Nitrogen fertilization plays a very important role for crop productivity. New developed wheat varieties need proper fertilization for improved crop productivity. The present study was carried out to quantify, the effects of nitrogen derived from urea and FYM on the four newly developed wheat varieties i.e. Siran-2009, Ata Habib, Janbaz-2009 and Pirsabak-2008 for yield improvement, quality and soil fertility status. The N treatments were control, 100% of the recommended nitrogen from urea as well as FYM, and 50% from each source. The experiment was carried out at New Developmental Farm, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan, during Rabi 2011-2012. Results of the data showed that Janbaz-2009 was more responsive to biological yield (11,011 kg·ha -1 ), grain yield (4339 kg·ha -1 ), and nitrogen use efficiency (14.8%), whereas Siran-2010 performed better for grain N contents (2.31%). Plots having both urea and FYM had improved biological yield (11,958 kg·ha -1 ), and grain yield (4901 kg·ha -1 ). Urea application had improved straw N contents (0.92%) in addition to Mix application of urea and FYM (0.93%). Mix application of both sources and sole FYM had higher grains N content (2.25%), whereas control plots in addition to mix application had improved nitrogen use efficiency (14.8%). Siran-2010 and Janbaz-2009 performed better in FYM and mix FYM and urea plots for most of the parameters. It was concluded from the experiment that Janbaz-2009 had improved yield and yield components, whereas Siran-2010 had improved the grain N content. Similarly, Mix application of FYM and urea had improved crop productivity, soil fertility and grains as well as straw N content. Thus wheat varieties Janbaz-2009 sown in mix FYM and urea is recommended for general cultivation in agro-climatic condition of Peshawar.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most important food crop of the world, which occupied the largest crop area and has greater production than any other crop. In Pakistan, wheat is an important cereal crop and occupies about 65% of the total cropped area with an average yield of 2833 kg∙ha−1 [
Field experiment on “Effect of N sources on the production of wheat varieties” was conducted at New Developmental Research Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar during 2011-12. The following factors and their levels were studied in the experiment. (
Factor A: Varieties (Main plot)
V1 Siran-2010
V2 Atta-habib
V3 Janbaz-2009
V4 Pirsabak-2008
Factor B: N sources (Sub plot)
The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement with four replications. Newly developed wheat varieties were allotted to main plot and N sources to sub plots. The sub plot size was 5 × 3 m2 having ten rows with row to row distance of 30 cm and row length of 5 m. FYM was soil incorporated 25 days before sowing, whereas urea N was applied in split half at sowing and other half after first irrigation. Recommended basal doses of P2O5 and K2O at the rate of 60 kg∙ha−1 each was applied at the time of sowing. All the agronomic and cultural practices including irrigation, weeding, hoeing etc. were practiced uniformly for all the treatment in each replication.
Data was recorded on the following parameters:
Biological yield was recorded by harvesting the six central rows in each subplot and was sun dried. After drying it was weighed and was converted to kg∙ha−1 using the formula:
Grain yield from six central rows was recorded for each subplot after threshing the grain from the dried samples harvested for biological yield. Sample data for grain yield was converted into kg・ha−1 using the following formula:
Treatment | % N derived from urea | % N derived from FYM | Pool N (kg∙ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|
T0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
T1 | 100 | 0 | 120 |
T2 | 0 | 100 | 120 |
T3 | 50 | 50 | 120 |
Harvest index was calculated using the following formula:
Soil total nitrogen for each treatment was determined following kjeldahl procedure [
To determine grains and straw nitrogen contents, samples were randomly taken from the seed lots and straw of each subplot after harvesting and threshing. Both plant tissue and mature grains was dried in oven at 50˚C till constant weight, and then was grinded by KINEMICE tissue grinder using 0.2 mm sieve and was store in the laboratories for further analysis.
Kjeldahl method was used for the determination of N content both in straw and mature grains according to the procedure outlined by [
Nitrogen use efficiency is the wheat grain yield (Gw) per unit of N supply (Ns), and was calculated by formula (Gw/Ns). Nitrogen supply was calculated as N applied as fertilizer plus total nitrogen uptake in control plots [
Data obtained for each parameter was subjected to analysis of variance technique appropriate for two factors randomize complete block design with split plot arrangements, to detect the significant differences among the treatments. Least significant difference (LSD) test [
Nitrogen content in grains was significantly affected by wheat varieties. In planned mean comparisons control vs. rest and sole vs. mixed were found significant while urea vs. FYM was non-significant. Janbaz-2009 had lowest value (1.77%) as compared to the rest of varieties, while highest nitrogen content in grains (2.31%) was observed in Siran-2010. The higher nitrogen content in grain 2.25% was noted in those plots where treatment combination was urea with FYM mixed, but lowest value (1.86%) was recorded in control plots. The mean comparisons of nitrogen with varieties showed a positive effect. The highest (2.25) nitrogen content in grain in plots where Urea with FYM and lowest was recorded in variety Janbaz 1.77% shown in
Soil Property | Soil layers (cm) | |
---|---|---|
0 - 15 | 15 - 30 | |
Sand (%) | 43.6 | 45.2 |
Silt (%) | 45.5 | 33.4 |
Clay (%) | 13 | 9 |
pH | 7.36 | 7.63 |
Organic matter (%) | 1.06 | 1.32 |
NO3-N (mg∙kg−1) | 7 | 5 |
Total nitrogen (%) | 0.148 | 0.096 |
P (mg∙kg−1) | 1.98 | 1.19 |
K (mg∙kg−1) | 110 | 112 |
Sulfur (mg∙kg−1) | 3 | 3 |
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 1.82 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.82 | 1.86 c |
Urea | 2.09 | 2.30 | 1.76 | 2.21 | 2.09 b |
FYM | 2.84 | 2.06 | 1.77 | 1.89 | 2.14 ab |
Urea + FYM | 2.46 | 2.77 | 1.66 | 2.09 | 2.25 a |
Mean | 2.31 a | 2.26 a | 1.77 c | 2.00 b |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 1.86 | 0.0000 |
Rest | 2.16 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 2.14 | 0.4886 |
Urea | 2.09 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 2.11 | 0.0445 |
Mixed | 2.25 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.15; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.20 Interaction (V × N) = **.
Nitrogen content in straw was significantly affected by different sources of nitrogen and interaction between varieties and these nitrogen sources, while response of variety were found non-significant. Planned mean comparisons i.e. control vs. rest, urea vs. FYM and sole vs. mixed were found significant (
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 0.53 | 0.72 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.60 c |
Urea | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.92 a |
FYM | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.75 b |
Urea + FYM | 1.07 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.93 a |
Mean | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.82 |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 0.60 | 0.0000 |
Rest | 0.86 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 0.75 | 0.0005 |
Urea | 0.92 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 0.83 | 0.0158 |
Mixed | 0.93 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.09; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = NS; Interaction (V × N) = NS; Means followed by same letter (s) within the same category are statistically non significant using LSD test at P ≤ 0.05.
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 15.3 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.8 a |
Urea | 13.5 | 13.3 | 14.3 | 12.9 | 13.5 b |
FYM | 13.0 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 12.5 | 12.9 b |
Urea + FYM | 13.9 | 14.8 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 15.2 a |
Mean | 13.9 b | 13.9 b | 14.8 a | 13.8 b |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 14.8 | 0.0016 |
Rest | 13.9 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 12.9 | 0.0921 |
Urea | 13.5 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 13.2 | 0.0000 |
Mixed | 15.2 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.7036; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.7374; Interaction (V × N) = NS; Means followed by same letter(s) within the same category are statistically non-significant using LSD test at P ≤ 0.05.
comparisons control vs. rest and sole vs. mixed were significant while Urea vs. FYM was not significant (
Biological yield were significantly affected by varieties, nitrogen sources and interaction between varieties and nitrogen sources. Planned mean comparisons i.e. control vs. rest, urea vs. FYM and sole vs. mixed were observed significant (
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 7132 | 9153 | 8025 | 8394 | 8176 c |
Urea | 10,718 | 11,218 | 12,086 | 11,130 | 11,288 b |
FYM | 10,583 | 10,395 | 11,295 | 11,053 | 10,831 b |
Urea + FYM | 11,296 | 11,993 | 12,638 | 11,908 | 11,958 a |
Mean | 9932 c | 10,689 ab | 11,011 a | 10,621 b |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 8176 | 0.00 |
Rest | 11,359 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 10,831 | 0.05 |
Urea | 11,288 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 11,060 | 0.00 |
Mixed | 11,958 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 461.3; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = 371.1; Interaction (V × N) = *
Biological yield (11,288 kg∙ha−1) was higher in urea applied plots as compared to FYM incorporated plots. Mixed (urea + FYM) plots gave greater biological yield (11,958 kg∙ha−1) than sole application. These results are confirm with finding [
Mediation of data indicated that varieties and nitrogen sources had significantly affected grain yield, whereas interactive response was non-significant. Planned mean comparisons i.e. control vs. rest and sole vs. mixed had significantly affected grain yield (
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 3108 | 2984 | 2971 | 2953 | 3004 c |
Urea | 4346 | 4294 | 4616 | 4169 | 4356 b |
FYM | 4183 | 4066 | 4373 | 4027 | 4162 b |
Urea + FYM | 4492 | 4787 | 5396 | 4928 | 4901 a |
Mean | 4032 b | 4033 b | 4339 a | 4019 b |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 3004 b | 0.0000 |
Rest | 4473 a | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 4162 | 0.0612 |
Urea | 4356 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 4259 b | 0.0000 |
Mixed | 4901 a |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 203; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = 226; Interaction (V × N) = NS; Means followed by same letter (s) within the same category are statistically non significant using LSD test at P ≤ 0.05.
Harvest index were significantly affected by nitrogen sources, whereas wheat varieties and interaction response were non-significant. Among planned mean comparisons control vs. rest and sole vs. mixed were significant, whereas urea vs. FYM were not significant shown in
Nitrogen content in soil was significantly affected by nitrogen sources and interaction between varieties and nitrogen sources while varieties were found non- significant. Planned mean comparisons showed that control vs. rest, urea vs. FYM, and sole vs. mixed were found significant. The results in
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 43.9 | 32.8 | 37.0 | 35.2 | 37.2 b |
Urea | 40.5 | 38.3 | 38.3 | 37.5 | 38.7 b |
FYM | 39.5 | 39.1 | 38.7 | 36.4 | 38.4 b |
Urea + FYM | 39.7 | 40.0 | 42.7 | 41.4 | 40.9 a |
Mean | 40.9 | 37.5 | 39.2 | 37.6 |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 37.2 | 0.0095 |
Rest | 39.3 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 38.4 | 0.8058 |
Urea | 38.7 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 38.5 | 0.0057 |
Mixed | 40.9 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 1.909; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = NS; Interaction (V × N) = NS.
Nitrogen Sources | Wheat varieties | Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siron-10 | Ata Habib | Janbaz-09 | Pirsabak-2008-08 | ||
Control | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 d |
Urea | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 c |
FYM | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 b |
Urea + FYM | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 a |
Mean | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Planned mean comparisons | Mean | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | Control vs. rest | 0.05 | 0.0000 |
Rest | 0.07 | ||
FYM | FYM vs. urea | 0.07 | 0.0441 |
Urea | 0.06 | ||
Sole | Sole vs. mixed | 0.06 | 0.0004 |
Mixed | 0.08 |
LSD value for N source at p ≤ 0.05 = 0.0071; LSD value for wheat varieties at p ≤ 0.05 = NS; Interaction (V × N) = **; Means followed by same letter (s) within the same category are statistically non-significant using LSD test at P ≤ 0.05.
FYM compared to the lower nitrogen content in soil (0.05%) been observed in control plots. In planned mean comparisons control plots having low nitrogen content in soil (0.05%) as compared to rest of the plots (0.07%). Comparing sole sources of N, FYM has higher nitrogen content in soil (0.07%) than urea applied plots (0.06%). Combined application of urea and FYM had resulted in greater N content in soil (0.08%) than using the sole sources of N (0.06%). Interactive response of varieties and nitrogen sources showed that Sirn-2010, Janbaz-2009 and Ata Habib had higher soil total N content in plots where both FYM and urea was applied, whereas Pirsabak-2008 were more responsive in FYM applied plots. These findings were in close conformity with result of [
Khan, A., Khan, A., Li, J.C., Ahmad, M.I., Sher, A., Rashid, A. and Ali, W. (2017) Evaluation of Wheat Varietal Performance under Different Nitrogen Sources. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 561-573. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.83039