex, environmental Region 8 Bucharest-Ilfov | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
years of storage | ||||||||||||
2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
quantities of waste (MSW) stored [Gg] | ||||||||||||
43,536 | 361,157 | 361,656 | 309,421 | 349,464 | 384,451 | 367,985 | 245,497 | 448,694 | 434,852 | 425,521 | 361,000 | 371,568 |
m [number of months], values, according Nomogram deposit | ||||||||||||
0.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 9.0 |
CH4 [Gg], collected | ||||||||||||
0,000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 5.640 | 5.355 |
Legend:・ 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003... etc., years of storage (depositing);・ quantities of msw waste stored, [Gg], within storage years;・m-number of months, values, in accordance with deposit NOMOGRAMA・ CH4 [Gg], collected.
Explanation:
Within deposit body, under environmental factors action, some LFG or DOC bags can appears. If these bags are freed the quantity of CH4 is considerably increased, starting with the year 10 of depositing -AC, the TDOC [
According to the NOMOGRAMA, the evolution of the greenhouse effect for the Chitila-Rudeni-Iridex landfill is presented in
You can see that CH4 collecting led to the decreasing of the greenhouse effect.
A case study
For this case study I used information issued by the deposit manager regarding CH4collected quantities/volumes of the deposited wastes for the years 2011 and 2012, as follows:
・ 2011- 7 500 000 m3, 5.640 [Gg];
・ 2012-7 470 000 m3, 5.355 [Gg];
For the years 2011 and 2012, the CH4 emission is calculated as the difference between CH4 generated [Gg], calculated and collected.
To carry out calculus, the Equation (1) [
CH 4 ( Gg / year ) = ( Q mswdegrad . T ) ∗ ( % TDOC disolved T ) ∗ ( DOC f ) ∗ ( 16 / 12 ) ∗ ( F ) ∗ ( F r ) ,
Equation (1), [
where:
Q mswdegrad . T , [Gg], is the msw waste degraded quantity at the calculation year -AT based on the -m- value, according to the earlier presented methodology.
For the estimation of Q mswdegrad . T , [Gg], la -AT = 12(2011) 11 (see
Q mswdegrad . T = [ Q msw . T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 ] ∗ [ 1 − exp ( − K t ) ] , [ Gg ] (3)
Q mswdegrad .2011 = [ Q msw .2011 + Q mswundegrad .2010 ] ∗ [ 1 − exp ( − K t ) ] , [ Gg ]
where:
Q msw .2011 = 361.000 [ Gg ] , msw deposited quantity within deposit body, at the year 2011,
Q mswundegrad .2010 = 496.989 [ Gg ] , msw deposited quantity remained undegraded from the year 2010,
( 1 − exp ( − K t ) ) means ( 1 − e − K ( 25 − m 12 ) ) , m = 7 (-m-establishing value at the
calculation year -AT = 12(2011)11 have to fulfill 2 conditions:
1) 7 ≤ m ≤ 18 ,
2) ∑ 0 + m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + m 4 + m 5 + m 6 + m 7 + m 8 + m 9 + m 10 + m 11 ≤ ( 145 − 7 ) .
which means: ∑ 0 + 9 + 7 + 14 + 13 + 12 + 11 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 10 + 7 ≤ 138 , respective 107 ≤ 138
As a consequence:
Q mswdegrad .2011 = ( 361.000 + 496.989 ) ∗ ( 1 − e − K ( 25 − m 12 ) ) [ Gg ] , for K = 0.4, [
and m = 7 the Equation becoming:
Q mswdegrad .2011 = ( 361.000 + 496.989 ) ∗ ( 1 − e − K ( 25 − 7 12 ) ) [ Gg ]
Q mswdegrad .2011 = 387.125 [ Gg ]
Q mswundegrad .2011 = ( 361.000 + 496.989 ) − 387.125 [ Gg ]
Q mswundegrad .2011 = 470.864 [ Gg ]
By using the formula shown below the percentage% of TDOC has been determined as:
% TDOC dissolved . T = ( TDOC dissolved . T ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid . T ) [
TDOC dissolved . T -Total DOC (Organic Dissolved Carbon), [Gg] was determined such as:
TDOC dissolved .2011 = ∑ [ A + B + C + D + E + G ] , [ Gg ] [
The terms A, B, C, D, E, G are calculated at the year 2011, by using adequate equations
A = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW biodegrad . T ∗ k 0 , [ Gg ] [
A 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW biodegrad .2011 ∗ k 0 , [ Gg ]
k 0 = 0.185 the bio-degradable wastes DOC generation ratio, is in accordance with [
Q mswdegrad .2011 = 387.125 [ Gg ]
% MSW biodegrad .2011 = 51.2 Predetermined for the year 2011;
A 2011 = 387.125 × 0.512 × 0.185 = 36.668 [ Gg ]
B = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( G + P ) degrad . T ∗ k 1 , [ Gg ] [
B 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW ( G + P ) degrad .2011 ∗ k 1 , [ Gg ]
k 1 = 0.1 , the park and garden wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [
% MSW ( G + P ) degrad .2011 = 16 , predetermined for 2011;
B 2011 = 387.125 × 0.16 × 0.1 = 6.194 [ Gg ]
C = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( P + C + t e x . ) degrad . T ∗ k 2 , [ Gg ] [
C 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW ( P + C + t e x t . ) degrad .2011 ∗ k 2 , [ Gg ]
k 2 = 0.06 , the papers + cartoon + textiles wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [
% MSW ( P + C + t e x t ) . degrad .2011 = 16.8 , predetermined for 2011;
C 2011 = 387.125 × 0.168 × 0.06 = 3.902 [ Gg ]
D = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( Wood + straw ) degrad . T ∗ k 3 , [ Gg ] [
D 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW ( Wood + straw ) degrad .2011 ∗ k 3 , [ Gg ]
k 3 = 0.03 , the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW ( wood + straw ) degrad .2011 = 3 , predetermined for 2011;
D 2011 = 387.125 × 0.03 × 0.03 = 0.348 [ Gg ]
E = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW sludg .degrad . T ∗ k n , [ Gg ] [
E 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW sludg .degrad .2011 ∗ k n , [ Gg ]
k n = 0.185 , the containing sludge wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW sludg .degrad .2011 = 1
E 2011 = 387.125 × 0.01 × 0.185 = 0.716 [ Gg ]
G = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ind .degrad . T ∗ k 4 , [ Gg ] [
G 2011 = Q mswdegrad .2011 ∗ % MSW ind .degrad .2011 ∗ k 4 , [ Gg ]
k 4 = 0.09 , the industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [
% MSW ind .degrad .2012 = 12 , predetermined for 2011;
G 2011 = 387.125 × 0.12 × 0.09 = 4.181 [ Gg ]
TDOC dissolved .2011 = 36.668 + 6.194 + 3.902 + 0.348 + 0.716 + 4.181 = 52.01 [ Gg ]
% TDOC dissolved . T = ( TDOC dissolved . T ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid . T ) , [ % ] [
% TDOC dissolved .2011 = ( TDOC dissolved .2011 ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid .2011 ) , [ % ]
Q mswtakenintoconsid . T = Q msw T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 , [ Gg ] [
Q mswtakenintoconsid .2011 = Q msw 2011 + Q mswundegrad .2010 , [ Gg ]
Q mswtakenintoconsid .2011 = 361.000 + 496.989 = 857.989 [ Gg ]
% TDOC 2011 = 52.01 / 857.989 = 0.06062 ; 6.062%, respectively.
The CH4 generated quantity at the year 2011 is calculated by applying the Equation (1), as follows:
CH 4generated/2011 = 387.125 × 0.06062 × 1.3333 × 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.5 = 6.25785 [ Gg ]
where:
・ 385.125 [Gg] is (msw) degraded quantity at the year 2011 which generated DOC and, later on, CH4 methane gas [
・ 0.06062 is the percentage % TDOC within landfill body;
・ 0.5 represent DOCf taking into consideration the existing condition from the analyzed emission;
・ 1.3333 (16/12) represent C from CH4;
・ 0.8 Represents the management level of the analyzed msw landfill, at the year 2011;
・ 0.5 represents the% content of CH4 Methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG).
It is to be observed that the CH4 gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with the environmental condition of the landfill location. A certain wastes quantity of msw landfill will remain un-degraded and will be taken into consideration in the next year, so the process of msw degraded will generate, again DOC, and, as a consequence, CH4 Methane gas.
At the year 2011 the economic operator collected 5.640 [Gg] CH4, which was used for the green energy production.
In the same time, the operator delivered into atmosphere the difference
CH 4generated .2011 − CH 4collected2011 = 6.25785 − 5.640 = 0.61785 [ Gg ]
CO2equivalent is:
CO 2equivalent2011 = CH 4emitted2011 × 21 = 0.61785 × 21 = 12.97485 [ Gg ]
At the year 2012, for the same msw landfill-Chitila-Rudeni-Iridex, the quantity of CH4 emission will be [
Q msw2012 = 371.568 [ Gg ] msw, deposited.
Q mswundegrad .2011 = 470.864 [ Gg ] the quantity of msw landfill un-degraded, remained from the year 2011;
Q mswtakenintoconsid . T = Q msw T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 , [ Gg ] [
Q mswtakenintoconsid .2012 = 371.568 + 470.864 = 842.432 [ Gg ]
msw landfill deposited taken into consideration for the calculus of Q mswdegrad .2012 ,
by using the Formula (3):
Q mswdegrad . T = [ Q msw . T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 ] ∗ [ 1 − exp ( − K t ) ] , [ Gg ] [
K = 0.4; m = 9 in accordance with msw deposit nomograme, (see
Q mswdegrad .2012 = 350.452 [ Gg ]
The non-degraded quantity of (msw) remained in the end of the year 2012; the Equation (4) is used:
Q mswundegrad . T = ( Q msw T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 ) − Q mswdegrad . T , [ Gg ] [
Q mswundegrad .2012 = 842.432 − 350.452 = 491.980 [ Gg ]
By using the Equation (12) the percentage % TDOC dissolved . T has been calculated, as follows:
% TDOC dissolved . T = ( TDOC dissolved . T ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid . T ) [ % ] [
TDOC dissolved2012 , [ Gg ] was calculated by using the Equation (5) :
TDOC dissolved . T = ∑ [ A + B + C + D + E + G ] , [ Gg ] [
The parameters―A, B, C, D, E, G are determined at the year 2012, by using corresponding equations.
A = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW biodegrad . T ∗ k 0 , [ Gg ] [
A 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW biodegrad .2012 ∗ k 0 , [ Gg ]
k 0 = 0.185 , the biodegradable DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [
Q mswdegrad .2012 = 350.452 [ Gg ]
% MSW biodegrad .2012 = 58 , predetermined for 2012;
A 2012 = 350.452 × 0.58 × 0.185 = 37.603 [ Gg ]
B = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( G + P ) degrad . T ∗ k 1 , [ Gg ] [
B 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW ( G + P ) degrad .2012 ∗ k 1 , [ Gg ]
k 1 = 0.1 , parks and garden wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW ( G + P ) degrad .2012 = 13.8 , predetermined for the year 2012;
B 2012 = 350.452 × 0.138 × 0.1 = 4.836 [ Gg ]
C = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( P + C + t e x t . ) degrad . T ∗ k 2 , [ Gg ] [
C 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW ( P + C + t e x t . ) degrad .2012 ∗ k 2 , [ Gg ]
k 2 = 0.06 , the papers + cartoon + textiles wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW ( P + C + t e x t . ) degrad .2012 = 10.7 , predetermined for the year 2012;
C 2012 = 350.452 × 0.107 × 0.06 = 2.249 [ Gg ]
D = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ( wood + straw ) degrad . T ∗ k 3 , [ Gg ] [
D 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW ( wood + straw ) degrad .2012 ∗ k 3 , [ Gg ]
k 3 = 0.03 , the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW ( wood + straw ) 2012 = 3 , predetermined for 2012;
D 2012 = 350.452 × 0.03 × 0.03 = 0.315 [ Gg ]
E = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW sludg .degrad . T ∗ k n , [ Gg ] , [
E 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW sludg .degrad .2012 ∗ k n , [ Gg ]
k n = 0.185 , wastes (containing sludge) DOC generation ratio in accordance with [
% MSW sludg .degrad .2012 = 1.5 Predetermined for the year 2012;
E 2012 = 350.452 × 0.015 × 0.185 = 0.973 [ Gg ]
G = Q mswdegrad . T ∗ % MSW ind .degrad . T ∗ k 4 , [ Gg ] [
G 2012 = Q mswdegrad .2012 ∗ % MSW ind .degrad .2012 ∗ k 4 , [ Gg ]
k 4 = 0.09 , (msw) landfill containing industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [
% MSW ind .degrad .2012 = 13 , predetermined for the year 2012;
G 2012 = 350.452 × 0.13 × 0.09 = 4.100 [ Gg ]
TDOC dissolved .2012 = 37.603 + 4.836 + 2.249 + 0.315 + 0.973 + 4.100 = 50.077 [ Gg ]
% TDOC dissolved . T = ( TDOC dissolved . T ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid . T ) [ % ] [
% TDOC dissolved .2012 = ( TDOC dissolved .2012 ) / ( Q mswtakenintoconsid .2012 ) [ % ]
Q mswtakenintoconsid . T = Q msw T + Q mswundegrad . T − 1 , [ Gg ] [
Q mswtakenintoconsid .2012 = Q msw2012 + Q mswundegrad .2011 , [ Gg ]
Q mswtakenintoconsid .2012 = 371.568 + 470.864 = 842.432 [ Gg ]
% TDOC 2012 = 50.077 / 842.432 = 0.05944 ; 5.944%, respectivly.
The quantity of CH4 in the year 2012 gas generated is calculated by applying the Formula (1) [
CH 4generated/2012 = 350.452 × 0.05944 × 1.3333 × 0.5 × 0.9 × 0.5 = 6.24945 [ Gg ]
where:
・ 350.452 [Gg] is msw degraded quantity in 2012 which generated DOC and, later on, CH4;
・ 0.05944, is the percentage% TDOC within landfill body;
・ 0.5represents DOCf taking into consideration existing condition from the analyzed emission;
・ 1.3333 (16/12) represent C from CH4;
・ 0.9 represents the management level of the analyzed msw landfill, in the year 2012;
・ 0.5 the CH4 methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG), content [%].
It is to be observed that the CH4 gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with the environmental condition of the landfill location [
At the calculation year 2012, the economic operator collected 5.363 [Gg] CH4, quantity used for the green energy production.
In the same time the operator delivered into atmosphere the difference
CH 4generated .2012 − CH 4collected2012 = 6.24945 − 5.363 = 1.1315 [ Gg ]
CO2equivalent is:
CO 2equivalent2012 = CH 4emitted2012 × 21 = 1.1315 × 21 = 23.7615 [ Gg ]
During storage (storage Baia Mare-Satu Nou) | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
Quantity of waste (MSW) stored in the body of the deposit [Gg] | ||||||||||||||||||||
85,60 | 86,30 | 87,50 | 89,30 | 88,80 | 89,70 | 90,60 | 93,50 | 92,90 | 106,80 | 105,00 | 122,20 | 110,00 | 135,70 | 126,30 | 122,50 | 100,27 | 91,23 | 102,82 | 98,24 | 90,01 |
m―number of months fixed annual waste degradation, according NOMOGRAM | ||||||||||||||||||||
0 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 18 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 18 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 12 |
Legendă・ 1991, 1992, 1993... 2011, msw depositing years: ・ msw quantities deposited within waste landfill body; ・m―number of months fixed annually waste degradation, according to NOMOGRAMA.
in Maramures district, Romania, for the 1991 ¸ 2011 period.
And, accordingly to msw landfill Maramures, NOMOGRAMA, the evolution of greenhouse gas effect for the period 1991-2011 is presented in
Have to be taken into consideration that, at the global level, the mixed msw waste landfills (deposits) are one of the responsible for the global atmosphere warming by 3% ¸ 5% percentage.
So the necessity of a drawing up of a dispersion map of a msw mixed wastes deposits (landfills) is absolutely to be imposed.
An adequate and correct management of the msw deposits (landfills) is a stringent requirement for developed countries and a necessary one for undeveloped countries or those being in transition economies.
Year by year the global population rises and the quantity of msw wastes generated, increases, consequently [
The best solution for the msw wastes management is their depositing on soil or within subsoil, with the exceptions of those without economical value. Of course, when the msw wastes is depositing on soil or subsoil, the problem of gas emission, particularly CH4 is extremely important, according to the Kyoto Protocol [
Beside other calculation relations related to the estimation of waste gas emission, the formula presented [
By implementing the idea of establishing -m- (number of months) parameter values―the period when maximum 45% of the waste deposited or taken into consideration is degraded, it is possible to estimate the quantity of CH4emission from deposits with more than 0.1 Gg, annually deposited.
The proposed calculus relation is:
CH 4 ( Gg / year ) = ( Q mswdegrad . T ) ∗ ( % TDOC disolved T ) ∗ ( DOC f ) ∗ ( 16 / 12 ) ∗ ( F ) ∗ ( F r ) ,
Together with the m parameter establishing methodology and those 12 equations associated, the estimation is possible, by calculus, of the quantitative estimation of CH4 from msw waste deposits.
For the legal environmental authorities but also for potential investors, the drawing up of the CO2 evolution for every msw waste deposit is absolutely necessary for the first 10 years lifetime period [
The Author would like to express many thanks to Dr. Rui (Ray) Wong, Editor Assistant of ACS Journal, Scientific Research Publishing, for his kind invitation to submit my paper in order to be published in this prestigious scientific Journal. I appreciate so much.
Vieru, D. (2017) NOMOGRAMA of a Landfill (msw)―Setting m Parameter Values. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 7, 436-454. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2017.74032
CH4: Methane gas;
CO2: Carbon dioxide;
UNFCCC (CCONUSC)―United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris 2015;
C: Carbon;
AC: Calendaristic year;
AT: The year of calculus;
m: Number of months, the time in which max. 45 % of the wastes deposited or takeninto consideration at the year AT, is a natural number 7 ≤ m ≤ 18 , n ∈ N ;
(msw)―municipal solid waste;
n: number of years, n ∈ N ;
N2O: nitrogen dioxide;
HFC: hidrofluorocarbons;
PFC: per fluorocarbons;
DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon;
GWP: Global warming potential.