Vitamin D is responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc by involving in the metabolism. However, its use in additive field is limited by its low aqueous solubility and chemical stability. So trace amounts of VD 3 was wrapped in β-CD molecule by the method of saturated aqueous vacuum drying, in order to improve its stability, uniformity and solubility in food and feed additive. The inclusion complex was characterized by NMR, IR techniques and compared with original VD 3 in the aspect of stability and bioavailability. Results of orthogonal design experiments show that the optimum technology of inclusion is that the feed ratio of β-CD to VD 3 is 15:1, being stirred for 5 hours at 80 °C. Dispersion of VD 3 in the inclusion complex is more uniform, while stability and absorption rate of inclusion complex are significantly higher than original VD 3.
Vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol, including vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol,) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), whose chemical name is 9,10-open-loop cholesteric 5,7,10(19-) leukotriene-3β-alcohol, and vasoactive substance is 25-hydroxy vitamin D3-abbreviated [25-(OH)-D3] (calcifediol, INN). In recent years, the demand for VD3 is on the rise, which is widely used in areas of food additives, pharmaceutical preparations and feed additives. Vitamin D is responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc by involving in the metabolism. In the liver, vitamin D3 is converted to calcifediol, while vitamin D2 is converted to 25-hydroxy vitamin D2 [25-(OH)-D2]. These two specific vitamin D metabolites are measured in serum to determine personal vitamin D status. Part of the calcifediol is converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone. Calcitriol also affects neuromuscular and immune function [
Original VD3; β-CD; acetonitrile; 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 ELISA kit; ether. Wistar rats (male, weighing 200 ± 20 g).
VD3 standard were precisely Weighed 10.05 mg, placed into 50 ml measuring flask, and dissolved by methanol to make the stock solution whose VD3 concentration was 201.0 μg/ml. Then the stock solution was shaken well and precisely taken 2 ml to a 10 ml volumetric flask, Which Methanol was added to in order to make the standard solution whose VD3 concentration was 40.20 μg/ml. The determinand was precisely Weighed 80 mg to 10 ml measuring flask, and completely wetted up by adding 5 ml dimethyl sulfoxide. Then the particles were ultrasound dissolved. Methanol was added to dilute the solution to the mark. Then the solution was filtered through 0.45 μm organic microporous membrane. The filtrate was the test solution.
By pre-experiment study, the main factors of influencing the effect of inclusion by saturated aqueous solution vacuum drying method were the original feed ratio of β-CD and VD3, the stirring temperature and stirring time. So L9 (34) orthogonal design was used and the inclusion rate was the evaluation index to choose the optimum process (Tables 1-3). Among them, the inclusion rate = amount of drug in inclusion compound/total dosage × 100%.
Β-CD was weighed 15 g, and was suspended in 150 ml distilled water, heated to 60˚C, to make saturated aqueous solution of β-CD; VD3 was weighed 1.0 g and dissolved in 5 ml distilled water. The original VD3 aqueous solution was added dropwise to the β-CD aqueous solution, stirred for 5 h (80˚C, 600 r/min), then frozed for 24 h at 4˚C, vacuum filtered. The filter cake was dried in an electrothermal vacuum oven at room temperature. The VD3-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was obtained by smashing the dried filter cake, weighed, and sifted through the 100 mesh sieve to be reserved [
The calculated and exactly weighed (1:1 molar ratio) amounts of VD3 and β-CD were pulverized in a ceramic
Level | A (β-CD/VD3) | B (stirring temperature) | C (stirring time) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 5:1 | 40˚C | 1 h |
2 | 10:1 | 60˚C | 3 h |
3 | 15:1 | 80˚C | 5 h |
Test number | A | B | C | D | Inclusion rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.3068 |
2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.1258 |
3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.4036 |
4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.1955 |
5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.2012 |
6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0.2884 |
7 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.3093 |
8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.5114 |
9 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0.2825 |
k1 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.79 | |
k2 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.72 | |
k3 | 1.10 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 1.11 | |
Range | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.13 | |
SSj | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.043 | 0.029 |
Source of variation | SS | DOF | Variance | F value | Critical value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.030 | 2 | 0.015 | 23.905 | 4.459 | * |
2 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.003 | 4.069 | ||
3 | 0.043 | 2 | 0.021 | 34.324 | * | |
4 | 0.029 | 2 | 0.014 | 22.814 | * | |
Overall error | 0.005 | 8 | 0.001 |
Notes: *P < 0.05.
mortar and carefully mixed.
VD3, β-CD, the VD3-β-CD inclusion complex made by the best technology and the physical mixture were weighed 10 mg each calculated by the inclusion rate. IR spectra were performed under the same conditions to verify whether the inclusion complex was formed by comparing infrared absorption peak.
Stability constants were measured by the method of thermostatic acceleration. VD3 test sample and inclusion complex were put in thermostatic water bath (25˚C). Samples of 2 ml were taken at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minute, and filtered through 0.45 μm microporous membrane. Finally, the filtrate was measured to record peak area.
30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, and intragastric administrated pure VD3 and VD3 inclusion complex according to 4.5 μg VD3 per kilogram body weight. Concentration of 25-hydroxy VD3 in serum was measured by euzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pharmacokinetic parameters of 25- hydroxy VD3 in Wistar rats’ serum were calculated by PKSolver 2.0 pharmacokinetics software.
The IR spectroscopic analysis confirmed the interaction and the complex formation between VD3 and β-CD. IR spectra of the complex were compared with the physical mixture and pure substances. It can be seen that the stretching vibration peak of O-H in β-CD inclusion complex moves significantly to the high band compared with that in β-CD (change value was 12 cm−1). And the stretching vibration peak of O-H in β-CD inclusion complex becomes stronger and narrower, which shows that association effect between O and H in β-CD molecule is weakened by VD3 intervention, confirming the existence of the inclusion complex (see
Concentration of VD3 at each test time point was calculated by standard curve method. At certain temperature, a graph of logarithm of VD3 concentration (log C) versus time (t) is plotted and fitted, whose slope is m, and the degradation rate constant (K) is equal to −2.303 m. Graph of logarithm of degradation rate constant (log K, K = −2.303 m) versus reciprocal of corresponding absolute temperature (1/T) is a fitted straight line. Results of degradation rate constant at the room temperature (K25) is showed in
Elimination rate constant (k), the half-life period (t1/2), time of maximum concentration (Tmax) and mean residence time (MRT) of VD3-β-CD inclusion complex are similar to those of original VD3, but Cmax, AUC0−∞ are obviously larger. According to the formula: F = AUC0−t(TF-NE)/AUC0−t(TF) × 100%, the relative bioavailability of VD3-β-CD inclusion complex to original VD3 is calculated, and the result is 209%. Through process improvement, dispersion of VD3-β-CD inclusion complex is more uniform, and absorption rate is significantly higher than original VD3 (see
Because of its very small amount in food additive, the inclusion complex is easy to be mixed unevenly, which
m | K | logK | 1/T | t1/2 (h) | t0.9 (h) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
original VD3 | −1.06 × 10−2 | 2.44 × 10−2 | −1.613 | 3.4 × 10−3 | 28.40 | 4.30 |
Inclusion complex | −2.0 × 10−4 | 4.61 × 10−4 | −3.336 | 3.4 × 10−3 | 1503.25 | 227.77 |
pharmacokinetic parameters | Unit | VD3-β-CD inclusion complex | VD3 |
---|---|---|---|
K | min−1 | 7.04 × 10−4 | 8.96 × 10−4 |
t1/2 | min | 985 | 774 |
Tmax | min | 2 | 5 |
Cmax | μg/L | 24.09 | 13.84 |
AUC0−∞ | μg/L∙min | 1.81 × 104 | 7.38 × 103 |
AUC0−t | μg/L∙min | 7.88 × 103 | 3.77 × 103 |
MRT | min | 1.72 × 103 | 1.62 × 103 |
can even lead poisoning [
Fund project (No. 14TXZYJC00440), named science and technology achievements transformation center construction of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Yan Liu,Huayang Zhang, (2016) Study of VD3-β-Clodextrin Inclusion Complex. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,04,163-167. doi: 10.4236/gep.2016.44019