The present study deals with the water quality of Talcher Area. Sample was collected from Ghats of river Brahmani, tube well and tap water of different colonies in Monsoon and in Post Monsoon. The collected sample was analysed in P.G Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University. The parameters studied were DO, pH, Conductivity, Temperature, Sodium, Potassium, Dissolve Oxygen, Total Solid, Chloride, Alkalinity, Hardness, Sulphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate, Phosphate and Fluoride. Water quality index was calculated by using NSF water quality index. Analyzed data were compared with the standard IS: 2296 (Surface Water Quality Standard) and IS: 10500 (Drinking water Quality Standard). The maximum pH of 7.91 ± 0.17 was found at Jagannath Ghat. Maximum average conductivity was found as 559.28 ± 8.92 μS/cm in tube well water of Jagannath colony and minimum was 90.66 ± 1.15 μS/cm in Tarini Ghat. Temperature was maximum 28.5
°C
± 0.36
°C
in tube well water of C.W.S. Colony. The maximum Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Alkalinity and Nitrate content was recorded as 12.37 ± 1.23, 95.9 ± 7.75, 541.66 ± 2.84 and 24.27 ± 0.61 mg/L respectively in tube well water of Balanda colony. The high dissolved oxygen content was recorded as 7.92 ± 0.34 mg/L in tap water of C.W.S. colony. Maximum hardness value was recorded as 326.69 ± 5.30 mg/L in tube well water of C.W.S. colony. The high value of COD and Sulphate was recorded as 188 ± 8 and 132 ± 5.43 mg/L in tube well water of Jagannath colony. Maximum Phosphate and Fluoride content was recorded as 423.27 ± 2.59 and 664.23 ± 5.03 μg/L respectively in Paschimeswar Ghat. Statistical calculation was subjected to two-way ANOVA and Correlation coefficient.
DO Temperature Chloride Sulphate Phosphate1. Introduction
Water is an essential constituent of all the animal and plant life. A river and its tributaries play an important role in industrial and social development. Growing population, accelerating industrialization and intensification of agriculture and also urbanization exert heavy pressure on our vast but limited water resources. Waste water from mining and other related industries is the most common source of water pollution and it is increasing day by day [1] . The effluents from mines and industries have a great deal of influence on the pollution of the water body; these effluents can alter the physical, chemical and biological nature of the receiving water body [2] . Municipal and industrial waste water discharge constitutes a constant polluting source, whereas surface runoff is seasonal phenomenon, largely affected by climate within the basin [3] . However the untreated/partially treated waste water may contain toxic compounds, discharge from industries, mining, domestic and commercial areas enter the surface water body they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed [4] .
Brahmani river basin along Angul-Talcher region is based on heavy deposit of coal and other minerals. Coal mines and related industries spread over major urban and sub-urban areas of that region. Industrialisation is considered the trigger of development strategies due to its significant contribution to the economic growth and human welfare [5] . Availability of water and good infrastructure has to be conducive for industrialization in the study area. River and other streams are not far from the industries and contaminate continuously from point as well as non-point source. Waste generation due to the operation and expansion of mining and industrial activity in Angul-Talcher is going to be a serious negative impact on the water resource in the near future. This problem is persisting and cannot be ignored that it can have a serious long-term impact on water resource. The impact of effluent discharge from mining and other industries on water resources may range from minimal through to severe [6] . The mines of MCL, Aluminium smelter, NTPC’s power plants etc. draw water for their use from the Brahmani and its tributaries and in return they release thousands of gallons of wastewater to the river, which contains obnoxious substances like SS, TDS, ash, oil & grease, heavy metals, fluorides, phosphorus, ammonia, urea and acids. The fly ash generated during these power plant operations and ash ponds in the coalfield area also created environmental hazard particularly in water by increasing the suspended, dissolved and heavy metals concentration. Somewhere the water of river Brahmani including tributaries is not matching the prescribed limits of Indian Standard. The river water samples show that various physical and chemical parameters are not within the class “C” limits of Indian Standard [7] .
2. Objectives2.1. Main Objective
To study the water quality of Talcher area.
2.2. Specific Objectives
・ To study the water quality of river Brahmani flowing through Talcher area.
・ To study the water quality of communal Tube well found in Talcher area.
・ To study the quality of supply water (Tap water) in different colonies of Talcher area for drinking purpose.
3. Study Area
Angul-Talcher Industrial complex of Odisha is situated at latitude 200˚95'N to 210˚10'N and longitude 840˚55'E to 850˚28'E, 139 meter above sea level (MSL) and 150 km away from Bhubaneswar, the state capital of Odisha (Figure 1). It is a thickly populated area. This area is one of the largest coal belts of India. The two major rivers namely Mahanadi and Bramhani are flowing on the two sides of the study area. Taking the advantages of the location, vast coal deposits, water availability and the manpower, Mahanadi Coal Fields Ltd. (MCL) has developed a number of open cast and underground mines in this industrial complex. Besides, a good number of coal based Thermal Power Plants (National Thermal Power Corporation, Kaniha, National Thermal Power Station, Talcher, Captive Power Plant, NALCO, Angul), several heavy industries (National Aluminum Company, Angul, Heavy Water Project, Vikrampur, Bhushan Steel and Strips Ltd., Jindal Power and Steel Ltd., Silicon Steel, Nava Bharat Ferroalloys, Monet Ispat Ltd., Rungta Mines Ltd., etc.), coal washeries and a large number of ancillary medium and small scale industrial units have come up in the area in the last few decade. All these mining and industrial activities have caused significant degradation of environmental quality and now this area is considered
Map of Angul district
as one among 24 hot spots of India. Though coal mines are not having any effluents discharged, the washout of mining areas and drain water from workshops & townships ultimately goes to the river. The coal washeries coming up in the locality may add in future. In this way the river water gets polluted.
4. Materials and Methods
Sampling is the first essential step in accessing the quality of water. The present investigation is carried out during the Monsoon and Post Monsoon season of the year 2014. Water samples were collected in plastic bottles. After collection, the sample has been handled and preserved carefully to prevent any alternation in physical and chemical properties. Water samples were collected from three different sites of the river Brahmani, tube well and tap water of three different colonies. Before releasing of water to the locality area of Angul District, tap water was treated with Alum and Bleaching powder after passing through sand bed and Sabai grass. The three different sites of river Brahmani are Jagannath Ghat, Tarini Ghat and Pashimeswar Ghat and the three Colonies are C.W.S. Colony, Jagannath Colony and Balanda Colony (Figure 2). From 9 sites total 27 samples were collected for analysis and the mean values were considered.
In the present study pH has been measured soon after the collection of samples by a pH meter by electrometric method. Simultaneously the temperature is also measured by the systronic pH meter. Conductivity of the different samples has been measured using a conductivity meter by electrometric method. Sodium and potas-
Google earth map of study area showing sampling locations
sium was estimated by systronic flame photometer. Winkler iodometric method was used for the determination of dissolved oxygen in water samples. The analysis of the sample was done on the basis of standard methods suggested by the American Public Health Association.Total Solid content was determined by Gravimetric method. In the present study chloride content was determined by Argentometric method. Total hardness of the samples was analysed by titration with EDTA using Erichome black-T as an indicator.Total alkalinity and alkalinity due to carbonates, bicarbonates were estimated by titrating the sample with diluted H2SO4 using phenolphthalein as an indicator to pH 8.3 and methyl orange as an indicator to pH 4.2 and 5.4.The titrate value gives phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) and the second one gives total alkalinity (TA). COD is determined by using reflux condenser, ferroin indicator and titrating the sample with ferrous ammonium sulphate. Nitrate and phosphate can be determined by spectrophotometric method. Determination of fluoride is done by SPADNS method.
5. Results and Discussion
The variation in physico-chemical characteristics of the River water, Tube well water and Tap water have been summarized in the Table 1 and Table 2. Analytical results revealed physicochemical characteristics of water samples from nine locations of study area in Monsoon and Post Monsoon period.
5.1. pH
As compared to the river water, tap water & tube well water, the maximum value of pH was found in Jagannath Ghat of river Brahmani i.e. 7.91 ± 0.17 during monsoon period which indicates the alkaline nature of water [8] and the minimum value was found in Pashimeswar Ghat of river Brahman i.e. 6.66 ± 0.29 in post monsoon (Table 1 & Table 2). pH values are well within the range as compared to permissible limit of pH in drinking water which is within 6.5 to 8.5 as per IS: 2296. The water was alkaline in nature which could be due to solutes
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