<b>Objective:</b> Our aim is to establish the immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons based on monitoring of the inflammatory reaction. <b>Methods and patients:</b> A prospective study of 21 patients hospitalized in a medical ICU with PPD intoxication during 2010. A follow-up of demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutive parameters as well as evaluation of the scores of gravity (SAPS II, APACHE II, OSF) was carried out in all our patients, and an inflammatory check-up (white blood cell, Creactive protein, C3 and C4 fractions of complement and lymphocyte subpopulations CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19) was realized for all patients. The kinetic of these parameters was compared with clinical and paraclinical evolution. <b>Results:</b> The monitoring of the inflammatory reaction in our patients shows an evolution at three times for this reaction, with the first time of inflammatory stress during the first 3 days after the intoxication characterized by a relative immunodepression, the second time from the third day when the rhabdomyolysis exerts its pro-inflammatory power and the third time (from the sixth day) corresponds to the immunomodulative action of PPD and to its oxidative metabolism. It’s a systemic and specific inflammatory reaction to a cytotoxic cell support, which would explain the secondary worsening of the clinical and paraclinical parameters of our patients (hemodynamic shock, multivisceral failure, etc.). <b>Conclusion:</b> It seems that the immunological aspect may present the answer to several questions that rhabdomyolysis alone could not answer during PPD-poisoning. This study tried to establish a first immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons, and to correlate it with their evolution.
Paraphenylene diamine (PPD) or para-aminobenzene is an aromatic amine derivative of aniline, used since 1863 by women for cosmetic purposes like black hair dye or mixed with “henna” (leaves of Lawsonia alba) in several african countries and middle east, because PPD accelerates the dyeing process. This chemical is widely known in western industry by many names (paramine, fouramine D, ursol D, vulpa D, furol S) and used in several industries: dyeing furs, oxidisable hair dye, tyre vulcanization industries and photochemical processes, etc. [
It was a prospective observational study including all PPD-intoxicated patients, realized in the medical intensive care unit in university hospital of Casablanca during 2010. We evaluated demographic and clinical parameters, and biological data: white blood cells, the protein-Creactive, the fractions C3 and C4 of complement and lymphocytes subpopulations CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19. A follow-up was realized and the kinetic of laboratory data was compared with clinical findings.
A total of 21 patients with PPD poisoning had been recruited in our study. The median of age was 20 years [15 - 52]. The sex-ratio (F/M) was 20%. The intoxication was voluntarily aiming at autolysis in 100% of the cases. The patients were admitted at about 3.5 hours after the intoxication. The mean length of stay in ICU was 16 ± 4 days [2 - 75]. The evolution of the median rate of white blood cells (/mm3) was detailed in
The PPD has many names: 1,4-Diaminobenzene; 1,4- Benzenediamine; 4-Aminoaniline; para-Diaminobenzene; para-Benzenediamine and para-Aminoaniline [
The effects of PPD and its metabolites on the immune system are not well known. Ewes et al. declared that up to a dose of 100 nmol p-benzoquinone/mouse the absolute numbers of B and T cells were increased and that the increase in B cells was higher than that in T cells. Absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells also increased, but the ratio CD4+/CD8+ did not change [
The monitoring of the inflammatory and immunological reactions of our patients permits to describe two evolutionary phases which can be correlated with the clinic evolution.
The first phase (from day 0 (D0) to day 6 (D6)) is characterized by the association of an “immunological paralysis” and rhabdomyolysis, considered as a pro-inflammatory phenomenon. In this phase we can distinguish two steps: the first one (D0 - D3), with a dominant inflammatory stress, is characterized by 1) a leucosis 2) an increase rate of CRP, 3) a relative decrease of C3 and C4 fractions of the complement, rate of lymphocytes, CD3 and CD4 but always in the normal interval, 4) and by low rates of the CD8 and the CD19; the second one (from D3), is characterized by a first blood pick of leukocytes and CRP, an increasing C3 and C4 rates and by a relative increase of CD4 rate revealing a stress-end. The rate of CD8 and CD19 remains always low.
The second phase, from D7, corresponded on the immune response to PPD and her oxidative metabolites. These results explain the secondary clinical aggravation of our patients (shock, ARDS, DIVC…).
Experimentally, the PPD provoke a retarded inflammatory reaction in mice (from D6 after exposition) [
Therefore, the monitoring of the inflammatory reaction in our patients explained the clinical evolution in three times of this reaction. In the first time, inflammatory stress (during the three first days after the intoxication) is characterized by a relative immunodepression. In the second time (from the 3rd day) rhabdomyolysis exerts proinflammatory power. A third time (from the 6th day) corresponded to immunomodulative action of PPD and to its oxidative metabolism. It is a systemic inflammatory reaction specific to a cytotoxic cell support, this time would explain the secondary worsening of the clinic and paraclinic parameters of our patients (hemodynamic shock, multivisceral failures, etc.). This observation is reported by Richter who suggests that environmental chemical stress and agents can reduce the resistance of children to bacterial and viral infections [
Finally, it seems that the immunological aspect may present the answer to several questions to which the PPD-rhabdomyolysis alone couldn’t answer. This study tried to establish a first immunologic profile of the intoxicated persons with the PPD, and to correlate it with their clinical evolution.