Background: In a previous study, a specific visual behaviour was described in four chiasmal patients. It manifested as inattention/ignorance within the temporal visual space (“visual blocking”) at monocular visual acuity testing. Moreover, in 3 out of the 4, the process of reading a text appeared cognitively impaired. Methods: As a supplement to conventional visual field testing, the present analysis focus was on microperimetry by Scanning Laser Ophthalmocopy (SLO). Our aim was to identify the perceptual retinal counterparts to the temporally located visual field defects as caused by the visual pathway lesion on a chiasmal level, possibly also to indicate the apparently ineffective saccadic movements underlying that only part of the line on the chart could be given. Results and Conclusions: The central retinal areas with lacking recognition by SLO testing were given by black rectangles expressing scotomatous points; they clustered in a zone extending nasally from the fixation area, as expected. The methodology further depicted an orderly fixation in two cases, and only minor deviation in two. Fixation saccades thus were considered by and large within normal and with only exceptional outlier points recorded. All considered, the shortcomings of the perceptual mechanisms underlying the lateralised visual inattention as observed in the four patients have remained without a satisfactory explanation.
At monocular visual acuity testing, some chiasmal patients with a temporal visual field defect can see only the optotypes nasally on the chart [
In the initial article on the issue [
With no obvious explanation for the specific visual behaviour, in a pilot study we performed microperimetry as achieved by Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO), a methodology otherwise primarily used for mapping central visual loss due to macular pathology. In our search for basic pathophysiological mechanisms, our object was to plot the retinal counterpart to the blocked visual pathway axonal transmission which, as assessed from the main clinical data, was due to lesions of the optic chiasm (pituitary adenoma in two, craniopharyngioma and skull trauma, one case each). Further, our aim was to evaluate the fixation saccades [
For comparison with the actual SLO recordings, our primary focus was on the Amsler chart findings, which described the scotomas’ proximity to the fixation point, as subjectively outlined by the patient.
With reference to the previous detailed clinical presentations [
Patient No 1, a 53-year-old female with a regular follow-up since a brain concussion in 1980. Since then: visual acuity testing revealed a permanent absolute temporal blocking behaviour of each eye, however with a full line 1.0 acuity given on the chart when binocular. Visual field testing revealed only minute bitemporal paracentral scotomas. Reading a standard text was heavily disturbed, also when using both eyes, and remained so for more than a decade.
Patient No 2, a 46-year-old female with unilateral visual acuity loss in her moderately amblyopic eye (due to anisomyopia) after surgery for a craniopharyngioma. Further, she had bitemporal visual field defects and a markedly disturbed reading.
Patient No 3, a 58-year-old male bricklayer with insidious left eye visual loss. After surgery for pituitary adenoma the left eye increased in acuity from 0.16 to 0.6, however with graded temporal blocking. He forwarded no reading complaints, now or earlier, but also claimed “never to have been a reader”.
Patient No 4, a 42-year-old male for whom reading normal text (papers, books) had become impossible despite a visual acuity of 0.6 in both eyes. Soon after surgery for pituitary adenoma he could read a fine test smoothly (N4 1/4), and his pre-surgery bitemporal relative visual field defects had normalised, as also the temporally lateralised visual inattention at initial monocular testing of both eyes.
Monocular visual acuity was determined subjectively, with best glasses in a trial frame and using 1) mirror reading of 6 m distance projector optotypes, mainly with four symbols shown in each frame, and 2) free space testing on a conventional Snellen chart at 3 metres.
Regarding reading disability we primarily weighted the actual complaints, e.g. “previously smooth reading, now almost impossible”, as in the three academics out of the four patients under study. Subsequent binocular testing was done using a standard reading text (authorised by the Danish Ophthalmological Society, 1966). With add for near work the disabled patients typically recognised small print single monotypes (N4 1/4), but gave up virtual reading if words were longer than 5 - 7 letters.
A full ophthalmic evaluation was performed including visual field examination by tangent screen, kinetic (Goldmann) and static computerized (Octopus) perimetry specifying the temporally located visual defects as apparent in 7 out of the 8 eyes under study. The defects were relative only (i.e. more extensive for the small Goldmann object (I, 4e) than for the larger standard object of (IV, 4) and without definite macular splitting. Further, we compared the SLO micrope- rimetry findings to the patients’ subjective marking on an Amsler chart, which evaluated the central 10 degrees around the fixation point, under a reading distance of 35 cm [
In SLO-microperimetry computer-guided laser stimuli (633 nm) are presented to the central retina during low-level infrared illumination for fundus visualisation. When arousing computer-guided visual stimulation in a 10 degree test-zone around the fovea the patient responds by pressing a button, as is also done in static and kinetic perimetry. The investigation can thus monitor the subject’s visual behaviour-perceptual losses and fixation strategies-by viewing the test stimuli on the continuous real-time image of the central fundus [
As previously shown in normal subjects and in patients with retinal lesions of the macula in our clinic, test results obtained by SLO microperimetry were comparable to those obtained by computer-based macular programmes (e.g. Octopus M1) [
to the central visual field drop-outs. The fine white cluster of dots marks the fixation area of the subject, the minute black dots the laser stimuli that were recognized within the testing zone, and the black rectangles the retinal scotoma correlates, i.e. where stimuli were applied but not perceived. The scotoma points being located mainly nasally for the fovea corresponded to the central part of the temporal visual field drop-outs in the 7 eyes affected.
In clinical praxis, visual field defects usually are compared to intracranial pathology, as demonstrated by CT and MRI imaging, however without including retinal correlates. Multifocal ERG can give functional clues regarding topical involvement of the retina, but has, to our knowledge, not been used in the present context. The method was not established in our clinic when our pilot study investigating SLO microperimetry findings was performed, in the search for possible central and parafoveal retinal correlates of the visual field scotomas as demonstrated in chiasmal patients with a lateralising inattentive monocular visual chart performance (“blocking temporally”). The question was: would the microperimetric findings merely reflect the visual field dropouts suggesting a point-to-point representation? Or, might deficient visual recognition in space be combined with some degree of additionally curtailed transmission, possibly leading to inadequate cortical processing and abnormal search by visual scanning saccades during conventional visual acuity testing? We should add here that usually the SLO microperimetry technique is used for evaluation of topical retinal function in association with diseases of the macula, and it cannot replace conventional visual field examinations.
Regarding fixation pattern, the white dots by SLO microperimetry (
The scotoma correlates on the retina as given by the SLO technique are mainly seen in the papillomacular region (
As a practical conclusion we found a good agreement with the customary perimetry procedures. This is not embarrassing, since the recording of the laser SLO stimulus is based on conscious recognition on a supra-geniculate processing level. The SLO microperimetry thus presented no new keys for explaining the factual visual apraxia in the pilot sample under study.
All considered, in the four patients we found no evidence that visual infor- mation was lost for the brain in addition to what was stated already by conventional visual field testing. The retinal stimuli actually recorded appeared determined by the degree of axon-related block of the anterior visual pathway transmission as due to the para-chiasmal pathology, and supplementary neuro-psy- chological evaluations were without specific clues [
Fledelius, H.C. and Andersen, M.N.V. (2017) Central Retinal Microperimetry by Scanning Laser Ophthal- moscopy in Chiasmal Patients with Visual Inattention Temporally at Monocular Visual Acuity Testing. Open Journal of Ophthalmology, 7, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojoph.2017.71007