Introduction: Measuring the quality of life (QOL) in recent years has become an indispensable tool in monitoring patients suffering from chronic diseases. We conducted this study to assess QOL of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis in Dakar, and to identify associated factors. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out from 10 to 30 June, 2011 in the peritoneal dialysis unit at university hospital in Dakar. We included all patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) of any age, who were on PD since at least six months and who gave their consent. The QOL was assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form 1.2 (KDQoL-SF). Results: Sixteen patients were included with a mean age of 50.25 ± 13.48 years and a sex-ratio of 1.27. Considering SF-36, the overall mean score (SMG) was 60.11 ± 15.96 with a Mean Physical Component Summary Scale of 53.66 ± 16.98 and a Mental Component Summary Scale of 70.85 ± 6.14. Concerning the KDQoL-SF, the global mean score was 61.83 ± 19.35 with a mean physical score of 50.55 ± 16.52 and a mean mental score of 62.52 ± 21.53. The mean dialysis specific dimension score was 62.52 ± 21.53 and the mean mental health score was 85.93 ± 12.06. Age, weight, level of instruction and social support were correlated with a worse QOL. Conclusion: This study showed an alteration of our PD patients’ QOL, particularly in their physical health. However, the number of patients included in the study is not enough to permit a formal conclusion.
The quality of life (QOL) is undeniably a broad concept, especially when it is related to health and chronic disease but it has not yet been the subject of a public health plan. This measure is supposed to quantify the impact of diseases or medical interventions on the lives of patients in the subjective point of view [
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from June 10th to 30th, 2011 in the peritoneal dialysis unit of University Hospital Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar. We included all patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) of any age, who were on PD since at least six months and who gave their consent. Patients with recent complications less than one month before and irregularly followed patients were excluded from the survey. QOL of the study population was assessed with the SF-36 [
- The physical dimension on “general health”, “physical activity”, “limitations due to physical activity”, “physical pain”, and “vitality”.
- The mental health dimension on “limitations due to mental activity”, “life and relations with others”, and “mental health”.
The KDQoL specific questionnaire tailored to kidney disease included 143 items divided into the following 19 areas:
- General health: D1
- Physical Activity: D2
- Limitations due to the physical condition: D3
- Physical pain: D4
- Vitality: D5
- Friendly and family relationships: D6
- Professional status: D7
- Limitations due to the mental state: D8
- Life and relationships with others: D9
- Mental health: D10
- Quality of the environment: D11
- The burden of kidney disease: D12
- Cognitive functions: D13
- Symptoms and problems: D14
- Effects of the disease on daily life: D15
- The quality of sexual activity: D16
- Sleep: D17
- Patient satisfaction: D18
- Encouragement by the dialysis team: D19
These areas are divided into four dimensions:
Physical dimension on the “physical function”, “professional status”, “limitations related to physical state”, “pain”, “general health” and “energy”.
Mental health dimension on the “welfare”, “quality of social life”, “burden of disease”, “social support”, and “limitations related to psychological health”.
Dialysis specific dimension related to “cognitive function”, “absence/presence of symptoms”, “disability of dialysis on daily life”, “sexual function” and “sleep”.
A dimension related to patient satisfaction on how it should be dealt with a question about “general satisfaction” and another about “support of the health care team”.
Scoring responses on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is the worst quality of life and 100 the best. A score is calculated for each domain (SMD). This is the maximum N score ratio an individual may have in the area and the patient’s n score in the field. It is expressed as a percentage and can identify the most affected areas. In addition, overall average score (SMG) corresponding to the mean SMD can assess each dimension. A better quality of life with a SMG high score has been noted. We opted firstly, seeking better interpretation of our results, for a standardized 50 with a standard deviation of 10.
The living standard was evaluated using patients’ monthly expenses. In all patients, the Charlson score was calculated [
In a total of 20 patients meeting the inclusion criteria but four patients were excluded for refusal. Thus, 16 patients participated in this study (acceptance rate of 80%). The characteristics of the study population are shown in
On the SF-36, the SMG was 60.11 ± 15.96. The score of physical health dimension is 53.66 ± 16.98 and that of the mental health dimension, 70.85 ± 6.14. SF-36 average scores (SMD) are shown in
For KDQoL, the SMG was 61.83 ± 19.35. The mean scores for each dimension were:
- Physical dimension: 50.55 ± 16.52 22
- Mental health dimension: 66.52 ± 14.14 23
- Dialysis specific dimension: 62.52 ± 21.53 24
- The dimension on patient satisfaction: 85.93 ± 12.06 25
The different SMD for KDQoL are shown in
Alteration of the quality of life was statistically significantly correlated with age in the D18 field (p = 0.01), with the weight in the D1 domains (p = 0.01), D2 (p = 0.03), D3 (p = 0.02) and D18 (p = 0.02), the level of education in the D3 (p = 0.04) and social support in the D2 areas (p = 0.01 ), D6 (p = 0.04), D7 (p = 0.01) and D15 (p = 0.01).
Variables | N (Percent) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 50.25 ± 13.48 | |
Sex-ratio (M/F) | 1.27 | |
Level of formal education | ||
Primary | 03 (18.75%) | |
Secondary | 05 (31.25%) | |
University | 03 (18.75%) | |
Illiterate | 05 (31.25%) | |
Married | 13 (81.25%) | |
Profession | 03 (18.75%) | |
Without profession | 11 (68.75%) | |
Retired | 02 (12.5%) | |
Autonomous | 15 (93.75%) | |
Social support | 12 (75%) | |
Awareness of the disease | 15 (100%) | |
Charlson score | 03 ± | |
Weight (kg) | 64.34 ± | |
APD | 01 (06.2%) | |
CAPD | 15 (93.8%) | |
Peritonitis | 03 episodes |
This is the first study which was conducted in Senegal where the quality of life of PD patients was assessed. The KDQoL was chosen because of its dialysis specific dimension [
About the SF-36, our results are consistent with the
Regarding KDQoL-SF average scores (SMD), the results of field limitations due to physical activity, quality of sexual activity, relationship and life and patient satisfaction showed a similarity with Boini in France [
The main limitation was in the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire. A simple translation in the national language (Wolof) is not enough and a very precise work is needed, particularly as far as exploring the concepts is concerned. You can either create new questionnaires or adapt Anglo-Saxon questionnaires. The size of the sample which is not very representative does not allow for a correct interpretation of the results.
The study shows a poor QOL in PD patients assessed with both SF-36 and KDQoL-SF tools. Physical health was the most impaired item. The main associated factors with QOL were age, weight, social and education level. Given the small sample, a study of a larger scale is necessary in order to better analyze the factors affecting the quality of life.
Kane Yaya,Cisse Mouhamadou Moustapha,Seck Sidy Mohamed,Lemrabott Ahmed Tall,Faye Maria,Hounsounou Christian,Diallo Kalilou,Ka El Hadji Fary,Niang Abdou,Diouf Boucar, (2016) Quality of Life of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis in Dakar: A Senegalese Single Centre Experience. Open Journal of Nephrology,06,37-42. doi: 10.4236/ojneph.2016.62005