With the intense competition, more and more companies become customer-oriented instead of business-oriented, especially in service industries. How to elicit customer requirements is vital to improve service quality. But as an invisible product, service is lack of quantifiable physical index, so it is difficult to standardize the measure of service quality. Therefore, to elicit and analyze customer requirements and improve customer satisfaction are tough tasks. Using the Kano Model to analyze and classify the requirements of Y Company’s consulting project, we recognize the effective factors in improving Y Company’s satisfaction, and make certain suggestions for consulting company to improve its service quality.
Management consulting is the practice of helping organizations to improve their performance, operating primarily through the analysis of existing organizational problems and the development of plans for improvement. Organizations may draw upon the services of management consultants for a number of reasons, including gaining external (and presumably objective) advice and access to the consultants’ specialized expertise [
Under this background, there is an increasing need for consulting companies to put a high value on capturing and analyzing customer requirements in order to win the market. Considering customer requirements late in consulting service is responsible for the poor quality of consulting solutions today. Some state that having a good grasp of customer requirements plays a vital role in the success of the consulting project [
One of the ways of looking into the concerns of customer requirements early to provide outstanding service in consulting is to begin with the elicitation of requirements that delight and satisfy the clients [
The main objective of this study is to elicit Y Company’s satisfying requirements of the consulting service employing Kano Model. Kano model is a popular technique in the interdisciplinary field of quality management, but it is rarely applied in consulting service research. Moreover, analyzing Y Company’s requirements could be a reference to other consulting projects, which would help consultants to provide satisfactory service. This paper is divided into six sections: Section 1, introduction; Section 2, literature review; Section 3, methodology; Section 4, results; Section 5, discussion and Section 6, conclusions.
Kano et al. (1984) proposed the Kano Model based on Herzberg’s “Motivation- Hygiene” Two Factor Theory [
Kano et al. (1984) showed that not all requirements are at equal level of importance from the viewpoint of the customer [
1) “Must-Be” requirement is a basic requirement, of which its absence leads to customer extreme dissatisfaction, the customer takes this requirement for granted, thus, their being met does not increase the satisfaction level of customers. Meeting this requirement leads to a state of “not dissatisfied”.
2) “One-Dimensional” requirement, which is a linear kind of requirement, when met, the satisfaction of the customer is increased, but when unmet, the satisfaction level of the customer is decreased, that is their dissatisfaction increases. This requirement/feature is what the customers expect from the proposed product/service. It is a performance requirement. These requirements are usually demanded by customers.
3) “Attractive” requirement is a kind of nice to have requirement. Without it, there is actually no problem (there is no feeling of dissatisfaction), but having it will maximize the level of satisfaction (that is, it leads to more than proportional satisfaction if met). These requirements are the features that have the greatest impact on the level of customer satisfaction.
4) “Indifference” requirement, a no preference requirement, implying that the customer is indifferent to the requirement/feature. He does not care if the feature is present or not.
5) “Reverse” requirement, an inverse requirement (can be either way), here, the customer expectation about the feature in a reverse order.
In addition to these five categories, there is one more requirement called “Questionable”, which indicates a wrong answer from the customer filling the questionnaire which renders the response invalid [
The Kano Model incorporates a survey instrument that overcomes the bias arising from the traditional requirement elicitation survey instrument. To implement Kano model, a two-dimensional questionnaire is prepared for each product/service attribute. The first question is functional (a positive question) and the second is dysfunctional (a negative question). The first question is asked to find out how the customers feel if the proposed feature is in place or requirement is met while the second question is to find out how they feel if the intended feature is not in place or requirement is not met.
Each of the questions (whether functional or dysfunctional), has a list of five options, namely: 1. “I like it that way” (like), 2. “It must be that way” (must-be), 3. “I am neutral” (neutral), 4. “I can live with it that way” (live with), 5. “I dislike it that way” (dislike). After the survey, the result is tallied and totaled to show how the majority of customers expressed their requirements, and this is categorized into M “Must-Be”, O “One-Dimensional”, A “Attractive”, I “Indifferent”, R “Reverse” and Q “Questionable” categories. The rule for evaluation is: “M > O > A > I”. This rule guides decisions when making decisions on which feature/ requirement has more influence on the perceived quality of the proposed product/service [
All possible combinations of customer answers and the corresponding type of product attribute are summarized in following
Berger et al. (1993) proposed the coefficient of satisfaction in 1993, which indicates whether meeting a requirement, the level of customer satisfaction can be increased or whether meeting the requirement just hinders the customer from being dissatisfied [
SI = ( A + O ) / ( A + O + M + I ) (1)
DI = ( M + O ) / ( A + O + M + I ) (2)
where SI is the extent of Satisfaction, DI is the extent of Dissatisfaction, A is Attractive, O is One Dimensional, M is Must-Be and I is Indifferent. After calcu-
Functional | Dysfunctional | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Like | Must-be | Neutral | Live-with | Dislike | |
Like | Q | A | A | A | O |
Must-be | R | I | I | I | M |
Neutral | R | I | I | I | M |
Live-with | R | I | I | I | M |
Dislike | R | R | R | R | Q |
A = Attractive, I = Indifferent, M = Must-be, O = One-dimensional, Q = Questionable, and R = Reverse.
lating the results of SI and DI, we could create Coordinate System in which, X-coordinate is for SI and Y-coordinate is for DI. Each quality attribute could be assigned to different quadrants of the coordinate axis, which corresponds to different Kano type.
Based in Guangzhou, Y Company was founded in 1993, concentrating on designing and constructing highways. Y Company has a single business, with 98.41% of its revenue and 99.19% of its profits coming from highway operation. A few decades ago, because of the fast development of highway construction in China, Y Company was in a period of rapid development. However, with the layout of highways gradually being improved, growth of Y Company has slackened off, therefore it plans to expand new business.
However, with traditional management system which seriously hinders Y Company’s expansion, there is an increasing need for Y Company to improve its management. Therefore, Y Company decides to cooperate with consulting companies, who would find a solution to solve its problems. To Y Company, the consulting project is the product/service which it wants to purchase.
Among the research focusing on customer satisfaction of consulting project, some believe that whether the consulting solutions fully take into account the clients’ situation as well as the regular communication with consultants is the most important thing that the clients concern about [
After browsing related literature, conducting field research and questionnaires, 18 requirements/features were elicited and evaluated in this study. They include:
R1: Adaptability, the consulting solutions should adapt to Y Company’s current situation.
R2: Compatibility, the consulting solutions should be compatible with the new business of Y Company.
R3: Feasibility, the consulting solutions should be feasible in Y Company.
R4: Comprehensiveness, the consulting solutions should be comprehensive to cover the necessary parts.
R5: Variety, the consulting solutions should be varied in order for Y Company to select the best one.
R6: Professionalization, the consulting solutions should be professional.
R7: Punctuality, the consulting service should be punctual based on the schedule.
R8: Regular reporting, the consultants should report to Y Company in different stage regularly.
R9: Moderate solutions, the consulting solutions should be moderate enough to the company.
R10: Assist, the consultants should assist the implementation of the solutions.
R11: Consistency, the solutions should be consistent with the opinions of Y Company’s executives.
R12: Industry positions, the industry positions of the consulting company.
R13: The site, the site of the consulting company should near Y Company.
R14: Price, the price of the consulting project should be under the budget.
R15: Qualification, the consulting company should have a good qualification.
R16: Experience, the consultants should be experienced in consulting.
R17: On-site service, the consultants provide on-site consulting service.
R18: Number of consultants for the project.
These requirements are the main requirements/features expected to be incorporated in the consulting service of Y Company.
In this paper, Kano Mode land the extension of Kano Model were used for data collection and analysis as well as in the categorization of requirements. In this case, Y Company is the customer of the consulting project. That is to say, the staff and managers in Y Company are the customers that we want to analyze. A Kano questionnaire was constructed and administered to a forty-one (41) respondents during the Kano survey. The participants were staff and managers of Y Company. The questionnaire used a 5-point Like-type rating scale that ranges from like to dislike based on Kano questionnaire. And finally, all questionnaires were collected.
Req | M | O | A | I | R | Q | T | Si | Di |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 23 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.390243902 | 0.853658537 |
R2 | 24 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 0.375 | 0.875 |
R3 | 31 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.219512195 | 0.902439024 |
R4 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 41 | 0.205128205 | 0.769230769 |
R5 | 29 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.268292683 | 0.804878049 |
R6 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 0 | 41 | 0.125 | 0.475 |
R7 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 41 | 0.58974359 | 0.564102564 |
R8 | 30 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.268292683 | 0.975609756 |
R9 | 10 | 29 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.756097561 | 0.951219512 |
R10 | 32 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.219512195 | 0.975609756 |
R11 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 41 | 0.368421053 | 0.289473684 |
R12 | 25 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 41 | 0.256410256 | 0.846153846 |
R13 | 26 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.292682927 | 0.853658537 |
R14 | 20 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 0.425 | 0.825 |
R15 | 19 | 17 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.512195122 | 0.87804878 |
R16 | 17 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0.536585366 | 0.902439024 |
R17 | 7 | 9 | 19 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 41 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
R18 | 5 | 13 | 3 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 41 | 0.432432432 | 0.486486486 |
A (Attractive); O (One-Dimensional); M (Must-Be); I (Indifference); R (Reverse); Q (Questionable); T (Total); Req, R1-R18 (Requirements).
regards to when the requirements are met and unmet respectively. Creating Coordinate System in which, X-coordinate is for SI and Y-coordinate is for DI, would help us to figure out the importance of the requirements.
As illustrated in the previous section, the requirements in first quadrant stand for one-dimensional requirements, the requirements in second quadrant stand for must-be requirements, the requirements in third quadrant stand for indifference requirements; and those in forth quadrant stand for attractive requirements. Therefore,
Must-be requirements: R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8, R10, R12, R13, R14;
One-dimensional requirements: R7, R9, R15, R16;
Attractive requirements: R17;
Indifference requirements: R6, R11, R18.
As can be seen from the analysis offered in the study, customer requirements were elicited. This study shows that for the consulting service of Y Company, most of the requirements should be must-be requirements and one-dimensional requirements in order to maximize the service quality. In addition, there are
some indifference requirements which should not be considered during the service to Y Company.
The most important factors that influence Y Company’s satisfaction of consulting service are as follows: (1) for a consulting solution, instead of being professional, Y Company is more interested in whether it would be suitable and feasible for the company, as well as its comprehensiveness, compatibility and variety; (2) corporation characteristics are the factors that Y Company concerns about, such as industry position and site; (3) the project quotation must be under the budget. Moreover, the features including punctuality, moderate solutions, qualification and experience should be improved as they have linear correlation with Y Company’s satisfaction. In addition, providing on-site consulting service would greatly enhance the customer degree of satisfaction. However, professionalization of the solutions, being consistent and the number of consultants for the project have no effect on Y Company’s satisfaction, which indicates that they should not be considered during the service to Y Company.
This paper reveals that more than half of requirements of the consulting service of Y Company are must-be requirements. This indicates that these requirements must be delivered during the service. Moreover, there are 4 one-dimensional requirements, which indicates that these requirements are quality enhancer and they can proportionately increase the satisfaction of Y Company when incorporated into the process of consulting service, and their absence would greatly dissatisfy customers. Only one requirement is “attractive”, which shows that though its absence in the future product may not cause dissatisfaction, its presence on the other hand will delight Y Company greatly. A careful look at the Kano analysis also shows that many of the respondents indicated indifference to the requirements, implying that they do not care whether the requirements are met or unmet. The presence of these features does not trill them and neither does their absence dissatisfy them. Y Company is nonchalant about the features.
Knowing of Y Company’s requirements, the consultant firm could provide its service accordingly, which would improve Y Company’s satisfaction with less useless effort. In addition, this research could be a reference to other consulting project, which would help other consultant to analyze the requirements of their clients.
Huang, J.W. (2017) Application of Kano Model in Requirements Analysis of Y Company’s Consulting Project. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 7, 910-918. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2017.77064