This study aimed to design a new ecological model to be used in ecological land evaluation studies, using careful planning and sustainable resource in the region to develop a sustainable and comprehensive guide. The results show that the study area has grade 1 and 2 urban sustainable planning. Capability Grade 1 has area 149,724.25 hectares equal 22.2% that is stretched from East to West Range. Capability Grade2 has area about 18533.28 hectares equal 2.7% that located in the South, East and South-East. The results show that the greater extent of this range is the unsustainable site, which extends over 506,664.81 hectares, equivalent to 75.1% that areas compliance by the Environmental Protection area. Another important result of this study is unsuitable area for urban development and the range of services already seating workshops and industrial units. This is due to the arrival of adverse environmental effects. Therefore, this study has been focusing on reform of the status of land of use and the optimal use of the ecological potential.
Rapid urban growth is usually associated with the destruction of agricultural areas and natural [
According to general censuses, during the last 50 years, the population of Iran has experienced a three-fold increase, while population of cities has undergone a six-fold growth which has resulted in degrading environmental quality in many parts of Iran [
There has been growing need for accurate assessment of urban growth so as to foster sustainable urban development strategy [
Zanjan city is located in 47 degrees 25 minutes to 48 degrees 54 minutes east longitude and 36 degrees 27 minutes north latitude to 37 degrees to the equator is 15 minutes. This city in the northern part of the province, with an area located 6763 square kilometers.
The city center, is located between the orbits of 48 degrees 26 minutes east longitude and 26 degrees to 48 degrees and 34 minutes to 39 minutes to 36 degrees 41 minutes north latitude. Zanjan city is limited from north to Azerbaijan, Mianeh and Khalkhal, from the East Tarom city, from the south Abhar and Ijrod city and the West to the city Tarom, from the West to the Mahneshan city. The city is the largest city of the province is covered about 30 percent of the province. According to general censuses in 2017 population of Zanjan city has 486,495 [
Zanjan plain from the North and North-West is limited to the Tarom mountains and the South-East and South the Soltanieh mountains. 1200 square kilometers, the total area of the plains aquifer which is equivalent to 71.9% of the total area of the plains and 25.5% of the area of study. “Zanjanrod” is the main river in this area. The maximum height of this area is 3200 meters and the river basins are at least 1130 m of surface water area [
Evaluation of Environmental Capability is means the possible use of the land for
use in agriculture, range management, forestry, aquaculture, military, engineering and urban development, industrial and rural in the framework of agriculture, industry, services and commerce [
In recent years GIS has contributed to research projects related to the environment. Assessment of ecological potential means objectifying the potential of the land in the form of executable applications and expected [
・ Preparation of digital data required includes topographical maps 1:25,000, capability map, vegetation and geology at a scale of 1:250,000.
・ Identify the components of assessing ecological potential urban development and services by using expert opinions and studies and research documents and field.
・ Urban field data to update and revise drawings in the study area by using global positioning.
・ Using Mac Harg map overlay method.
・ Determine the appropriate and inappropriate zones to determine urban land and services.
Procedures for map overlay (MacHag) and evaluation of ecological was used soil maps, map habitat for fauna, vegetation and surface water resources, geomorphology, geology and climatology. Based on the information gathered during the analysis and conclusions in the environmental unit was choice with ecological models built for applications, to selection of the most appropriate activities. Accordingly, it is worth recalling that in assessing the environment for rural and urban development and industrialization, all the components mentioned in the ecological model are not have same weight and some of the parameters to act as a key factor. The lack of appropriate conditions for them or not ready, even if there are other parameters, will be assessed an inappropriate study area, in order to facilitate the assessment of the components used were prioritized based on Mac Harg [
Priorities the parameters include water quantity, slope, rocks and soils, hydrology, position and shape of the earth, prevailing wind speed, direction of slope, vegetation, elevation and …, Process analysis and summary data for the study area for mapping the environmental units are as follows includes the class composition of ecological sustainability together:
・ Overlapping the map Landform units with a type of soil map and provide base one environmental map unit.
・ Overlapping the base map one by types of vegetation map and provide basic two environmental units.
・ Overlapping the basic two environmental units with a density of vegetation map and preparing the final map of environmental units.
・ Preparation of the environmental units with the acquisition and development of unsustainable ecologically properties.
After the preparation of base maps, these maps were extracted in to 3 combined in ArcGIS that in the first were extracted the elevation and slope direction landform maps. In the next step of overlaying a Landform map with a type of soil and vegetation map is created the environmental final map. Preparation of the features of environmental (ecological sustainability characteristics) and complete the acquisition and development of properties, ecologically unstable environment with the next stages of work.
Process of data analysis for environmental map units of Zanjan city includes a combination resource of ecologically sustainable map. Differences of assessment ways are used in the type of ecological potential ecological models [
In designing a new method of assessment of ecological capability of Iran to establish urban development and services identify 16 factors of the Ecological: The height above sea level (EV), percent slope (So), aspect (As), moisture content annual (Ch), the mean annual rainfall (Cp), the mean annual temperature (Ct), the development of brown field land (PI), soil drainage (dr), depth (ds), gravel percentage of soil (Ps), soil gradation (Pg), soil (Ts), lithology (Mr), groups of hydrological the soil (Hs), the preservation of a species of tree and shrub natural (Tn), the field of environmental protection (Cn), the value of animal (mammals) (Fv). In the
However, the absence indicates that the assessment of the ecological environment before project implementation can avoid the potential dangers of the future and arrange all of human needs about the types of land use, exploitation and enjoyment. And the land use according to their ecological potential and socio-economic needs. By implementing this process, it is hoped that in future it would not occur environmental crises, at least at the regional level. Hence with this review Iran is into Environmental Assessment automatic interpretation of the data by using computers [
Soil gradation (Pg) | Average rainfall (Cp) | Mean annual temperature (Ct) | % Relative humidity (Ch) | Aspect (As) | Percent slope (So) | Above sea level (EV) | Ecological factors, many classes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | |
1 | Superfine | 0 | 50 | 1 | 18ċ | 1 | 40% | 556 | North | 284 | Less than 2% | 10 number mean 301 | Less than 1000 | 1 |
0 | Fine | 1 | 51 - 200 | 1 | 18.1 - 21 | 1 | 40.1 - 60% | 400 | North East | 271 | 5 - 2 | 51 number mean 241 | 1000 - 1400 | 2 |
1 | Coarse | 2 | 201 - 500 | 2 | 21.1 - 24 | 1 | 60.1 - 80% | 371 | East | 394 | 8 - 5 | 148 number mean 359 | 1400 - 1800 | 3 |
0 | Average | 4 | 500 - 800 | 1 | 24.1 - 30 | 0 | More than 80% | 421 | South East | 494 | 12 - 8 | 100 number mean 623 | 1800 - 2200 | 4 |
1 | 800 - 1200 | 0 | More than30 | 349 | South | 572 | 15 - 12 | 130 number mean 625 | 2200 - 2600 | 5 | ||||
1201 - 3000 | 385 | South west | 330 | 30 - 15 | 105 number mean 62716 | 2600 - 3000 | 6 | |||||||
370 | West | 270 | 30 - 65 | 38 number mean 545 | 3000 - 3400 | 7 | ||||||||
387 | North west | 125 | More than 65% |
Hydrologic soil groups (Hs) | Depth (Ds | Orientation transformation soil (PI) | Soil (Ts) | Lithology (Mr) | Ecological factors, many classes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | |
1 | A | 6 | 30 cm | 9 | Unevolution | 1 | Sandy | 7 | Marl type I, II | 1 |
4 | B | 2 | 31 - 60 | 1 | Evolving | 0 | Sandy-loam | 19 | Dolomitic limestone | 2 |
1 | C | 4 | 61 - 1200 | 3 | Semi-developed | 0 | Sandy clay | 8 | Limestone December Aurore | 3 |
7 | D | 0 | 121 - 1800 | 0 | Evolved | 0 | Sandy clay loam | 10 | Sandstone | 4 |
1 | More than 1800 | 8 | Sandy clay loam | 14 | Alluvial Fans | 5 | ||||
0 | Loamy | 1 | Schists and conglomerates | 6 | ||||||
0 | Loamy clay | 0 | Gneiss | 7 | ||||||
0 | Sandy loam | 0 | Salt | 8 | ||||||
0 | Sandy clay loam | 4 | Floodplain | 9 | ||||||
0 | Sandy clay loam | 0 | Alluvial terraces | 10 | ||||||
2 | Clay | 0 | Ophiolite | 11 | ||||||
0 | Sandy clay | 0 | Calcite marble | 12 | ||||||
2 | Loamy clay | 0 | Sand dunes | 13 | ||||||
0 | Sandy clay loam | 11 | Gypsum | 14 | ||||||
0 | Sandy clay loam | 0 | Flabby | 15 | ||||||
0 | Silty | 0 | Sediments of the continental shelf | 16 | ||||||
0 | Silty loam | 0 | Quartzite | 17 | ||||||
0 | Silty clay loam | 6 | Conglomerate | 18 | ||||||
0 | Silty clay | 20 | Tuff | 19 |
Gravel percentage of soil (Ps) | Drained soil (Dr) | Ecological factors, many classes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
value | Great | value | Great | |
2 | 2% - 15% | 0 | perfect | 1 |
4 | 16% - 50% | 13 | Good of average | 2 |
7 | 51% - 90% | 0 | Incomplete average | 3 |
0 | More than 90% | 0 | Poor incomplete | 4 |
0 | Poor | 5 |
The field of protection (Cn) | January valuable species (mammals) (Fv) | Protecting the natural tree and shrub species (Tn) | Ecological factors, many classes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | Great | value | Great | value | Great | |
0 | National Park | 1 | Acinonyx jubatus, Equus hemionus, Cervus dama, Meso potamica, Gazella dorcas, Selenarctos thibetanus | 0 | Zelkova carpinifolia, Buxus sempervirens, Taxus baccata, Populua Caspica, Cupressus semperviren | 1 |
1 | protected area | 1 | Ovis orientalis, Capra aegagrus, Canis lupus, Panthera pardus, Martes foina, Felis catus, Ursus arctos | 36 | Juniperus polycarpos, Platycladus, Acer monspessulanum, Cerasus avium, Quercus brantii | 2 |
0 | Wildlife shelter | 1 | Vulpes vulpes, Meles meles, Hyaena hyaena, Mustela nivalis | 11 | other species | 3 |
0 | National natural monument | 1 | Sus scrofa, Hystrix indica, Sciurus anomalus, Canis aureus, Ochotona sp | 4 | ||
0 | Biosphere reserves | other species | 5 | |||
0 | Reserve forest | 6 | ||||
0 | Forest Park | 7 | ||||
0 | Forest plantations | 8 | ||||
0 | Nature Park | 9 | ||||
0 | World Heritage | 10 | ||||
0 | National monuments Pilgrimage | 11 | ||||
0 | Antiquities | 12 | ||||
1 | Other area | 13 |
References: [
system approach [
Ecological potential area has power for urban development and services, which a grade 1 and 2; areas with environmental restrictions do not have the ability to grade 2; grade 1 can be eligible to be considered within the study. The grade 1 have been identified spots in the West to East area 149,724.25 hectares (22.2%), the grade 2 spots in the East, Southeast and southern area 18,533.28 hectares (2.7%). Overlaying weight, a powerful geographic information system environment by combining these tools, which with the way of questionnaire and qualitative methods to promote a little bit. This study is provided to define a model community for urban land use and services in the area and promotes it from the qualitative to the quantitative determination of the weight of the layers of information and maps of existing raw material for overlaying weight in the GIS environment. The
Preference was proposed and optimized applications were introduced in
Accelerating urban growth and land use/cover changes places increasingly pressure on the natural environment and human welfare and have become a global concern. Iran, as a developing country, is also experiencing growth of its
Percent | Area of Hectares | Name | Row |
---|---|---|---|
22.2% | 149,724.25 | Class one urban development | 1 |
2.7% | 18,533.28 | Class two urban development | 2 |
75.1% | 506,664.81 | Inappropriate | 3 |
100% | 674,922.34 | Total |
References: the authors calculate, 2017.
urban areas during the last decades by high rate of rural urban migration along with rapid socio economic and political changes that has resulted in degrading environmental quality in many parts of Iran [
Overlaying weight is one of the effects of the application of GIS techniques, overlaying plain where the main theme of quality is combined with analysis based on systemic approach, although current models in the country's overall so for the detection of ecological potential special areas needs of indigenous and local models. The results of the present study and in order to optimize the deployment of industrial units in the study area are offer with minimal environmental impact following suggestions:
- The necessity of assessing the ecological potential to implement the optimized user in every region as the strategic planning of land use in the region.
- Using the socio-economic indicators―culture as complementary capability assessment natural environment and urban services in the study area.
- Environmental impact assessment after evaluating the development of the region in order to prevent damage to the environment and conserve natural resources.
- Providing infrastructure and services and introducing this infrastructure for growth and urban development in the study area.
- Planning for the industries development by related ecological potential.
- Using the GIS to implement the location of industries in the region on the map and prepare a database for the management and future planning.
- Use the applications of GIS and remote sensing to assess the ecological potential in the study area.
- Uniform evaluation methods of ecological potential.
- Operational capability assessment studies and environmental impact assessment in provincial development programs.
- Provide specialized training to functional and strategic experts in the field.
Justify managers and decision makers to value the fundamentals of the subject.
Parchianloo, R., Rahimi, R., Sadr, M.K., Karbasi, A.R. and Gharagozlo, A. (2017) Design a New Model to Evaluate the Ecological Potential Land for Urban Development and Service (City of Zanjan). Open Journal of Ecology, 7, 581-590. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.79039