The response of wheat plants to different osmotic stress levels varied among the different organs root, shoot and spike and the situation of these organs with application of two Cu ++ levels 5 mM and 25 mM as CuSO 4 . The sensitivity of root organ was related with reduction in fresh, dry matter and length. This resulted from reduction of soluble sugar reflected a reduction in water uptake and K + content of the cell sap. In the moderate organ spike, the reduction in fresh, dry matter and length were concomitant with the accumulation of soluble sugar and a huge accumulation of soluble protein. In the higher organ shoot, this related with more water uptake which in turn induced an accumulation of soluble protein and cofactor K+ content. It can be recorded that shoot was higher Na+ accumulation than root and spike. Data also showed further stimulatory effect on growth parameters by Cu++ applications with either concentration (7.5 mM and 25 mM). Irrigat ing the soil with either 7.5 or 25 mM CuSO4 induced a huge accumulation in soluble sugar, soluble protein and nitrate reductase. Cupper treatment with either concentration 7.5 mM or 25 mM induced a marked decrease in Na+ content at all OSL and has no significant change in the accumulation of K+ in both shoot and spike whereas induced a huge accumulation in root organ. The synthesis of protein bands with molecular weight 32.3 KDa at - 1.5 MPa NaCl level treated with either 7.5 mM or 25 mM Cu++ concentrations was induced. Also the appearance of protein band with molecular weight 37KDa induced only at Cu++ treatments with 25 mM concentration in both control and under different osmotic levels (0.0, - 0.3 MPa, - 0.9 MPa, - 1.5 MPa NaCl).
It is estimated that about 20% of the irrigated land in the present world is affected by salinity that is exclusively classified as arid and desert lands comprising 25% of the total land of our planet [
This study was performed on the wheat plants (cv. Giza 168) a facultative glycophytes capable of completing its life cycle under high concentrations of salinity examined; whether copper effects were manifested under conditions of sodium chloride salinity and the interactions of the two stressors during their combined action on the plant.
A pot experiment was carried out in open environment at the Botany Garden of the Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Minia University during winter season (from the beginning of November 2014 to the middle of March 2015 until yield production for 120-days). At this period of year temperature was interval between 25˚C to 30˚C, light 12 h and dark 12 h. Grain of cv. Giza 186 was obtained from Beni Suief, Seds Center, Egypt, Agricultural pharmacies in bags, already a factory prepared for sowing. From investigation was carried by Hamdia et al. [
The concentrations of NaCl were chosen after preliminary experiments in which the seeds were subjected to different concentrations of NaCl. Eight seeds were sown per pot. Each pot contained 3.8 kg of garden clay soil in three replicates. All pots were irrigated with tap water for two weeks. The seedlings were then treated with five different concentrations of NaCl solutions −0.3 MPa, −0.6 MPa, −0.9 MPa, −1.2 MPa and −1.5 MPa in addition of control irrigated only with water after two weeks from sowing in the first group. In order to maintain the osmotic potential, the soil moisture content was kept near field capacity using tap water. The previous treatments were repeated for irrigation with either 7.5 mM CuSO4 or 25 mM CuSO4 as second and third groups. Three replicate was made for each treatment. Plants were grown in natural conditions for crop yield production.
Roots, shoots and spikes dry weight sand length of shoot, root and spike were determined at the end of the experiment. The photosynthetic pigments were determined by Metzner et al. [
Leaf area (Cm2 plant−1) was determined by measuring the leaf length and the maximum width and applying the formula:
Leaf area = k (leaf length × leaf maximum width), where (K = 0.75)
The coefficient k was calculated and assigned different values for different grasses [
The experimental data were subjected to the one way analysis of variances (ANOVA test) using the SPSS version 11.0 to quantify and evaluate the source of variation and the means were separated by the least significant differences, L.S.D. at P level of 0.05% [
Treat. −MPa | Shoot | Root | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. m. (g plant−1) | % | D. m. (g plant−1) | % | F. m. (g plant−1) | % | D. m. (g plant−1) | % | |
0 | 1.88 | 100 | 0.820 | 100 | 0.244 | 100 | 0.141 | 100 |
0.3 | 1.2 | 63.8 | 0.537 | 65.5 | 0.153 | 62.7 | 0.087 | 61.7 |
0.6 | 1.63 | 86.7 | 0.674 | 82.2 | 0.127 | 52.0 | 0.073 | 51.8 |
0.9 | 1.59 | 84.6 | 0.648 | 79.0 | 0.128 | 52.3 | 0.072 | 51.1 |
1.2 | 1.55 | 82.4 | 0.622 | 75.9 | 0.128 | 52.5 | 0.071 | 50.4 |
1.5 | 1.69 | 89.9 | 0.656 | 80.1 | 0.127 | 52.0 | 0.073 | 51.8 |
0.0 + Cu1 | 2.37 | 126.1 | 1.00 | 121.9 | 0.305 | 125.0 | 0.186 | 131.9 |
0.3 + Cu I | 2.26 | 119.9 | 0.954 | 116.3 | 0.299 | 122.7 | 0.178 | 125 |
0.6 + Cu I | 2.14 | 113.8 | 0.903 | 110.1 | 0.294 | 120.5 | 0.169 | 119.9 |
0.9 + Cu I | 2.11 | 112.2 | 0.890 | 108.5 | 0.377 | 154.5 | 0.190 | 134.8 |
1.2 + Cu I | 2.08 | 110.6 | 0.877 | 106.9 | 0.477 | 195.5 | 0.212 | 150.4 |
1.5 + Cu I | 1.71 | 90.9 | 0.694 | 84.6 | 0.188 | 77.0 | 0.113 | 80.1 |
0.0 + CuI1 | 2.0 | 106.4 | 0.818 | 99.8 | 0.199 | 81.6 | 0.118 | 83.7 |
0.3 + Cu II | 1.95 | 103.7 | 0.797 | 97.2 | 0.195 | 97.9 | 0.116 | 82.3 |
0.6 + Cu II | 1.94 | 103.2 | 0.793 | 96.7 | 0.268 | 109.8 | 0.160 | 113.5 |
0.9 + Cu II | 1.89 | 100.5 | 0.821 | 100.1 | 0.261 | 106.9 | 0.155 | 109.9 |
1.2 + Cu II | 1.88 | 100 | 0.849 | 103.5 | 0.250 | 102.5 | 0.148 | 104.9 |
1.5 + Cu II | 1.84 | 97.9 | 0.761 | 92.8 | 0.241 | 98.8 | 0.142 | 100.1 |
L. S. D. 5% | 0.82 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
Treat. −MPa | Spike (g plant−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F. m. | % | D. m. | % | |
0.0 | 0.752 | 100 | 0.298 | 100 |
0.3 | 0.541 | 71.9 | 0.230 | 77.2 |
0.6 | 0.742 | 98.7 | 0.310 | 104.2 |
0.9 | 0.679 | 90.4 | 0.282 | 94.6 |
1.2 | 0.617 | 82.0 | 0.254 | 85.2 |
1.5 | 0.523 | 69.5 | 0.215 | 72.1 |
0.0 + Cu 1 | 1.08 | 143.6 | 0.461 | 154.7 |
0.3 + Cu I | 0.842 | 111.9 | 0.365 | 122.5 |
0.6 + Cu I | 0.958 | 127.4 | 0.318 | 106.7 |
0.9 + Cu I | 0.108 | 144.8 | 0.416 | 139.6 |
1.2 + Cu I | 1.22 | 162.2 | 0.514 | 172.5 |
1.5 + Cu I | 1.07 | 142.8 | 0.288 | 96.6 |
0.0 + CuI1 | 0.967 | 128.6 | 0.290 | 97.3 |
0.3 + Cu II | 0.9 97 | 134.4 | 0.299 | 100.3 |
0.6 + Cu II | 0.941 | 125.1 | 0.378 | 126.8 |
0.9 + Cu II | 0.940 | 125 | 0.386 | 129.5 |
1.2 + Cu II | 0.940 | 125 | 0.394 | 132.2 |
1.5 + Cu II | 0.907 | 120.6 | 0.367 | 123.2 |
L. S. D. 5% | 0.13 | 0.11 |
increasing osmotic stress. They decreased in reference control plants (0.0, −0.3 MPa, −0.6 MPa, −0.9 MPa, −1.2 MPa and −1.5 MPa) as well. The percent of reduction of these parameters at −1.5 MPa was 10.1%, 19.9%, 48%, 48.2%, 30.5% and 27.9% compared with absolute control plants (0.0). Data also showed further stimulatory effect on growth parameters by Cu++ applications with either concentration (7.5 mM or 25 mM). Length of spike generally increases as osmotic stress increased, the maximum percentage values were obtained at −0.3 MPa osmotic stress level (Figures 1(a)-(c)). While shoot and root length tended to decrease as elevating osmotic stress. Cu++ application with either concentration enhanced the length of different three organs of wheat plants. Water content suddenly reduced at −0.3 MPa OSL at different three organs of wheat plants. The percent of reduction was the same value in both shoot and root 57.3% and 42.9% in spike organ (
Treat. −MPa | Shoot | % | Root | % | Spike | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1.06 | 100 | 0.103 | 100 | 0.545 | 100 |
0.3 | 0.663 | 42.7 | 0.044 | 42.7 | 0.311 | 57.1 |
0.6 | 0.956 | 90.2 | 0.054 | 52.4 | 0.432 | 79.3 |
0.9 | 0.942 | 88.9 | 0.056 | 54.4 | 0.397 | 72.8 |
1.2 | 0.928 | 87.5 | 0.054 | 52.4 | 0.363 | 66.7 |
1.5 | 1.03 | 97.2 | 0.054 | 52.4 | 0.308 | 56.5 |
0.0 + Cu1 | 1.73 | 163.2 | 0.119 | 115.5 | 0.619 | 113.6 |
0.3 + Cu I | 1.31 | 123.6 | 0.121 | 117.5 | 0.477 | 87.5 |
0.6 + Cu I | 1.24 | 117.9 | 0.125 | 121.4 | 0.640 | 117.4 |
0.9 + Cu I | 1.22 | 115.1 | 0.187 | 283.3 | 0.664 | 121.8 |
1.2 + Cu I | 1.20 | 113.2 | 0.265 | 257.3 | 0.706 | 129.5 |
1.5 + Cu I | 1.01 | 96.2 | 0.081 | 78.6 | 0.782 | 143.5 |
0.0 + Cu I1 | 1.18 | 113.1 | 0.081 | 78.6 | 0.677 | 124.2 |
0.3 + Cu II | 1.15 | 108.5 | 0.079 | 76.7 | 0.68 | 124.8 |
0.6 + Cu II | 1.15 | 108.4 | 0.108 | 104.9 | 0.563 | 103.3 |
0.9 + Cu II | 1.06 | 100 | 0.108 | 104.9 | 0.554 | 101.7 |
1.2 + Cu II | 1.03 | 97.2 | 0.102 | 99.0 | 0.546 | 100.2 |
1.5 + Cu II | 1.08 | 101.9 | 0.099 | 89.4 | 0.540 | 99.1 |
L. S. D. 5% | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
was elevated as increasing OSL, the high values was recorded at −1.2 MPa OSL, Cu++ treatment with either concentrations 7.5 or 25 mM enlarge the leaf area of wheat plants at all salinization levels (
Treat. −MPa | Soluble sugar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot | % | Root | % | Spike | % | |
0.0 | 200 | 100 | 20.4 | 100 | 95.5 | 100 |
0.3 | 190 | 95 | 20.0 | 98.0 | 128.9 | 134.9 |
0.6 | 158.9 | 74.7 | 19.8 | 97.1 | 141.9 | 148.9 |
0.9 | 142.7 | 67.1 | 32.6 | 159.8 | 154.9 | 162.2 |
1.2 | 159.8 | 75.2 | 40.7 | 199.5 | 116.2 | 121.7 |
1.5 | 159.9 | 75.2 | 48.8 | 239.2 | 57.2 | 59.9 |
0.0 + Cu 1 | 234.3 | 110.2 | 33.4 | 163.7 | 118.2 | 123.8 |
0.3 + Cu I | 230.3 | 115 | 58.7 | 287.8 | 225.2 | 235.8 |
0.6 + Cu I | 240 | 120 | 71.8 | 351.9 | 104.3 | 109.2 |
0.9 + Cu I | 230 | 115 | 32.6 | 159.8 | 105.6 | 109.9 |
1.2 + Cu I | 235.4 | 117.5 | 31.2 | 152.9 | 146.2 | 153.0 |
1.5 + Cu I | 211.2 | 105.2 | 30.6 | 150.0 | 64.2 | 67.2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 + Cu I1 | 121.3 | 57.1 | 137.2 | 673.5 | 116.4 | 122.0 |
0.3 + Cu II | 271.6 | 127.8 | 89.2 | 437.3 | 125.2 | 131.1 |
0.6 + Cu II | 233.6 | 109.9 | 96.6 | 473.5 | 113.8 | 119.2 |
0.9 + Cu II | 221.1 | 110.2 | 36.7 | 179.9 | 119.8 | 125.4 |
1.2 + Cu II | 214.7 | 100.9 | 88.7 | 434.8 | 141.8 | 148.5 |
1.5 + Cu II | 46.5 | 21.9 | 84.8 | 415.7 | 39.9 | 41.8 |
L. S. D. 5% | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.8 |
Treat −MPa | Soluble protein | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot | % | Root | % | Spike | % | |
0.0 | 20.3 | 100 | 9.3 | 100 | 10.1 | 100 |
0.3 | 18.5 | 91.1 | 15.1 | 162.4 | 20.5 | 202.9 |
0.6 | 22.9 | 112.8 | 15.9 | 170.9 | 32.0 | 316.8 |
0.9 | 24.9 | 122.7 | 16.5 | 177.4 | 38.2 | 378.2 |
1.2 | 26.0 | 128.1 | 13.9 | 149.4 | 22.7 | 224.7 |
1.5 | 29.0 | 142.9 | 13.7 | 147.3 | 15.9 | 157.4 |
0.0 + Cu 1 | 30.2 | 148.8 | 14.7 | 158.1 | 18.4 | 182.2 |
0.3 + Cu I | 36.3 | 178.8 | 14.3 | 153.8 | 33.1 | 327.7 |
0.6 + Cu I | 39.5 | 194.6 | 14.8 | 159.1 | 34.5 | 341.6 |
0.9 + Cu I | 25.5 | 125.6 | 13.8 | 148.4 | 31.2 | 308.9 |
1.2 + Cu I | 25.8 | 127.1 | 12.9 | 138.7 | 34.1 | 337.6 |
1.5 + Cu I | 26.7 | 131.5 | 9.5 | 102.5 | 36.3 | 359.4 |
0.0 + Cu I1 | 16.6 | 81.8 | 5.7 | 61.2 | 26.6 | 263.4 |
0.3 + Cu II | 26.6 | 131.0 | 6.9 | 74.2 | 22.9 | 226.7 |
0.6 + Cu II | 20.0 | 98.5 | 5.01 | 53.9 | 22.0 | 217.8 |
0.9 + Cu II | 17.9 | 88.2 | 2.6 | 21.5 | 28.6 | 283.2 |
1.2 + Cu II | 11.9 | 58.6 | 3.0 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 313.9 |
1.5 + Cu II | 10.03 | 49.4 | 3.2 | 34.4 | 32.1 | 317.8 |
L. S. D. 5% | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.2 |
24.8%, whereas the maximum values were recorded at −1.5 MPa in case of root reach above 2- folds and at −0.9 MPa in case of spike reach 62.2 % above control value. Irrigated the soil with either 7.5 or 25 mM CuSO4 induced a huge accumulation in soluble sugar, this was more observed in root than in shoot and spike reach 4-folds at all OSL compared with untreated plants (
Treat. −MPa | Sh. Na+ | % | Sh. K+ | % | Ro. Na+ | % | Ro. K+ | % | Sp. Na+ | % | Sp. K+ | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.3 | 100 | 6.7 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 | 1.0 | 100 | 0.3 | 100 | 5.2 | 100 | |
0.3 | 0.4 | 133 | 7.6 | 113 | 0.7 | 140 | 1.3 | 130 | 0.4 | 133 | 4.8 | 92.3 | |
0.6 | 0.5 | 166 | 8.4 | 125 | 0.7 | 140 | 1.4 | 140 | 0.5 | 167 | 4.9 | 94.2 | |
0.9 | 0.6 | 200 | 9.9 | 149 | 0.8 | 160 | 1.5 | 150 | 0.5 | 167 | 4.9 | 94.2 | |
1.2 | 0.9 | 300 | 9.9 | 148 | 0.8 | 160 | 0.94 | 94 | 0.5 | 167 | 4.9 | 94.2 | |
1.5 | 0.9 | 300 | 7.9 | 118 | 0.9 | 180 | 0.94 | 94 | 0.7 | 233 | 4.6 | 88.5 | |
0.0 + Cu 1 | 0.6 | 200 | 9.7 | 145 | 0.20 | 40 | 5.1 | 510 | 0.5 | 167 | 4.2 | 80.8 | |
0.3 + Cu I | 0.7 | 233 | 6.6 | 98.5 | 0.30 | 60 | 5.1 | 510 | 0.3 | 100 | 4.4 | 84.6 | |
0.6 + Cu I | 0.8 | 266 | 8.1 | 121 | 0.35 | 70 | 4.7 | 470 | 0.3 | 100 | 4.4 | 84.6 | |
0.9 + Cu I | 0.5 | 166 | 5.5 | 82.1 | 0.5 | 100 | 1.1 | 110 | 0.2 | 67 | 4.8 | 92.3 | |
1.2 + Cu I | 0.7 | 233 | 7.8 | 116 | 0.9 | 180 | 1.1 | 110 | 0.1 | 33 | 4.1 | 78.8 | |
1.5 + Cu I | 0.7 | 233 | 7.8 | 116 | 1.0 | 200 | 1.8 | 180 | 0.1 | 33 | 3.1 | 59.6 | |
0.0 + Cu I1 | 0.3 | 100 | 6.6 | 99 | 1.0 | 200 | 2.9 | 290 | 0.3 | 100 | 5.3 | 102 | |
0.3 + Cu II | 0.4 | 133 | 7.4 | 110 | 0.8 | 160 | 2.9 | 290 | 0.3 | 100 | 2.9 | 55.8 | |
0.6 + Cu II | 0.4 | 133 | 6.7 | 100 | 0.5 | 100 | 2.5 | 250 | 0.2 | 67 | 3.3 | 63.5 | |
0.9 + Cu II | 0.3 | 100 | 6.4 | 96 | 0.5 | 100 | 2.1 | 210 | 0.3 | 100 | 5.2 | 100 | |
1.2 + Cu II | 0.3 | 100 | 6.2 | 93 | 0.4 | 80 | 2.2 | 220 | 0.3 | 100 | 3.2 | 61.5 | |
1.5 + Cu II | 0.2 | 67 | 2.3 | 34 | 0.7 | 140 | 2.3 | 230 | 0.4 | 133 | 2.9 | 55.8 | |
L S. D. 5% | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.1 | |||||||
at lower and moderate OSL in plant irrigated with 7.5 mM Cu++ and 3-folds in plants irrigated with 25 mM Cu++ (
The response of wheat plants to different osmotic stress levels varied among the different organs root, shoot and spike. From the present results it can be detected that root organ was the most sensitive organ followed by spike organ and finally the most tolerant organ was shoot to increasing osmotic stress levels. The sensitivity of root organ was related with reduction in fresh, dry matter and length. The percent of reduction at −1.5 MPa OSL was 48%, 48.2% and 11.1% below the control value 100% (i.e. reach lower than 50% of control fresh and dry matter of root). This situation resulted from reduction of soluble sugar reflected a reduction in water uptake and K+ content of the cell sap. The moderate organ of salt tolerance is the spike; the reduction in fresh, dry matter and length (the
MW | C | C-I | C-II | 3 | 3-I | 3-II | 9 | 9-I | 9-II | 15 | 15-I | 15-II |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
63.5 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
61.6 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
57.1 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
52.1 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
47.2 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
44.1 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
42.2 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
38.2 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
37.0 KDa | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + |
35.1 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
32.3 KDa | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + |
28.2 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
26.4 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
24.1 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
20.2 KDa | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
+ Meaning the protein band was found at molecular weight with KDa. -Meaning the protein band was absent at molecular weight with KDa.
percent of reduction was 30.5%, 27.9% and 4.3% below the control 100%) was concomitant with the accumulation of soluble sugar and a huge accumulation of soluble protein. The higher organ of salt tolerance was shoot; the percent of reduction in fresh, dry matter and length at −1.5 MPa OSL was 20.2%, 24.4% and 16.7% below control value. This related with more water uptake than root and spike which in turn induced an accumulation of soluble protein and cofactor K+ content. Accordingly one can say that the criteria of the green area could link in some way with the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and consequently food manufacturing. This conclusion was greatly confirmed by the differences in the carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism among the wheat organs. Also, supporting the above view, our results of leaf area and harvest index were elevated while succulent index was lower as osmotic stress level increased. This run paralleled with general tolerance of wheat plants and the production of spike yield.
Hedge and Joshi [
Na+ is the sign of salt toxicity and its accumulation was the sign of sensitivity of wheat organs. In comparison sodium accumulation in three different organs, it can be recorded that the percent of increase in sodium content at −1.5 MPa OSL was 200%, 80% and 133% for shoot, root and spike. This results not related with the previous observation, the lower Na+ content in root as compared with the other two organs shoot and spike this can be said as a sign of the higher Na+ translocation from root to aerial portion of wheat plant. However, the sensitivity in root organ may be due to its efficiency which consumed for Na+ extraction and translocation from it to another parts of wheat plants not to production of growth parameters and reservation of water content. In conformity to the above results wheat plants treated with either Cu++ concentration as:
1) Na+ content retarded considerably in both plant organs.
2) The amount of inorganic cytosolutes (K+) in general increased markedly especially in spike organ..
3) The amount of organic cyto-sloutes (soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins) also enhanced markedly which in turn could increase the water status and consequently the dry matter yield when compared with the only salinized plants. Nitrate reductase was markedly decreased as increasing OSL this trend correlated with the biosynthesis of pigments
Nitrate reductase was lightly markedly decreased as increasing OSL, this trend correlated with the biosynthesis of pigments Chl. a and Chl. b which effect on the photosynthesis processes that finally affected directly on the production of fresh and dry matter of shoot, root and spike of the tested plants. Application of Cu++ with either concentration accelerate electron transport system in photosynthesis processes which adding further acceleration on nitrate reductase in choloroplast to reduced NO3 to NO2 and finally into NH3 that could be incorporated with carboxylic acid to gain protein this also supported by huge accumulation of protein especially in spike organ the net production of tested wheat plants. Also this supported by the synthesis of protein pattern with molecular weight 37 KDa at Cu++ 25 mM at both control and salinization levels (0.0, −0.3, −0.9 and −1.5 MPa).
Jabeen and Ahmad [
The synthesis of protein bands with molecular weight 32.3 KDa at −1.5 MPa OSL treated with either 7.5 mM or 25 mM Cu++ concentrations were associated with the accumulation of soluble protein in spike organ at the same level −1.5 MPa with both Cu++ treatments. This indicated that this band was induced under the influence higher salinization levels. Also the appearance of protein band with molecular weight 37 KDa induced only at Cu++ treatments with 5 mM concentration in both control and under different osmotic stress (0.0, −0.3 MPa, −0.9 MPa and −1.5 MPa NaCl level).This indicated that 7.5 mM Cu++ modified metabolism of wheat plants and related with the accumulation of soluble protein and its expression when compared with the control plants (0.0), which reflected on the increase the production of fresh and dry matter of different wheat organs more than plants treated with 25 mM Cu++ concentration. Maksymiec [
Tammam [
Sheldon and Menzies [
My great loving remember father, mother Karema Kotob, father Ahmed, sisters Naema and Fatma and all encouragement me from my family and friends.
Abd El-Samad, H.M., Mostafa, D. and Abd El-Hakeem, K.N. (2017) The Combined Action Strategy of Two Stresses, Salinity and Cu++ on Growth, Metabolites and Protein Pattern of Wheat Plant. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 625-643. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.83043