The study aimed to determine the anthocyanin content in callus cultures of Sesbania grandiflora L. (Red Katuray) using petal explants as influenced by 2,4-D and BA. The specific objective of this study is to determine the effect of plant growth regulators specifically auxin (2,4-D) and BA (Benzyladenine) on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium in anthocyanin production. Earliest callus initiation was noted in 2.5 ppm to 5.0 ppm 2,4-D without BA and 2.5 ppm 2,4-D with 2.5 ppm BA. Same treatment combination had the highest degree of callus formation and obtained the greatest percentage of callus formation 2.5 ppm 2,4-D without BA and 2.5 ppm 2,4-D with 2.5 ppm BA. The heaviest weight of callus was registered at 2.5 ppm 2,4-D without BA. Significantly higher anthocyanin content was noted in 2.5 ppm to 5.0 ppm 2,4-D without or with 2.5 ppm BA, with 2.5 and 5.0 ppm BA and with 5.0 ppm 2,4-D and 2.5 ppm BA. There is a positive relationship between callus formation and anthocyanin production. Results showed that treatments that promoted significantly greater callus formation e.g. 2.5 ppm 2,4-D alone or in combination with 2.5 ppm BA also produced the highest anthocyanin content.
The popularity of natural anthocyanin is increasing due to its numerous beneficial effects to human health and well-being. These include protection from DNA cleavage, altering development of hormone-dependent diseases, enzyme inhibition, regulating immune response, decrease permeability and fragility, and strengthening membrane [
Callus cultures as a wide and diverse range of plant genera have been done to produce anthocyanin pigments in vitro. This plant cell culture production system was to explore an alternative resource to establish a protocol that would enhance the production of anthocyanin. Recently, some anthocyanin-producing plant species have been intensively cultured in vitro in order to harness the bioactive pigments and related phytochemicals as medicinally-active compounds. By controlling both the physical and the chemical microenvironment of the plant cell cultures, anthocyanin production is boosted to higher concentrations than available in the parent plant in vivo. One of the most important features of callus culture technology is the production of anthocyanin and other secondary metabolites in a short period, therefore, can be mass produced commercially for continuous supply.
This experiment dealt with the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D and Benzyladenine (BA) on callus formation and anthocyanin content.
Murashige and Skoog’s [
Surface sterilized petal explants were cultured on MS basal medium in a bottle. Cultures were incubated under continuous light in an air conditioned room. Contamination and survival were observed, if contaminated, cultures were immediately separated and transferred outside the incubating room.
Callus extraction was done using ethanol as solvent. Twenty-five hundredths (0.25)
grams of callus per sample was placed in a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Every sample was added with 10 ml of ethanol. The callus was thoroughly pulverized with the use of forceps. The mixture was agitated for one hour in a rotary shaker. The extract was transferred in the centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant were transferred into test tubes.
In anthocyanin analysis, 4 ml of pH 1.0 KCl buffer (125 ml of 0.2 N KCl + 385 of 0.2 N HCl) and pH 4.5 Sodium Acetate Buffer (400 ml of 1 N sodium acetate and 240 ml of 1 N HCl and 360 ml distilled water were transferred into two individual test tubes and 2 ml of anthocyanin extract was added and suspended in the buffers. The mixture was homogenized using vortex mixer and equilibrated for 30 minutes. The absorbance in each buffer was taken at 520 and 700 nm using a spectrophotometer. The final absorbance was then calculated using the formula:
Anthocyanin concentration was determined using the formula:
where:
C = total anthocyanin (mg/kg).
A = is absorbance reading.
E = is molar absorptivity of cyanidine 3-glucoside = 25,965/cm M.
V = is the final volume of anthocyanin = 10 ml.
MW = is the molecular weight of cyanidin 3 glucoside = 449.2 g/mole.
Results indicate two important informations. First, 2,4-D is more essential than BA in promoting the initiation of callus in Red Agati cultured in MS medium. This was exhibited by the significantly shortest number of days to callus initiation when 2.5 ppm 2,4-D was applied without BA. The reverse occurred when only BA was applied either at 2.5 or 5.0 ppm. Callus initiation was delayed by almost 20 days, the longest period.
Second, increasing concentration of 2,4-D from 2.5 ppm to 10 ppm at same BA
2,4-D (ppm) | BA (ppm) | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||
0 | 0.00g | 27.33a | 28.33a | 18.56A |
2.5 | 9.33f | 11.67e | 13.33cd | 11.44E |
5.0 | 11.33e | 12.33de | 14.67cd | 12.78D |
7.5 | 13.00de | 14.33cd | 16.33bc | 14.56C |
10.0 | 14.33cd | 15.67bc | 18.00b | 16.00B |
Mean | 9.60c | 16.27b | 18.13a |
Means not sharing letter in common within the cells (a-g), within a column mean (A-E) and within a mean (X, Y, Z) at the 5% probability level differ significantly by duncan’s multiple range test.
concentration significantly prolonged callus initiation. Alejar and Sese (1999) reported that the physiological effect of auxin (the active ingredient of 2,4-D) and cytokinin (the active ingredient of BA) was the promotion of cell division. Callus is a consequence of cell division. As early as 1979, Bidwell reported that cell division is very much under the control of hormones. He said that in the absence of kinetin, auxin causes cell enlargement in cultured tissue. However, excess auxin suppresses onset of metaphase.
Plant growth regulators like 2,4-D and BA which contain auxin and cytokinins, respectively, are essential to effect differentiation, growth and development of an organ or organism. This condition was exhibited by the result of the study when no callus was formed without the two growth regulators. These results corroborated the findings of Suriender et al. (2006) that no callus was formed from the petiole, leaf and petal explants of gerbera family without 2,4-D and BA. When 2,4-D and BA were supplemented to MS basal medium, callus initiation occurred. This also corroborated with the findings of Bosila et al. (1993) that addition of BA at 0.5 mg/liter and 2,4-D at 5.0 mg/l induced callus formation on leaves cultured in aseptic MS basal solid medium. However, 2,4-D can only be beneficial at a certain level (Sheeba et al., 2003).
Callus formation was affected by the presence of both an auxin and cytokinin in the medium. Optimal growth depends on the ratio of cytokinin/auxin as well as the total amount of plant growth regulators in the medium (King, 2004).
2,4-D (ppm) | BA (ppm) | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||
0 | 1.00e | 2.00d | 2.00d | 1.67D |
2.5 | 3.60a | 3.23ab | 3.10ab | 3.31A |
5.0 | 3.17ab | 3.13ab | 2.07d | 2.79B |
7.5 | 2.87bc | 2.37cd | 2.53cd | 2.59B |
10 | 2.37cd | 2.10d | 2.07d | 2.18C |
Mean | 2.60X | 2.57X | 2.35Y |
Means not sharing letter in common within the cells (a-e), within a column mean (A-D) and within a mean (X, Y) at the 5% probability level differ significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Note: Scale: (no callus formation; 2.00 (slight: 1% - 50%); 3.00 (moderate: 51% - 75%); 4.00 (profuse: 76% - 100%).
The above findings corroborate with the report of Sheeba et al. (2003) that 2,4-D can induce callus formation up to a certain level (2.0 - 3.0 mg/l). This was also the report of Ling (2008) using full strength MS media supplemented with either 1 mg/l to 5 mg/l of picloram or 1 mg/l to 3 mg/l of 2,4-D. He found that the above supplement was the most efficient media formation for the establishment of cell suspension culture.
The high percentage of callus formation in the MS culture medium applied with 2,4-D especially at 2.5 ppm seems to be an off shoot of the high degree of callusing. The said treatment had a 3.60 degree of callusing with a description of moderate to profuse which could have been enhanced by the early and rapid initiation of cells as presented earlier. Lang (2008) reported that the highest mean percentage of callus formation in leaf explants of gerbera cultivars was obtained by the combined application of 2 ppm 2,4-D and 1 ppm BA.
Results also consistently showed that while 2,4-D is essential in callus formation at lower concentration of 2.5 ppm, the higher concentration of 5.0 ppm and 10.00 ppm seems to indicate inhibitory effect. They exhibited significantly inferior data from days to callus initiation to percentage of callus formation. On the other hand, higher concentration of 2,4-D inhibit the growth of the apical hook region of etiolated Pisumsativum seedlings 60% or by stopping almost cell divisions. Cells are prevented from entering prophase. Higher concentration also retarded the cell division in intact root tips and completely stopped the process in lateral buds [
2,4-D (ppm) | BA (ppm) | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||
0 | 0.00d | 80.00bc | 76.67bc | 52.22D |
2.5 | 96.67a | 96.67a | 83.33bc | 92.22A |
5.0 | 93.33ab | 86.67abc | 80.00bc | 86.67A |
7.5 | 86.67abc | 80.00bc | 66.67c | 77.78B |
10 | 76.67bc | 70.00c | 63.33c | 70.00C |
Mean | 70.67Y | 82.67X | 74.00Y |
Means not sharing letter in common within the cells (a-d), within a column mean (A-D) and within a mean (X, Y) at the 5% probability level differ significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Growth of callus in terms of weight at various stages also resembles the sigmoid growth curve e.g. an initial slow growth followed by rapid growth and then a decline or leveling off. During the 3rd week, the weight of callus disregarding that of the control/(0 ppm) ranged from 0.08 to 0.14 g. A marked increase occurred on the 6th week. The weight during this period ranged from 0.81 to 1.25 g or an increase of more or less 80% to more than 100%. Thereafter, on the 9th week, there was a decrease in weight compared to the 6th week weights. The weight of the callus during the said period ranged from 0.97 to 1.51 or an increase of approximately eight to nine % over the weight during the 6th week. Apparently, this stage is the prelude to cell differentiation.
The above results (
2,4-D (ppm) | BA (ppm) | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | ||
0 | 5.99h | 129.00g | 182.23efg | 105.74E |
2.5 | 289.49cd | 448.66a | 403.67ab | 380.60A |
5.0 | 247.97de | 426.73a | 334.47bc | 336.39B |
7.5 | 249.12de | 232.67def | 259.43d | 247.08C |
10 | 156.84g | 166.08fg | 152.24g | 158.39D |
Mean | 189.88Y | 280.63X | 266.41X |
Means not sharing letter in common within the cells (a-g), within a column mean (A-E) and within a mean (X, Y, Z) at the 5% probability level differ significantly by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
further showed that in the absence of both 2,4-D and BA in the culture medium production of anthocyanin can be considered neglible at 5.99 mg/kg.
Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites found in higher plants that contribute to the colors of flowers and fruits. They are glucosides of anthocyanidins, water soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple or blue according to ph. They belong to a class of molecules called flavonoids synthesized via phenylpropanoid pathway. They occur in all tissues of higher plants, including leaves, stems, roots, and flowers (Hershey, 2001).
Regarding the optimum concentration in this study, the highest production of anthocyanin was noted with the addition of 2.5 to 5.0 ppm of both 2,4-D and BA in the culture medium. The lowest production was in culture medium supplied only with BA without 2,4-D. Anthocyanin content was only limited below the 200 mg/kg level. However, both 2,4-D and BA can only be beneficial at a certain level (Sheeba et al., 2003).
There seems to be a positive relationship between callus formation and anthocyanin content. It was observed that treatments which promoted higher callus formation produced higher anthocyanin. It is worth mentioning that among the interactions between 2,4-D and BA, the concentration of 2.5 ppm of both plant growth regulators produced the highest percentage of callus formation. The same treatment combinations produced the highest anthocyanin at 448.66 mg/g. As callus formation declined, so with the anthocyanin content. Mori [
The effects of 2,4-D and BA on anthocyanin production differed greatly, as influenced by concentration. Taha [
The general objective of the study was to determine the anthocyanin content of callus cultures of Sesbania grandiflora L. (Red Katuray) in MS medium using petal explants as influenced by 2,4-D and BA.
The plant growth regulators were 2,4-D (auxin-containing synthetic hormone and Benzlyl adenine (BA) which contains cytokinin, another known growth promoter. Concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 ppm of 2-4,D and 0, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm of BA added in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) [
Results show that application of 2,4-D was more beneficial than BA in terms of number of days to callus initiation. Applying 2,4-D especially at 2.5 ppm even without BA significantly shortened callus initiation. Increasing the concentration of 2,4-D at any BA concentration prolonged the number of days to callus initiation. The reverse occurred when BA at 2.5 and 5.0 ppm was applied. Duration of callus initiation was prolonged.
The early callus initiation in 2.5 ppm 2,4-D and BA promoted higher degree of callus formation. Addition of 2.5 ppm 2,4-D alone or in combination with the same concentration of BA triggered moderate to profuse production of callus.
As a consequence, highest percentage callus formation was noted in the culture medium supplemented with 2.5 ppm 2,4-D with 0 ppm BA. Applying BA alone did not change the percentage callus formation. Moreover, result showed that 2,4-D at higher level of 7.5 ppm and 10.00 ppm had a depressing effect on callus formation. The weight of callus increased from the 3rd week to the 6th week and then declined on the 9th week.
There is a positive relationship between callus formation and anthocyanin production. Results showed that treatments that promoted significantly greater callus formation e.g. 2.5 ppm 2,4-D alone or in combination with 2.5 ppm BA also produced the highest anthocyanin content.
Largado-Valler, D.A. (2016) In-Vitro Production of Anthocyanin in Sesbania grandiflora (Red Katuray) as Influenced by Varying Concentrations of 2,4-D and BA Added on MS Medium. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 2297-2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.715202