The protein intake of the population in the Yucatan Peninsula is based upon the different forms of beans naturally developed. The different ecotypes of creole beans that are grown traditionally have been displaced by improved varieties, thereby turning into a risk of losing a valuable source of germ-plasma. The present study is aimed to identify, collect and preserve several bean species genetic resources grown in Campeche, Mexico, in addition to the development of an identification card with the main phenotypic characteristics and yield components. A total of 33 different samples were collected from nine different municipalities statewide; out of those, 15 were Phaseolus vulgaris and 18 Phaseolus lunatus. The collected samples diversity is reflected in the range of growth habits from the bush to the indeterminate climbing species, being these the most representative with about 29 samples, many of those because of the way the planting is carried out, which is traditionally performed in association with the cultivation of corn. Early samples were identified in this diversity with their cycle ranging from 60 to 120 days after emergence. Samples of Phaseolus lunatus with 1.35 to 2.86 t/ha yield potential were also obtained.
The bean has had a rather long traditional consumption dating all the way back to pre-Hispanic times, presenting a wide diversity for both wild and cultivated varieties [
Different bean varieties are cultivated along the state of Campeche; however, it is threatened the conservation of seeds. Due to changes in land use by livestock, use of agrochemicals, genetic erosion, population explosion, disaster, fire and release of improved varieties have resulted in the reduction of the genetic base and the gradual disappearance of native crops or wild [
When we lose the genetic diversity of a species and only a few copies of collection, the work of thousands of years of evolution is lost [
The project “Food legumes inventory and conservation grown in the state of Campeche” was carried out with looking forward to maintaining the different bean varieties grown along the state of Campeche, throughout a plan aimed to encourage both the collecting and preservation of different edible bean variants, in several diverse species that are quite relevant for human nutrition. Consequently, the study was aimed to 1) characterize the germ-plasm richness, abundance and distribution of the Phaseolus wild and cultivated bean species; 2) develop passport identification with phenotypic characteristics and yield components; 3) preserve the genetic resources of several bean species grown in Campeche, Mexico.
Samples were collected between 2011 (10 samples were lunatus and 8 vulgaris) and 2012 (8 samples lunatus and 7 vulgaris). The town and municipality of collection were determined based upon several interviews with producers, looking forward to identify and trace the collection route were wild beans were traditionally grown in the state of Campeche, performing collections in the nine municipalities of Hecelchacán, Hopelchén, Tenabo, Campeche, Champotón, Calakmul, Escárcega, Candelaria and Carmen, plus along 39 towns (
All of the collected samples were established on the field in the town of San Antonio Cayal, located in the Campeche municipality (19˚45'08.14"N and 90˚09'51.84"W, ASNM 31 m); these were sown in plots of six rows and six meters long; the planting distance between rows was 80 cm, plus 10 cm in between plants; a 50 kg density of seed per hectare was used. The cultivation conditions were under temporary planting, having August 24th, 2012 set as the cultivation date. The harvesting took place at the beginning of November for the early samples, coming to an end in the same year by December 29th with the late genotypes. The type of soil in this region is Luvisols known as K’ankab (classification according to the Mayan), red soils with high clay content but with permeable drainage [
The agricultural practice consisted on preparing the cultivation soil throughout two dragging phases, performing the second by cross; the trenching was then carried out, followed by the drawing of the plot size; the planting was done, afterwards. A basal fertilizer application was performed using ammonium phosphate in dosages of 80 kg per hectare, plus 30 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Both manual and chemical weed control, as well as pest control was performed; furthermore, tutors were also set on site because most of the Phaseolus collected were samples sown associated with corn and classified as type IV growth.
The data was recorded in order to differentiate the samples as flowering days, maturity days, grain color, flower color, grains number per pod, grain yield and growth habit; the bean evaluation manual was used for data evaluation [
A total of 33 Phaseolus samples were collected; 15 samples were from the vulgaris species and 18 were lunatus
(
The largest number of Phaseolus genotypes were located in the Campeche municipality (21 genotypes), followed by the Champotón and Hecelchacán with 4 genotypes, respectively. The lowest number of genotypes was located in the municipalities of Hopelchén (2), Tenabo (1) and Escárcega (1) (
The lunatus species is recognized by the Mayan farmers as ib, ibes or lime bean; the cultivation of this bean in the region has played a key role in the diet of the Mayan culture, being the fourth most important crop for the traditional Mayan agriculture in the Yucatan peninsula [
Col. | Located | Common name | Beans color | Days to flowering | Days to maturity | Weight of 500 seeds (g) | Production cycle |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | Campeche | T’zamáa red sheath | Black | 40 | 113 | 98.94 | *Intermediate |
C2 | Hopelchén | Cole buul | Black | 38 | 115 | 103.38 | Intermediate |
C3 | Hecelchacán | Mejen ib | Red | 30 | 70 | 127.44 | Short |
C4 | Hecelchacán | Ibes white | White | 50 | 132 | 132.22 | Intermediate |
C5 | Hopelchén | Ibes munition | White | 42 | 112 | 142.62 | Intermediate |
C6 | Hecelchacán | Zot chet buul | Black | 35 | 80 | 112.5 | Long |
C7 | Campeche | Bush black beans | Black | 42 | 118 | 75.03 | Intermediate |
C8 | Campeche | Colored green beans | Red | 49 | 132 | 89.04 | Intermediate |
C9 | Champotón | Red creole beans | Red | 47 | 129 | 110.47 | Long |
C10 | Champotón | Mejen buul | Black | 32 | 73 | 145.16 | Short |
C11 | Champotón | Rod bean red sheath | Red | 43 | 120 | 129.95 | Intermediate |
C12 | Campeche | T’zamáa green sheath | Black | 41 | 113 | 141.32 | Intermediate |
C13 | Campeche | T’zamáa Bush long sheath | Black | 35 | 85 | 131.5 | Intermediate |
C14 | Campeche | T’zamáa marbled sheath | Black | 42 | 115 | 120.89 | Intermediate |
C15 | Campeche | Ibes pinto creole | Pinto | 45 | 110 | 193.31 | Long |
C16 | Hecelchacán | Ibes white plane | White | 45 | 115 | 139.31 | Long |
C17 | Campeche | Charro beans | Red | 35 | 102 | 282.17 | Intermediate |
C18 | Campeche | Ibes cream plane | Cream | 43 | 113 | 136.97 | Intermediate |
C19 | Campeche | Ibes dark purple | Dark purple | 41 | 119 | 175.99 | Intermediate |
C20 | Campeche | Ibes light red | Red | 35 | 95 | 136.76 | Intermediate |
C21 | Campeche | Ibes light purple | Light purple | 35 | 95 | 167.21 | Long |
C22 | Escárcega | Ibes black plane | Black | 42 | 112 | 177.67 | Long |
C23 | Campeche | Creole Bush beans | Black | 30 | 73 | 87.07 | Intermediate |
C24 | Tenabo | Ibes pink | Pink | 30 | 90 | 132.62 | Long |
C25 | Campeche | Ibes light pink | Pink | 45 | 115 | 140.21 | Long |
C26 | Campeche | Ibes cream-black pinto | Cream-Black Pinto | 45 | 115 | 149.87 | Intermediate |
C27 | Campeche | Ibes white-black pinto | White-Black Pinto | 42 | 112 | 170.0 | Intermediate |
C28 | Campeche | Ibes black | Black | 42 | 112 | 159.86 | Long |
C29 | Campeche | Ibes fucsia | Fuscia | 30 | 90 | 133.86 | Intermediate |
C30 | Campeche | Ibes cream-black marbled | Cream-Black marbled | 43 | 113 | 165.28 | Intermediate |
C31 | Kesté | Bean pigeon paw | Red | 48 | 131 | 45.18 | Long |
C32 | Campeche | Ibes cream-pink pinto | Cream-Pink Pinto | 45 | 118 | 141.45 | Long |
C33 | Campeche | Red beans | Red | 45 | 118 | 85.38 | Intermediate |
*Production cycle times: Short (60 - 90 days), Intermediate (91 - 120 days), Long (121 - 150 days)
A pretty good idea related with the relevance of genetic resources is provided by such bean diversity among regional farmers, as well as the in situ germ-plasma preservation, which keeps being used year after year as part of the family heritage [
An objective of this sample collection was to have the genetic variation revealed in the traditional ecotypes for their future preservation and subsequent improvement. The collected and evaluated samples were sent to the germ-plasma bank based at the National Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SINAREFI), located at the University of Guadalajara in the municipality of Zapopan, Jalisco.
The yield achieved by the collections that were carried out is shown in
The wild varieties potential versus the commercial varieties has been reported by several studies in such regard, mainly concerning yield performance, physical quality and protein content [
The precipitation that took place from the samples planting date (
Species | Common name | Yield kg/ha |
---|---|---|
lunatus | Mejen Ib | 2867 |
Ibes black plane | 1327 | |
Ibes white | 1282 | |
Ibes munition | 1104 | |
Ibes pinto creole | 788 | |
vulgaris | T’zamáa red sheath | 953 |
T’zamáa green sheath | 755 | |
T’zamáa marbled sheath | 943 | |
Mejen buul | 633 |
[
A total of 33 different types of Phaseolus species were identified and collected in the state of Campeche, out of which 15 belonged to the P. vulgaris species and 18 to P. lunatus. The diversity of the collected samples was reflected in the range of growth habits from the bush to the indeterminate climbing species, being the latter the most representative, with about 29 samples, many of those due because of how they were planted, which was a process traditionally performed in association with the cultivation of corn. Early samples were identified in this diversity with a 60 to 120 days fluctuating cycle after emergence; samples with a 1.35 to 2.86 t/ha yield potential were obtained in two Phaseolus lunatus samples.
FermínOrona-Castro,RogelioLépiz-Ildelfonso,JuanMedina-Mendez,Mónica GuadalupeLozano-Contreras,MirnaHernández Pérez, (2015) Phaseolus Genetic Resources Grown in Campeche, Mexico. Agricultural Sciences,06,1464-1471. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.612142