Aim: To examine the profile and presentation of a consecutive series of giant retinal tears (GRTs) in an African population. Also to review the clinical state of the patient’s fellow eyes. Method: A retrospective observational case series of thirty-six consecutive eyes of 36 patients with a GRT retina detachment that had vitreoretina surgery done between April 2006 and June 2013. All information was extracted from the patient’s case records. Result: Thirty-nine case records had surgery consecutively within the study period. Three case records had incomplete data and were excluded from the analysis. Thirty-six eyes were analyzed. There were mostly males (80.6%), age range 21 - 65 yrs (mean age 47 yrs). The commonest etiology was idiopathic (21 eyes). Presenting visual acuity was mostly in the counting finger and hand motion range (83%), and the mean presenting intraocular pressure was 6.8 mmHg. Most of the eyes presented with a total retina detachment (4 quadrant involvement; 56%), macular involvement (96%), commonest size of the retina tear being between 90 to 180 degrees in 20 eyes; rolled over retina flap (61%) and advanced grades of PVR being very common (83%). The commonest fellow eye event noted was blindness in 16 fellow eyes; while 12 eyes had prophylactic retina laser photocoagulation to peripheral predisposing retina lesions. Conclusion: The presentation of GRT in a low resource country is often as a complex retina detachment situation, which may arise from frequent delays to assess care and other socioeconomic issues. This carries significant implications on prognosis following surgical intervention. Also this study raises the awareness that fellow eyes of GRT in Africa are at increased risk of blindness and require more careful attention.
Giant retina tear represents one of the more complex forms of retina tears and detachment. It is defined as a tear involving three or more clock hours or greater than 90 degrees in the presence of a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Though cases of giant retina tear and detachment have been reported in several publications from western, wealthier nations, not much is know about the presentation of giant retina tear and detachment cases, the fellow eye and the surgical repair in an African context [
This report is presented in 2 parts. The first part examines the presentation of giant retina tear detachment eyes and reviews their fellow eyes. The second part will examine the outcome of surgical repair of these cases. A review of the presentation of these eyes and the fellow eye in an African population will provide a better understanding of the presentation of this condition in the region and help contrast the situation from that in other regions.
The aim of this study is to report the presentation of giant retina tear detachment in a low resource setting as well as to report the events in the fellow eye over the study period.
A retrospective observational case series was performed using consecutive eyes that presented with giant retina tear detachment and that had undergone a vitrectomy for repair of the detached retina from April 2006 to June 2013. These cases were identified from the surgical log of the Eye Foundation Retina Institute in Lagos, Nigeria and the case records were then retrieved. The study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the Eye Foundation Retina Institute. The information extracted from the case records include; age, sex, laterality, preoperative visual acuity, predominant quadratic involvement of the retina detachment, intraocular pressure at presentation, size of the giant retina tear, presence of rolled over edge of the detached retina, presence and grade of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and macular involvement. The state of the fellow eye as at the time of data collection was specifically researched and information from the case notes was categorized into 3 as {a} being normal (if there was no indication of any ocular pathology), {b} having undergone prophylactic retina laser or any other retina intervention or {c} being blind or visually impaired. Other information sought includes etiology of giant tear and lens status.
Surgical information of relevance extracted included encirclement buckle use, relaxing retinectomy, prior vitrectomy and surgical outcome. Data was analyzed using the epi info version 7.2 statistical package.
For the purpose of this study, only information regarding clinical presentation of the giant retina tear detachment and fellow eye is reported. Information regarding surgery and outcome is intentionally omitted as it is beyond the scope of this paper.
Thirty-nine eyes of 39 patients were identified from the operating room log as having had vitrectomy for giant retina tear within the study period. Of this number, three eyes had incomplete data and so were excluded from the study. There were therefore thirty-six eyes of 36 patients used for the study analysis.
Age range of study participants was within 21 to 65 years. The mean age was 47 years.
There were 29 males (80.6%), with a male to female ratio of 4:1. The number of right eyes was 13, and left eyes were 23 eyes. Majority of the eyes had poor vision at presentation; with 30 eyes (83%) presenting with HM or CF vision. One eye each had a visual acuity of 6/6, 6/18, 6/24 and 6/60.
The mean intraocular pressure at presentation was 6.8 mmHg.
Twenty eyes had a significant cataract while twelve eyes were phakic but without a cataract. One eye was aphakic and 3 eyes were pseudophakic.
A majority of the eyes, 22 of 36 (61%) had a rolled over retina flap at presentation.
The primary quadratic involvement of the retina detachment was inferior in 3 eyes, superior in 3 eyes, supero-temporal in 2 eyes, supero-nasal in 1 eye, temporal in 7 eyes, and a total retinal detachment (with involvement of all 4 quadrants) seen in 20 eyes (56%).
The etiology of the giant retina tear was idiopathic 21 eyes, trauma 8 eyes and myopia 7 eyes.
There was a high rate of advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Seven eyes had grade B PVR. Advanced stage of PVR grades C and D was seen in twenty-six and three eyes respectively. In all, 29 (83%) of 36 eyes had advanced PVR.
The size of the giant tear was categorized into three which are 90 degrees in 4 eyes; 90 to 180 degrees seen in 20 eyes and greater than 180 degrees in 12 eyes. There was macular involvement in 35 eyes (97%).
As regards the fellow eyes, close to a half of the fellow eyes 16 eyes (44%) were blind with vision of hand motion or worse; while 12 fellow eyes had undergone prophylactic retinal laser photocoagulation to a predisposing peripheral retina degeneration or retina tear. Two eyes had been diagnosed to have a retina detachment (of which one had a giant retina tear detachment). The fellow eyes were judged to be normal in only 5 eyes (14%).
The incidence of GRTs in large population-based studies has been estimated as 1.5% of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, with a significant male prepon-
ID | AGE (Yrs.) | SEX | EYE | PREOP VA | RD QUAD. | ROLLED RETINA FLAP | AETIOLOGY | LENS STATUS | PRE OP IOP (mmHg) | PVR GRADE | SIZE OF TEAR | MACULAR OFF | FELLOW EYE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 60 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | SUPERIO- TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 4 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | LASER |
2 | 21 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TOTAL | NO | TRAUMA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 4 | B | 90 | YES | BLIND |
3 | 48 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TOTAL | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 10 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | LASER |
4 | 46 | MALE | RIGHT | 6/6 | SUPERIO- NASAL | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 6 | B | 90 - 180 | NO | GIANT TEAR, RETINAL DETACHMENT |
5 | 60 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 12 | C | >180 | YES | BLIND |
6 | 17 | FEMALE | RIGHT | HM | TOTAL | YES | TRAUMA | APHAKIC | 4 | C | >180 | YES | BLIND |
7 | 12 | FEMALE | LEFT | 6/24 | TOTAL | YES | MYOPIA | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 8 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
8 | 60 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 6 | C | >180 | YES | RETINAL DETACHMENT VITRECTOMY SURGERY |
9 | 40 | MALE | RIGHT | 6/18 | SUPERIO- TEMPORAL | YES | MYOPIA | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 10 | C | >180 | YES | LASER |
10 | 45 | FEMALE | LEFT | CF | INFERIOR | NO | MYOPIA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 0 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
11 | 38 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TEMPORAL | NO | MYOPIA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 6 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
12 | 46 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TEMPORAL | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | B | 90 | YES | LASER | |
13 | 58 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | TOTAL | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 8 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | NORMAL |
14 | 51 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TOTAL | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 7 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | NORMAL |
15 | 52 | MALE | RIGHT | CF | SUPERIOR | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 10 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | LASER |
16 | 53 | FEMALE | LEFT | 6/60 | SUPERIOR | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 11 | B | 90 - 180 | YES | LASER |
17 | 44 | MALE | LEFT | CF | INFERIOR | NO | MYOPIA | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 10 | B | 90 | YES | LASER |
18 | 65 | FEMALE | RIGHT | PL | TOTAL | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 12 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
19 | 52 | MALE | RIGHT | CF | TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PSEUDOPHAKIC | 15 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
20 | 64 | FEMALE | LEFT | CF | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 7 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | NORMAL |
21 | 54 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 8 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
22 | 54 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 3 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | LASER |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 42 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 1 | C | >180 | YES | LASER |
24 | 51 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 10 | B | >180 | YES | LASER |
25 | 24 | MALE | LEFT | PL | TOTAL, + VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 7 | D | >180 | YES | NORMAL |
26 | 47 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | TOTAL | NO | MYOPIA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 2 | C | >180 | YES | LASER |
27 | 61 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 8 | D | >180 | YES | BLIND |
28 | 39 | MALE | RIGHT | HM | TOTAL | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 8 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
29 | 45 | FEMALE | LEFT | CF | TOTAL | NO | MYOPIA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 0 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
30 | 39 | MALE | LEFT | PL | TOTAL | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 7 | C | >180 | YES | NORMAL |
31 | 34 | MALE | RIGHT | CF | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PSEUDOPHAKIC | 12 | B | >180 | YES | BLIND |
32 | 41 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TEMPORAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 6 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
33 | 57 | MALE | LEFT | HM | INFERIOR | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PSEUDOPHAKIC | 6 | C | 90 - 180 | YES | RETINAL DETACHMENT |
34 | 53 | MALE | LEFT | HM | TOTAL | YES | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC CATARACT | 8 | C | >180 | YES | BLIND |
35 | 42 | MALE | LEFT | HM | SUPERIOR | NO | IDIOPATHIC | PHAKIC NO CATARACT | 6 | C | 90 | YES | LASER |
36 | 24 | MALE | LEFT | CF | TOTAL | YES | TRAUMA | PHAKIC CATARACT | 6 | D | 90 - 180 | YES | BLIND |
TOTAL | 1691 | 248 | |||||||||||
AVERAGE/MEAN | 46.97 = 47 | 6.88 |
derance, and bilaterality in 12.8% [
The annual incidence of giant retina tears (GRT) in the United Kingdom is 0.094 cases or 0.091 patients per 100,000 [
A study from East Africa reported the presence of giant retina tears in 8.3% of the 361 retina detachment eyes recruited for the study [
Giant retinal tear associated with retina detachment presented in this study mostly as a complex form of retina detachment situation. This can be inferred by the predominant severely reduced preoperative visual acuity (83%), high rate of total retina detachment (56%), macular involvement (97%) and a high rate of advanced PVR (83% of eyes at presentation already had advanced stages of PVR C or D).
As in other studies, the male preponderance of GRT is also evident in this study [
Idiopathic GRT, which has been noted as the commonest etiology by other studies, also occurred in the majority of eyes in this study [
A giant retina tear is a visually debilitating disease and apt to cause blindness in an African situation as is seen by the high number of patients with counting fingers and hand motion vision, 30 out of 36 in this series. These patients are legally blind in this eye. As has been reported previously, retina detachment cases in Africa often present with vision being affected, and can be quite poor in this category of patients, and our series confirms this [
Similarly the extreme poor preoperative visual acuity noted in this group is similar to that documented in another study from Egypt [
This poor preoperative vision may be as a result of delay in presentation as has been noted previously [
A majority of the eyes had a rolled over retina at presentation. This suggests that intraoperative techniques to unroll the retina will be required. Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) as popularized by Stanley Chang have found important use in unrolling the rolled over retina in GRT cases [
Nearly all the patients (94%) had a macular involving retina detachment at presentation limiting the expected visual recovery following eventual surgical intervention. This again demonstrates another difficulty observed with presentation of these cases in a low resource setting. This situation may be as a result of delay in seeking care and delay in appropriate and timely referral to the retina surgeon, since there are fewer retina surgeons in this low resource setting. Financial handicap is also a likely reason for this late presentation. Reported studies on barriers to cataract surgical services in Africa have shown that barriers related to awareness and access were more commonly reported. Also there have been reports of cost as the most common barrier [
The increased surface area of exposure of the RPE to the vitreous cavity consequent to the giant tear and subsequent migration and proliferation of the RPE cells provide the necessary environment for PVR formation [
As shown in
Prophylactic retina treatment to the contralateral eye of retina detachment eyes has been a controversial topic. There have been studies showing benefit of this treatment while others question the value of this practice [
To conclude, this study is the first review of a series of exclusive GRT from a black African population. It confirms that GRT detachment presents as a complex situation with significant PVR and poor preoperative vision. The reasons for this may be related to access to vitreoretina service and other socioeconomic reasons. Much work has to be done to create awareness and improve access to vitreoretina services within sub Saharan Africa.
Okonkwo, O.N., Hassan, A.O., Michael, G.E., Oluyadi, B., Ogunro, A., Oderinlo, O., Ulaikere, M. and Harriman, A. (2017) Giant Retina Tear in an African Population: Presentation and Fellow Eyes. Open Journal of Ophthalmology, 7, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojoph.2017.72018