In the present paper we investigate the relationship between Wiener number W, hyper-Wiener number R, Wiener vectors WV, hyper-Wiener vectors HWV, Wiener polynomial H, hyper-Wiener polynomial HH and distance distribution DD of a (molecular) graph. It is shown that for connected graphs G and G*, the following five statements are equivalent: ; and if G and G* have same distance distribution DD then they have same W and R but the contrary is not true. Therefore, we further investigate the graphs with same distance distribution. Some construction methods for finding graphs with same distance distribution are given.
The Wiener index is one of the oldest topological indices of molecular structures. It was put forward by the physico-chemist Harold Wiener [
W = W ( G ) = ∑ { u , v } ⊆ V ( G ) d G ( u , v ) .
where V ( G ) is the vertex set of G , and d G ( u , v ) is the distance between vertices u and v in G .
As an extension of the Wiener index of a tree, Randić [
In Refs. [
After the hyper-Wiener index of a tree was introduced, many publications [
R = R ( G ) = 1 2 ∑ { u , v } ⊆ V ( G ) ( d G 2 ( u , v ) + d G ( u , v ) ) .
The relation between Hyper-Wiener and Wiener index was given by Gutman [
The Hosoya polynomial H ( G ) of a connected graph G was introduced by Hosoya [
H = H ( G , x ) = ∑ k ≥ 0 d ( G , k ) x k ,
where d ( G , k ) is the number of pairs of vertices in the graph G that are distance k apart.
In Ref. [
H H = H H ( G , x ) = ∑ k ≥ 0 ( k + 1 ) 2 d ( G , k ) x k .
The relationship between the Hosoya polynomial and the Hyper-Hosoya polynomial was discussed [
The sequence ( d ( G ,1 ) , d ( G ,2 ) , ⋯ ) is also known (since 1981) as the dis- tance distribution of a graph G [
Later the definition of higher Wiener numbers is extended to be applicable to any connected structure by Guo et al. [
Moreover, a matrix sequence ( W ( 1 ) , W ( 2 ) , W ( 3 ) , ⋯ ) , called the Wiener matrix sequence, and their sum ∑ k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ W ( k ) = W ( H ) , called the hyper-Wiener matrix, are introduced, where W ( 1 ) = D is the distance matrix. A Wiener polynomial sequence and a weighted hyper Wiener polynomial of a graph are also in- troduced.
In this paper, based on the results in ref. [
Let d i a m ( G ) denote the diameter of a graph G .
Theorem 2.1. Let G and G * be connected graphs. Then the following five statements are equivalent:
1) G and G * have same distance distribution D D ;
2) G and G * have same Wiener vector W V ;
3) G and G * have same hyper-Wiener vector H W V ;
4) G and G * have same Wiener polynomial H ;
5) G and G * have same hyper-Wiener polynomial H H .
Proof. We shall show the equivalent statements by (1)Þ(2)Þ(3)Þ(4)Þ(5)Þ(1).
(1)Þ(2). By the definitions of D D and W V ,
D D ( G ) = ( d ( G ,1 ) , d ( G ,2 ) , ⋯ , d ( G , d i a m ( G ) ) ) , and
W V ( G ) = ( W 1 , W 2 , ⋯ , W d i a m ( G ) ) = ( 1 d ( G ,1 ) ,2 d ( G ,2 ) , ⋯ , d i a m ( G ) d ( G , d i a m ( G ) ) ) .
Clearly, if D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) , then W V ( G ) = W V ( G * ) .
(2)Þ(3). If W V ( G ) = W V ( G * ) , then W k = ∑ i < j , d i j = k d i j = W k * = ∑ i < j , d i j * = k d i j * for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , d i a m ( G ) . So k W = ∑ i < j w i j , k = ∑ i < j max { d i j − k + 1 , 0 } = ∑ i < j max { d i j * − k + 1 , 0 } = ∑ i < j w i j , k * = W k * for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , d i a m ( G ) . Hence H W V ( G ) = H W V ( G * ) .
(3)Þ(4). Suppose H W V ( G ) = H W V ( G * ) . Then k W = W k * for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , and d i a m ( G ) = d i a m ( G * ) .
If k = d i a m ( G ) = d i a m ( G * ) , then
k W = ∑ i < j max { d i j − k + 1 , 0 } = d ( G , d i a m ( G ) ) = W k * = ∑ i < j max { d i j * − k + 1 , 0 } = d ( G * , d i a m ( G * ) ) .
Assume, for 1 < l ≤ k ≤ d i a m ( G ) , d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) . Let k = l − 1 . Then
l − 1 W = ∑ i < j max { d i j − l + 2 , 0 } = d ( G , l − 1 ) + ∑ i < j , d i j > l − 1 max { d i j − l + 2 , 0 } = d ( G , l − 1 ) + ∑ i < j , d i j = k ′ > l − 1 d ( G , k ′ ) ( k ′ − l + 2 ) , and
l − 1 W * = ∑ i < j max { d i j * − l + 2 , 0 } = d ( G * , l − 1 ) + ∑ i < j , d i j * > l − 1 max { d i j * − l + 2 , 0 } = d ( G * , l − 1 ) + ∑ i < j , d i j * = k ′ > l − 1 d ( G * , k ′ ) ( k ′ − l + 2 ) = W l − 1 .
By induction hypothesis,
∑ i < j , d i j = k ′ > l − 1 d ( G , k ′ ) ( k ′ − l + 2 ) = ∑ i < j , d i j * = k ′ > l − 1 d ( G * , k ′ ) ( k ′ − l + 2 ) . So we have
d ( G , l − 1 ) = d ( G * , l − 1 ) .
Now it follows that d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , and so
H ( G , x ) = ∑ k ≥ 0 d ( G , k ) x k = ∑ k ≥ 0 d ( G * , k ) x k = H ( G * , x ) .
(4)Þ(5). By the definitions of Hosoya polynomial H and hyper-Hosoya polynomial H H , it is easy to see that, if H ( G , x ) = H ( G * , x ) , then H H ( G , x ) = H H ( G * , x ) .
(5)Þ(1). If H H ( G , x ) = H H ( G * , x ) , then d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ . Therefore D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) . □
Theorem 2.2. Let G and G * be two graphs with same distance dis- tribution. Then G and G * have same W and R .
Proof: By the definitions of D D , W and R ,
D D ( G ) = ( d ( G ,1 ) , d ( G ,2 ) , ⋯ , d ( G , d i a m ( G ) ) ) , W ( G ) = ∑ { u , v } ⊆ V ( G ) d G ( u , v ) ,
and R ( G ) = 1 2 ∑ { u , v } ⊆ V ( G ) ( d G 2 ( u , v ) + d G ( u , v ) ) .
Clearly, if D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) , then W ( G ) = W ( G * ) and R ( G ) = R ( G * ) . ,
However, the contrary of the theorem doesn’t hold. For instance, the trees T 1 and T 1 * (resp. T 2 and T 2 * ) in
From the above theorems, one can see that, if two graphs G and G * have
same distance distribution D D , then they have same W , W W , W V , H W V , H and H H . So it is significant to study the graphs with same distance dis- tribution.
1) The minimum non-isomorphic acyclic graphs with same DD
By direct calculation, we know the minimum non-isomorphic acyclic graphs with same distance distribution are the following two pairs of trees in
2) The minimum non-isomorphic cyclic graphs with same DD
The minimum non-isomorphic cyclic graphs with same distance distribution are the following graphs with 4 vertices (see
Note that, for the above graphs with same distance distribution, their Wiener matrix sequences and hyper-Wiener matrices are different.
The following theorem gives a class of graphs with same distance distribution.
Let G n , m be the set of all the graphs with n vertices and m edges.
Theorem 3.1. Let G , G * ∈ G n , m , and d i a m ( G ) = d i a m ( G * ) = 2 . Then D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) .
Proof. Since G , G * ∈ G n , m and d i a m ( G ) = d i a m ( G * ) = 2 , we have
d ( G , 1 ) = d ( G * , 1 ) = m , d ( G , 2 ) = d ( G * , 2 ) = ( n 2 ) − m , d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) = 0
for k ≥ 3 , and so D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) .
Corollary 3.2. If ( n 2 ) > m > ( n 2 ) − n + 1 , then all graphs in G n , m have same
distance distribution.
Proof. For ∀ G ∈ G n , m with ( n 2 ) > m > ( n 2 ) − n + 1 , clearly d i a m ( G ) ≥ 2 .
We assert that d i a m ( G ) = 2 .
Otherwise, there exist two vertices u , v ∈ V ( G ) such that d ( u , v ) ≥ 3 . Let P be a shortest ( u , v ) -path. Then any vertex not on P is not adjacent to at least one of u and v , and the number of pairs of non-adjacent vertices on P is equal to ( | V ( P ) | − 2 ) + ( | V ( P ) | − 3 ) + ⋯ + 1 = ( | V ( P ) | − 2 ) ( | V ( P ) | − 1 ) / 2 . So
m ≤ ( n 2 ) − ( n − | V ( P ) | ) − ( | V ( P ) | − 2 ) ( | V ( P ) | − 1 ) / 2 = ( n 2 ) − n − [ ( | V ( P ) | − 2 ) ( | V ( P ) | − 3 ) − 4 ] / 2 ≤ ( n 2 ) − n + 1 , contradicting that m > ( n 2 ) − n + 1 .
Hence, by Theorem 3.1, if m > ( n 2 ) − n + 1 , all graphs in G n , m have same
distance distribution. □
Let G V H denote the graph obtained from vertex-disjoint graphs G and H by connecting every vertex of G to every vertex of H .
Corollary 3.3. Let G 1 1 , G 2 1 ∈ G n 1 , m 1 and G 1 2 , G 2 2 ∈ G n 2 , m 2 . Then G 1 1 V G 1 2 and G 2 1 V G 2 2 have same distance distribution.
Proof. Obviously, | V ( G 1 1 V G 1 2 ) | = | V ( G 2 1 V G 2 2 ) | = n 1 + n 2 , d i a m ( G 1 1 V G 1 2 ) = d i a m ( G 2 1 V G 2 2 ) = 2 , and
| E ( G 1 1 V G 1 2 ) | = | E ( G 2 1 V G 2 2 ) | = m 1 + m 2 + n 1 ⋅ n 2 . By Theorem 3.1,
D D ( G 1 1 V G 1 2 ) = D D ( G 2 1 V G 2 2 ) .
For graphs with diameter greater than or equal to 2, we will give some construction methods for finding graphs with same distance distribution.
Let G be a connected graph with vertices set { v 1 , v 2 , ⋯ , v n } , and let D ( G ) = ( d i j ) be the distant matrix of the graph G. Let d k G ( v i ) denote the number of the vertices at distance k from a vertex v i in G , and let D D G ( v i ) = ( d 1 G ( v i ) , d 2 G ( v i ) , ⋯ , d d i a m ( G ) G ( v i ) ) ) be the distance distribution of v i in G .
Theorem 3.4. Let G 1 and G 2 (resp. G ′ 1 and G ′ 2 ) be the connected graphs with n 1 (resp. n 2 ) vertices and with same distance distribution. For v 1 ∈ V ( G 1 ) , v 2 ∈ V ( G 2 ) , v ′ 1 ∈ V ( G ′ 1 ) , and v ′ 2 ∈ V ( G ′ 2 ) , let G (resp. G * ) be the graph ob- tained from G 1 and G ′ 1 (resp. G 2 and G ′ 2 ) by identifying v 1 and v ′ 1 (resp. v 2 and v ′ 2 ). If D D G 1 ( v 1 ) = D D G 2 ( v 2 ) and D D G ′ 1 ( v ′ 1 ) = D D G ′ 2 ( v ′ 2 ) , then G and G * have same distance distribution.
Proof. It is enough to prove d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ .
Clearly, d ( G , k ) = d ( G 1 , k ) + d ( G ′ 1 , k ) + ∑ 1 ≤ i , j ≤ k , i + j = k d i G 1 ( v 1 ) d j G ′ 1 ( v ′ 1 ) . Similarly,
d ( G * , k ) = d ( G 2 , k ) + d ( G ′ 2 , k ) + ∑ 1 ≤ i , j ≤ k , i + j = k d i G 2 ( v 2 ) d j G ′ 2 ( v ′ 2 ) . Because
D D ( G 1 ) = D D ( G 2 ) , D D ( G ′ 1 ) = D D ( G ′ 2 ) , D D G 1 ( v 1 ) = D D G 2 ( v 2 ) , D D G ′ 1 ( v ′ 1 ) = D D G ′ 2 ( v ′ 2 ) , we have d ( G , k ) = d ( G * , k ) for k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ . Hence D D ( G ) = D D ( G * ) . □
Theorem 3.5. Let G i ∈ G n , m , i = 1 , 2 , and let S i ⊂ V ( G i ) such that any two vertices in S i have distance less than or equal to 2 in G i , and | S 1 | = | S 2 | . Let G i { S i } denote the graph obtained from G i by contracting vertices in S i to a vertex s i . Let G i * be the graph obtained from G i by adding a new vertex x i and connecting x i to every vertex in S i . If D D ( G 1 ) = D D ( G 2 ) and D D G 1 { S 1 } ( s 1 ) = D D G 2 { S 2 } ( s 2 ) , then D D ( G 1 * ) = D D ( G 2 * ) .
Proof. Clearly, by the conditions of the theorem, D D ( G i * ) = D D ( G i ) + D D G i * ( x i ) = D D ( G i ) + ( | S i | , 1 + d 1 G i { S i } ( x i ) , 1 + d 2 G i { S i } ( x i ) , ⋯ ) , i = 1 , 2 . So, if D D ( G 1 ) = D D ( G 2 ) and D D ( G ′ 1 ) = D D ( G ′ 2 ) and
D D G 1 { S 1 } ( s 1 ) = D D G 2 { S 2 } ( s 2 ) , then D D G 1 * = D D G 2 * . □
From Theorem 3.4, we have the following corollary:
Corollary 3.6. Let G 1 , G 2 ∈ G n , m and D D ( G 1 ) = D D ( G 2 ) . Let H be a con- nected graph vertex-disjoint with G 1 and G 2 . For v 1 ∈ V ( G 1 ) , v 2 ∈ V ( G 2 ) , and u ∈ V ( H ) , let G (resp. G * ) be the graph obtained from G 1 (resp. G 2 ) and H by identifying v 1 and u (resp. v 2 and u ). If D D G 1 ( v 1 ) = D D G 2 ( v 2 ) , then G and G * have same distance distribution.
From Theorem 3.5, one can obtain graphs with same distance distribution in G n , m from graphs in G n − 1, m − s with same distance distribution by adding a new vertex and some edges.
same D D , two of which have diameter 3 and the other has diameter 4.
It is easy to see that the graphs in
However, the construction methods are not complete. There might be some graphs with same D D which could not be obtained by the above construction methods.
Open Problem. Is there a construction method for finding all graphs with same distance distribution?
This work is jointly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (11101187, 61573005, 11361010), the Scientific Research Fund of Fujian Provincial Education Department of China (JAT160691).
Qiu, X.L. and Guo, X.F. (2017) On Graphs with Same Distance Distribution. Applied Mathematics, 8, 799- 807. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2017.86062