Sensor nodes are mainly shielded in the field with limited power supply. In Wireless Sensor Networks, there must be a requirement of an efficient power management, because sensor nodes are deployed in unman attended area with non-rechargeable batteries. Power management can be done by different methods of routing protocols. The proposed Reliable Rim Routing (3R) technique is based on hybrid routing protocol for homogeneous and heterogeneous system for WSNs to ameliorate the performance of the overall system. In 3R, total node deployment area can be multipart in terms of rim and in each rim, and some of the sensor nodes transmit their sensed data directly to base station, and meanwhile remaining sensor nodes send the data through clustering technique to base station like SEP. Proposed 3R technique implementation proves its enhanced WSNs lifetime of 70% energy consumption and 40% throughput compared with existing protocols. Simulation and evaluation results outperformed in terms of energy consumption with increased throughput and network lifetime.
In topical times, many pursuing researchers have shown great concentration in WSNs due to their extensive range of the appliance in the field of military surveillance, fire detection, habitat monitoring, industry, health monitoring and many more. WSNs are serene of mammoth number of randomly deployed sensor nodes in the field. Sensor nodes sense the occurrence and propel the data to base station via single or multi-hop communication. Since most of the energy is consumed during data transfer communication, presently dissimilar clustering algorithms are projected for WSNs to use energy of nodes resourcefully. Clustering concept of implementation is utilized in WSNs to diminish energy consumption [
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The detailed surveys, concept of heterogeneity and algorithm statement which are closely related to the research work are mentioned in Section 2. Section 3 depicted the information of proposed Reliable Rim Routing (3R) implementation of its two models. Analysis of simulation results is focused in Section 4. The obtained results and its conclusions are mentioned in Section 5.
LEACH [
SEP [
Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol (DEEC) illustrates multilevel heterogeneity [
In Z-SEP [
Insertion of a small number of heterogeneous [
Extending network lifespan: The average energy saving for sending a packet from the normal nodes to the sink in heterogeneous sensor networks will be much less than the energy consumed by the homogeneous sensor networks.
Ameliorate reliability of data transmission is familiar that sensor network associations have an inclination to have small reliability. Each step significantly lowers the end-to-end delivery rate. In the usage of heterogeneous sensor nodes, fewer hop between normal sensor nodes and sink. Consequently the heterogeneous sensor network can acquire much higher end-to-end delivery rate than the homogeneous sensor network. The other system improvement by utilizing heterogeneous system in WSNs yield power consumption [
Network lifetime [
Number of cluster heads per round: Instantaneous measure reflects the number of nodes which would send directly to the base station, information aggregated from their cluster members.
Energy Efficiency [
Throughput: This includes the total rate of data sent over the network, the rate of data sent from cluster heads to the base station as well as the rate of data sent from the nodes to their cluster heads.
This paper emphasis the incorporated algorithm description as follows. The process of formation of clusters and cluster head selection system are followed by the given procedure.
// Initial phase:
In initial phase of each round a population and fitness function is be used to select cluster head and cluster member. In first round of algorithm choose K initial cluster heads z1, z2……, zK from the n nodes {x1, x2, ……, xn}. Then cluster member will be selected for each cluster head.
・ Step1: Initially all nodes have same probability to become a cluster head.
・ Step2: F(t) is the fitness function used to select the cluster head and defined as F(t) = (Er * T(n) * K mean),
where Er = Residual energy of the node, T(n) = probability of node to become cluster head as given by LEACH, K mean = Degree of coverage. In this equation the energy, k mean and probability have a direct relationship with the output of function, so increased value of inputs will produce a larger output the optimal value obtained for a particular node will be eligible to be a cluster node.
・ Step 3: After calculating this built in F(t) function. All nodes sort in descending order.
・ Step 4: Selection of Cluster Head.
BS selects the cluster head and the result is sent to the network. The node has minimum difference of energy from last round and with best probability according to the stable election protocol, a node act as cluster head to network. Other nodes bind to the nearest cluster head.
・ Step 5: Selected cluster head will send the information to BS.
・ Step 6: Cluster Formation.
Selected cluster head send advertisement to normal nodes. Non cluster head nodes join to closest CH to form cluster.
・ Step 7: Sensing unneeded node to sleep state.
Algorithm details:
Sn: Sensor node
Sch: Cluster head
C: Cluster formed
//Setup phase:
1. for each Sn to n do
2. Ci= {s1, s2, Sn}
3. Select Sch //data transmission phase //Send data to cluster head
4. Ci (s1, s2, Sn)->Sch //Send data to next cluster head or node
5. Sch->next Sch or Sn
If (Energy (Sch
Mathematical Module:
Graphical method and set theory is used for calculation.
Let S be the system where
S = {n, Si, P, CH, N}
n: Sensor Node
Si: Sink Node
CH: Cluster Head
N: Network
n = n1, n2, …., n
Si = only one sink node
P = P1, P2, …, Pn
CH = Cluster Head (depend on cluster formation)
N = Network
Activity:
f (Si)N-Sink node is depends on Network
f (CH)n-Cluster head is depends on Node
f (n)N-Nodes are included in Network
f (Si)BS-Sink Node site use by Network
Proposed 3R algorithm (Reliable Rim Routing), the senor field divided by rim. There are three rims present in the sensor node deployed field. The inner rim is comprised of normal node (Energy level is 0.5 Joule, Rim distance is 25m) and it can communicate the sensed data directly to the base station. The first outer rim is deployed by advanced nodes with energy of 1 joule (Rim distance is 30 m) and it communicate the sensed data directly to the base station. The second rim is occupied by super advanced nodes (Energy level is 1.5 Joules) and it forms clusters, then the Cluster head transmits the data to the BS. If the distance of the rim size increases the random number of nodes inside the rim decreases and vice versa. Node n choosing a random number m between 0 and 1, if m < T(n) for node n, the node becomes a cluster-head as in Equation (1).
where Ts (n)-cluster head selection threshold;
Ps: predetermined fraction of node elected as cluster head in super advanced node;
r: denotes current round;
G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster-heads in the last 1/P rounds.
sume less energy for direct data transmission. The outer second rim has heterogeneous nodes Such as advanced node which is 1 Joule energy, these nodes also direct communication to the BS. Super nodes are deployed at outermost rim which have 1.5 Joule energy. The super nodes forming the clusters and follow the cluster head selection procedure. This new 3R method yield good performance of energy consumption and improve the network life time of the whole network. Consistently balanced the sensor nodes deployment in different energy level inside the rim and the operations are being formulated as the procedure of above said algorithm.
The establishments of all type of methods are executed as per the given algorithm and simulated consistently for SEP, ZSEP and 3R protocol model-1 and model-2. The comparison is done with new 3R technique under the same simulation conditions and values.
Sensor nodes are randomly deployed at decided area, but inserted rim is fixed in size such as 5 m, 10 m, 15 m like that. If size of the rim is varied accordingly number of deployed node will be varied.
To increase the network lifetime, the method of deploying the sensor nodes is to be altered. They are deployed on the basis of rim. Rim size may be varied and heterogeneous node level may be varied, accordingly energy efficiency of the network ultimately increased.
Number of packets send to clusters head and number of packets send to the base station within the given rounds and throughput also increased for the 3R model when compare to SEP and Z-SEP as shown in
Details of first/last dead node for the different methods | Various Techniques | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEP | ZSEP | 3R model-1 | 3R model-2 | ||
First dead node | 779 | 781 | 880 | 1245 | |
Last dead node | 1089 | 1150 | 3700 | 4020 |
Optimum RIM size for 100 node deployment. Number of Rounds Vs live nodes | Various Techniques | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rounds | R = 5 m | R = 10 m | R = 15 m | R = 20 m | R = 25 m | R = 30 m | |
500 | 03 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | |
700 | 03 | 00 | 01 | 01 | 00 | 00 | |
1000 | 06 | 03 | 02 | 03 | 01 | 04 | |
1500 | 48 | 22 | 11 | 05 | 03 | 06 | |
2000 | 100 | 98 | 67 | 47 | 24 | 31 | |
2500 | 68 | 56 | 33 | 47 | |||
3000 | 89 | 64 | 54 | 55 | |||
3400 | 100 | 96 | 81 | 75 | |||
3600 | 100 | 90 | 100 |
Deployment area, methods of node deployment and data communication strategies or techniques should help to save the energy in WSNs. By keeping the key point, the new 3R algorithm proves that changing the method of random sensor node deployment in different energy levels and the formation of cluster and cluster head selection cum communication of data transmission from the sensor node to cluster head and to base has increased in network life time when compared to SEP, Z-SEP. The performance varies when rim size changes. This 3R achieved its good performance by the procedure of the cluster formation and its burden of existing methods. In proposed 3R algorithm, Clusters are formed only in the extreme rim. Each CH in the extreme rim has to communicate to the BS, sensor nodes in other inner rim having very small distance to BS and it can communicate
the sensed data directly without forming clusters. In this way, energy efficiency is improved and achieved 70% than other types of SEP and better PDR with throughput for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.
S. G. Susila,J. Arputhavijayaselvi, (2016) Energy Proficient Reliable Rim Routing Technique for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Networks Lifespan Fortification. Circuits and Systems,07,1751-1759. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.78151