The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) has significantly helped managers provide optimal models of sustainable agricultural development, identify local features related to agricultural production and their proper zoning, identify agricultural needs and constraints and finally provide the appropriate structure of land use. The main purpose of this study was to determine areas capable of cultivating Pistachio according to the parameters affecting the Pistachio cultivation in Roshtkhar town. Statistics of meteorological stations of the town were taken from Meteorology Organization of Khorasan Razavi for the period of 1989-2010 in order to determine climatic parameters required to cultivate Pistachio. For mapping surface elevation, slope, aspect, and TIN of the geographic organization of armed forces with a scale of 1:250,000 topographic maps were used. For mapping vegetation and land use in the area under study, land capability map of the area on a scale of 1:250,000 from the institute of soil and water was used. Also information on cultivation and annual production of agricultural statistics, published by Agriculture was used. Finally, it was concluded that the northeast and southwest of Roshtkhar town are the most prone areas to cultivate Pistachio.
Latin word Pistachio is derived from its name in the Persian language, Peste or Piste. Khanlari believed that the Persian word Peste is originated from the people of Northern areas of Khorasan, which is a very ancient Persian word. It is said that the word has originated from the dialect of the people living in Pistachio-rich areas of Khorasan province in the south of the Oxus. Pistachio is a tropical fruit. This product was launched in 1737 by someone called “lines” of Spain under the name of “Nakardyasy” (Anacardiacae). The family has 75 genera and 600 species are Pistachio, 9 species are edible and among the most important edible species in Iran, the following can be mentioned: Pistachio vera (Pistachio normal), Pistachio motica (wild Pistachio and Pistachio), Pistachio khinjuck (Pistachio P. khinjuk is now also grown in Sabzevar region). Unlike the almond and walnut trees, Pistachio is a dioecious tree, male and female of which are separated. Pistachio is among the fruits that are fruitful in a year and are less fruitful in the next year [
Knowledge of appropriate times of planting and harvest, and understanding of climatic parameters provide an opportunity for policy makers to think about the allocation of appropriate resources to various products. Study of climate and environmental factors in determining a region’s horticultural species today is essential accordingly. Garden management and increased production per area require optimal use of natural resources and recognition of these resources [
Agro meteorology is a multi-faceted science that has an important role in crop production, protection of natural resources, and the efforts made in promoting sustainable development in the twenty-first century [
Agro-meteorology and environmental potentials of each area based on the needs and constraints of weather on different products, identification and thereby producing the best product of its land area are helpful [
Knowledge of the natural resources and soil, weather conditions expected between the soil surface and the lower atmosphere, and useful guidance for decisions on long-term planning provides agricultural systems [
How can GIS be used to develop Pistachio cultivation by identifying and analyzing the main characteristics of natural and climatic capabilities of an area?
It seems GIS geographic information system, due to climatic factors, Pistachio cultivation in the identification of suitable areas is more effective than traditional methods.
The objectives of this study was to investigate the status quo climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, sunshine, wind, evaporation and transpiration, ER, ice and environmental parameters such as slope, slope direction, topography, soil and water resources and ... and compare them with the needs of climate Pistachio plant. The overall objectives and goals is detailed.
・ Effects of climate change on the spread of the cultivation of Pistachios in the area.
・ Evaluate the Pistachio growing areas due to bioclimatic conditions.
・ Environmental variables and the influence of these factors on the expansion of the cultivation of Pistachios. Such as soil, slope and water suitable for agriculture.
・ Preparation of geological layers, soil, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, land use, vegetation, water requirement, effective rainfall, hydrography, etc. The study area.
Pistachio plant that has been cultivated and nurtured in Iran was loaded. Wild and Pistachio forests in the northeastern region bordering Iran and Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, and is believed to be the ancient background Pistachio tree about 4 - 3 thousand years ago, Iran has been domesticated and cultivated business [
Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural products mixed with Iran and its production in the country’s history. The product of 70 years before starting exports, economic and commercial value has become the country as the first and most important exporter in the world famous [
According to statistics obtained in 73 of the different countries producing Pistachio, only products in seven countries, commercialize, and of 400 thousand tons of Pistachio production in the world of having about 57% of GDP in the first place, the United States, with 17 percent of the runners and Turkey is in third place with 13% and U Kerman with 4.81 per cent of the total acreage of trees biggest Pistachio plantation region and the world. Iran still has the first place in 2007, Turkey has a second and a third place is American. World-class research is conducted on Pistachios can be cited articles and books on the subject.
In 1956 Caruso and Motisi in an article examined the possibility of the development of Pistachio orchards in East Australia. In this study is to evaluate the Pistachio growing areas in the East of Australia stated that [
Indeed, studies in the field of meteorology and climatology in agriculture does not have the integrity and Planning. In this equation Meteorological Organization’s activities such as research projects in agriculture needs and limitations of Iran’s main product, working with Quantum Consulting Engineers, the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Romania named [
Kerman Industrial Administration held a seminar entitled examining the issues of packaging and Pistachio economy. Agricultural and economic experts at seminar presented various papers on the packaging, marketing, export, production, and pest control diseases and other aspects of the product. Agriculture Organization of Kerman province held a technical conference on Pistachio in June 1993. In this conference, economic and agricultural experts presented general articles about gardening, agriculture, water and soil, pests, diseases, and Pistachio export [
Sheikhi studied the climate and agriculture. In this study the impact of climate on agriculture that are discussed in this paper does not fit all content and for more information please refer to the source [
Catchment area of Roshtkhar plain is located in the south of the catchment area of Torbat Heidarieh plain and on the road from Torbat to Khaf with a longitude of 5.59 to 53.59 and latitude o 52.43 to 18.35. North of the mountain of two horns and the White Mountains, the East mountains and plains Keybr occurring in the south and from the west to the mountains Kahik and broken blood wells underlying is limited. And the height of the highest peak, Mount Garmab altitude of 2560 meters above sea level and the lowest point at 843 meters above sea level is output plain that is. And its height from sea level is 1141 meters [
In the study of materials and the tools used to create the database space:
1) Statistics synoptic stations Meteorological Organization.
2) Topographic maps at the scale of 1:250,000 are provided by the Armed Forces Geographical Organization.
3) The land use map at a scale of 1:250,000 by the Soil and Water Research Institute is provided.
4) Statistics Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture of Khorasan Razavi.
5) Statistics Khorasan Regional Water Authority.
6) Data and data management company based studies of water resources (surface and underground).
7) The use of GIS and related software for data analysis and maps.
8) The use of statistical software such as SPSS and Excel for analysis and statistical calculations.
9) Use the AHP method for weighting the layers.
According to
Weight | Slope | Evapotranspiration | Water requirement | Precipitation Effective | Height | Soil | Sunshine Hours | Temperature | Criterion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.384519 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | Temperature |
0.2098904 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.333 | Sunshine Hours |
0.14606 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.25 | Soil |
0.0857878 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.3333 | 0.2 | Height |
0.0687155 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.3333 | 25 | 0.166667 | Precipitation Effective |
0.0391345 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.3333 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.142857 | Water requirement |
0.0344637 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.3333 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.166667 | 0.125 | Evapotranspiration |
0.03115157 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.16667 | 0.142857 | 0.1111 | Slope |
Source: author’s calculations.
Definition | The importance of |
---|---|
Define the importance of The importance of | 1 |
Equal importance to average | 2 |
Average of | 3 |
The importance of moderate to strong | 4 |
The importance of strong | 5 |
The importance of strong to very strong | 6 |
The importance of a strong | 7 |
The importance of a strong and powerful | 8 |
The importance of powerful | 9 |
Source: [
formula is calculated as follows:
where Si: Equation overlap index, Σwi: Total weight of each layer, Li: the weight of its own layer, Σw: total weight of the layer, which is the number 1.
For example, the weight of temperature layers is calculated as follows:
After taking the abovementioned steps and obtaining the exact weight of selected layers affecting the development of Pistachio cultivation in the area under study, the obtained weights are entered into GIS, which is shown in
According to
Direction of slope is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth because the temperature change is very obvious in the three types of slopes, i.e. slopes sun directly radiates on them, slopes relatively benefiting from sunshine, and slopes without any sunshine [
In
Class | Degree of reliability | Height (m) | Cover area | Area (KM2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | Very Good | 800 - 1100 | 80.47 | 73.1725 |
B | Average | Under 800 | 67.49 | 30.1793 |
C | Weak | 1100 - 1400 | 61.10 | 36.383 |
D | Inappropriate | More than 1400 | 40.0 | 68.4 |
Source: author’s calculations.
N | NW | NE | S | SW | SE | W | E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5.22 5.337 - 360 | −5.337 5.292 | −5.67 5.22 | −5.202 5.157 | −5.247 5.202 | −5.157 5.112 | −5.292 5.247 | −5.112 5.67 |
class | Degree of reliability | Tilt directions | Degree |
---|---|---|---|
A | Very good | South, Southeast and Southwest | 5.112 - 5.247 |
B | Average | Eastern | 5.67 - 5.112 |
C | Weak | Western | 5.247 - 5.292 |
D | Inappropriate | North, Northeast and Northwest | 5.292 - 5.22 |
Source: author’s calculations.
Since implementation of sustainable development in the agriculture requires careful planning based on the talents and constraints of resources, selection of products compatible with the climate, requiring less water, and resistant to water shortage, especially in drought conditions, is among the factors optimizing the pattern of water use in agriculture. In order to expand the space for Pistachio cultivation in this study, the meteorological data and environmental data resources were investigated. Due to the large size of the study area (3.598 square kilometers), there is a need for cost and time saving system to analyze data and climate and investigate environmental factors affecting the cultivation of Pistachio and locate areas prone to Pistachio cultivation. In this study, geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze the data and locate areas prone to Pistachio cultivation. Features and analysis of GIS have an essential role in presenting models, without which environmental planning is impossible because of the large amounts of geographic data on the one hand and the problem of simultaneous analysis of affecting factors on the other hand. After providing the initial data including meteorological data, maps of environmental resources and etc., all were entered into GIS in a digital format. Thematic maps were prepared and extracted after weighting with respect to environmental and climatic characteristics and conditions affecting cultivation of Pistachio in the study area. Due to climatic maps, including maps of elevation, slope, topography, type of land classification map, it can be seen that optimal soil resources in the study area are concentrated in the foothills and plains due to fertile sediment accumulations. However, optimal climatic resources for cultivating Pistachio that is most affected by the temperature are generally at lower altitudes, scattered at south, west, northwest, and center of the study area. There is no possibility for traditional methods because of abovementioned reasons and methods used to find areas prone to Pistachio cultivation in terms of development of Pistachio orchards in the study area. Therefore, the content and accuracy of assumptions underlying the hypotheses are confirmed.
1) In order to enhance the potential locations carefully cultivated Pistachio and other products, a more accurate base maps prepared by the relevant organizations.
2) It is better to choose the place of Pistachio cultivation of social and economic factors to be considered. For example, in the study area due to the fact that nearly 70 percent of the population, rural (Statistics 2010) suitable employment and productivity, standard of living and a good life for the rural agricultural population.
3) In order to enhance the accuracy of the proposed study area of agricultural research, agricultural research stations required parameters (meteorological, climatic, agricultural, etc.), the exact location and construction of the station by relevant organizations to take the necessary measures done.
4) It is recommended to create a data receiving stations and satellite-to-date information, including the agricultural sector, the agricultural sector is recommended by the directors.
5) It is suggested to create a database based on the latest agricultural information to enable agriculture researchers gain access to required data in a short time. This will lead to prevention of iterative studies, higher accuracy of studies, and exchange of views among researchers.
Hassan Rahmanpour,Esmail Arjomand,Fatemeh Akrami,Mahdi K. Hoshtinat, (2016) Investigating the Effect of Climatic Factors of Roshtkhar Town (Khorasan Razavi, Iran) on the Development and Cultivation of Pistachio Using GIS Software. Open Journal of Geology,06,963-970. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2016.68072