This paper presents an intelligent algorithm for heart diseases diagnosis using phonocardiogram (PCG). The proposed technique consists of four stages: Data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. PASCAL heart sound database is used in this research. The second stage concerns with removing noise and artifacts from the PCG signals. Feature extraction stage is carried out using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Finally, artificial neural network (ANN) has been used for classification stage with an overall accuracy 97%.
Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) or Heart diseases are broad terms that can affect both vasculature and the heart muscle itself [
The heart sounds are still the primary tool for screening and diagnosing many pathological conditions of the human heart. Using auscultation technique which was invented and defined by Laennec for heart sound analysis is still insufficient. The reason of insufficiency is reported by Avendano-Valencia et al., [
Phonocardiography (PCG) is one of non-invasive techniques to diagnose condition of human heart generated by muscle contractions and closure of the heart valves produces vibrations audible as sounds and murmurs, which can be analyzed by qualified cardiologists [
The PCG recording consists of four heart sound components (S1, S2, S3 and S4). The first and second heart sound (S1 and S2) can be heard from the normal heart. They are produced by the closure and opening of the normal valves. For the abnormal heart, a third and a fourth sound (S3 and S4) may also exist in addition to (S1) and (S2) [
A major challenge, facing healthcare organizations (hospitals, medical centers) is the provision of quality services at affordable costs. Quality service implies diagnosing patients correctly and administering treatments that are effective [
Several researches, various methodologies and many tools that had been proposed were used in recently published papers for medical systems development for heart diseases diagnosis [
The objective of this paper is to propose an intelligent algorithm based on PCG signals to integrate the clinical decision support with computer-based patient records. This could reduce medical errors, enhance patient safety, decrease unwanted practice variation, and improve patient outcome.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the proposed machine learning techniques and the aspects of data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction and classification processes. In Section 3, experimental results are shown. Finally, Section 4 concludes the paper and proposes future research work.
A methodology of a heart diseases diagnosis system usually mimics that of a
pattern recognition system. Thus, it can be broken down into four main pro- cesses, namely; 1) data acquisition, 2) pre-processing; 3) feature extraction and 4) classification (subject identification).
The experiments were carried out on the platform of core i3 with 3 G memory running under windows 10 64 bit. The proposed algorithms were developed using MATLAB 2014b wavelet toolbox.
Datasets were collected from PASCAL heart sound database [
The acoustic audio files have varying lengths, between 1 second and 30 seconds. Mainly the most information in heart sounds is enclosed in the low frequency components, having noise in the higher frequencies.
PCG signals usually suffers from noise like electromagnetic interference from surrounding environment, power frequency interference, electrical signal inter-
ference with human body and lung sounds. These various noise components make the diagnosis of PCG records difficult or in some cases is impossible.
DWT which is a series of high-pass and low-pass filters shows a superior performance in signal denoising due to its properties such as multi-resolution and windowing technique.
Noises in PCG signals was removed using DWT family called Daubechies wavelet family of order ten (Db 10) with the fourth level of decomposition.
Feature extraction is one of the most important steps of heart sound classification systems [
The spectrum of heart sound signals is divided into sub-bands (tree structure was used) to extract the most meaningful information from normal and abnormal heart sounds.
Daubechies wavelet with 4th order (Db4) with 10th level of decomposition is used for determining wavelet coefficients from the PCG signals. DWT decomposes the signal into approximation (Approximate coefficients (A)-low frequency coefficients of signal) and detail (Detail coefficients (D)-high frequency part components of signal).
The classification process of the artificial neural network begins with sum of multiplication of weights and inputs plus bias at the neuron, if the sum is positive then only output elements fires. Otherwise it doesn’t fire. The artificial neural network is an adaptive system, in other words, the system adopting itself and changes the system weights during the operation [
The feature vector extracted from the PCG signal with size 44 features is used as an input to the proposed neural network to classify it into 2 classes (normal and abnormal). The proposed neural network architecture consists of three layers input layer with 44 input neurons, one hidden layer with 10 neurons and one output layer with 2 neurons.
Levenverg-Marquardt back propagation algorithm is used for neural network training, sigmoid activation function, momentum constant equal 0.7, learning rate 0.9 and number of epochs 1000 iterations.
Network Type | Feed-forward back propagation |
---|---|
No. of layers | 3 layers: input, hidden and output layers |
Activation function | Sigmoid activation function |
Training algorithm | Levenverg-Marquardt back propagation |
No. of epochs | 1000 |
Accuracy | 97% |
Momentum constant | 0.7 |
Learning rate | 0.9 |
Author | Database | Methods | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Mandeep Singh (2013) [ | PASCAL dataset | Naїve Bayes classifier | Accuracy 93.33% |
Elsa Ferreira (2013) [ | PASCAL dataset | Decision tree classification algorithm | Accuracy 72.76% |
N. R. Sujit (2016) [ | PASCAL dataset | Regression Tree | Accuracy 78.33% |
Zichun Tong (2015) [ | PASCAL dataset | Hilbert Transform + Support vector machine | Accuracy 90.5% |
Our proposed System | PASCAL dataset | DWT and ANN | Accuracy 97% |
For 170 heart sound signals was created and divided into 121 signals (24 normal signals and 97 abnormal signals) for training and 49 signals (10 normal signals and 39 abnormal signals) the neural network classifier misclassified one signal achieving an accuracy of 97%.
Finally,
From
This paper proposed an algorithm for heart diseases diagnosis based on PCG signals. The proposed algorithm consists of four stages: Data acquisition, pre- processing, feature extraction and classification. PASCAL PCG signal database was used for training and testing the proposed algorithm. We applied DWT in noise elimination and feature extraction stages and neural network is used for PCG signals classification. A feature vector of size 44 features is formed using DWT used as an input to the classifier for training and testing. ANN is trained using the obtained features. The results showed accuracy of 97% for PASCAL heart sound database.
Despite the high accuracy obtained, the system still has some drawbacks like using small dataset, existence of low energy events or noise and the limitation of classifier used for detecting and diagnosis of heart diseases can affect on the diagnosing accuracy. In the future work we can mention that working towards hybrid techniques which hybrids more than one classification techniques to achieve more accurate results.
Nabih-Ali, M., El-Dahshan, E.-S.A. and Yahia, A.S. (2017) Heart Diseases Diagnosis Using Intelligent Algorithm Based on PCG Signal Analysis. Circuits and Systems, 8, 184-190. https://doi.org/10.4236/cs.2017.87012