Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm with many applications that are integrated with IT organization having the freedom to migrate services between different physical servers. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with a pairwise comparison matrix technique for applications has been used for serving resources. AHP is a mathematical technique for multi-criteria decision-making used in cloud computing. The growth in cloud computing for resource allocation is sudden and raises complex issues with quality of services for selecting applications. Finally, based on the selected criteria, applications are ranked using the pairwise comparison matrix of AHP to determine the most effective scheme. The presented AHP technique represents a well-balanced multi criteria priorities synthesis of various applications effect factors that must be taken into consideration when making complex decisions of this nature. Keeping in view wide range of applications of cloud computing an attempt has been made to develop multiple criteria decision making model.
Cloud computing is becoming an increasingly popular computing model in which computing resources are made available on-demand to the user as needed [
AHP is a mathematical technique used for multi-criteria decision-making. This is better than other multi-criteria techniques. It's designed to incorporate tangible as well as non-tangible factors, especially where the subjective judgments of different individuals constitute an important part of decision making [
This technique proposed on weight priorities and ranking mechanism of task based on correctness of consistency ratio is proved mathematically and multi criteria evaluation hierarchy [
Intensity of importance | Definition |
---|---|
1 | Equal importance |
2 | Weak |
3 | Moderate importance |
4 | Moderate plus |
5 | Strong importance |
6 | Strong plus |
7 | Very strong or demonstrated importance |
8 | Very, very strong |
9 | Extreme importance |
available in a cloud computing environment that uses AHP to prioritize product characteristic based on an expert scoring system [
Saaty TL has proposed a consistency index CI which is related to the Eigen value method.
where n = dimension of the matrix, 𝜆max = maximum Eigen value.
The consistency ratio, the ratio of CI and RI, is given by:
CR = CI/RI (2)
where RI is the random index (the average CI of 500 randomly filled matrices).
If CR is less than 10%, then the matrix can be considered as having an acceptable consistency [
I. Create a decision hierarchy by breaking down the problem into a hierarchy of decision elements.
II. Collect input by a pairwise comparison of decision elements.
III. Determine whether the input data satisfies a consistency test. If it does not, go back to Step II and redo the pairwise comparisons.
IV. Calculate the relative weights of the decision elements.
V. Aggregate the relative weights to obtain scores and hence rankings for the decision alternatives.
The first two steps are related to the popularity of AHP, which are decision maker involved in the model that does not require advanced knowledge of either mathematics or decision analysis to perform [
The correctness of QoS comprises start time, the latest completion time, total completion time, finish time and so on. We select the total completion time (the time interval that a task is submitted to the completion) as the assessment index. TF represents the execution time of task Ti, it can be depicted as (3).
TF = Twait + Texec + Ttrans (3)
n | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 0.58 | 0.89 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.49 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.59 |
Twait represents the waiting times, Texec stands for the task execution time, Ttrans means the task transmission time. For customers of real time necessity, it expects the tasks should be completed in as little time as possible.
Bandwidth needs for adjustment to the application of regular communication, which customers demand higher communication bandwidth. For multimedia traffic demand, it needs to study bandwidth first. Usually, bandwidth depends on the bandwidth value of ISP that provides cloud computing services. Simultaneously, it is related to the customer's local host configuration. Commonly, in the cloud computing services, bandwidth is a fixed quantitative value. It can be depicted as (4).
BW represents the actual bandwidth value, BWISP means the service bandwidth that ISP provided, α is the line factor that access to the services. For example, the same service provides customer’s bandwidth is not same for all the services such as LAN and ADSL, because the quality of the lines.
Customers with lengthy tasks, cloud computing must deliver a stable and reliable performance, such as cloud storage service. Customers with lengthy tasks, may fail because resource lost its strength. Selecting high reliability of the resources in cloud computing can improve the quality of its services significantly. Generally, reliability of network can be measured by MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) and MTTR (Mean Time To Repair). They can be depicted as (5) and (6).
MTBF = 1/λ (5)
𝜆 stands for the average fault cycle
Rrate denotes the fault response speed, R repair means the fault repair speed, β is the failure treatment factor.
Cloud computing pays a fee as essential. The usage charges are an element that customers are concerned about. Customers who want the low cost service will set the cost as a measurable standard of the cloud computing. We can depict the costs of the virtual machines as (7):
Pi represents the amount of resources, C is the resource costs of units.
Unpredicted growth in cloud computing for resource allocation raises complex issues with quality of services for selecting applications to minimum cost, migration by balancing work where and when needed. Three criteria were considered while designing the components. They are Desktop app (DA), Cloud app (CA) and Web app (WA). CA is an application program that function in the cloud with some characteristics of pure web app. DA occupies totally on a single device at the user’s location. WA is stored totally on remote server and is delivered over the internet through browser interface. The structures of these components (reliability, bandwidth, cost, completion time etc) are given in the (
To solve the hierarchy following steps are needed and discussed below.
In the real world, decision-making problems are filled with uncertainty. The decision hierarchy formulated by breaking down the problem into a hierarchy of decision components. Systematic step to find the requirement for selective application. The application can be Desktop app (DA), cloud app (CA) and Web app (WA). In offline the desktop app and cloud app will respond faster. While in online cloud app and web app need not permanently engaged on the local device. Cloud app is user control of storage. The user has a reasonably fast Internet connection, a good code cloud app extends all the interactivity of a desktop app by with the portability of a Web app.
AHP is used as a tool for systematically analysis the subjective judgments of several experts belonging to the various fields in this step. To avoid bias that can be presented on judgments are considered from single expert user needs more expert consulting. Hence, for selection three different states an expert for decision making. The nominal ratio scale of 1 to 9 is adopted for pairwise comparison [
The results of pair wise comparisons are filled in positive reciprocal matrices to calculate the eigenvector and eigen value. The consistency of the judgments is determined by a measure called consistency ratio (CR). The consistency ratio is obtained to filter out the inconsistent judgments, when the value of the consistency index (CI) < 0.1. All the judgments are found to be consistent and accepted for analysis.
The geometric mean method has been the most widely applied methods in AHP for aggregation of individual preferences when more than one expert is involved in the decision-making. All the expert opinions are consistent, but entirely different from other. Geometric mean of individual opinions is calculated and entered in the final judgmental matrix for finding out the ranks of the alternatives.
The framework uses an AHP technique for prioritization
For using AHP
{
Create total of all attribute such as reliability, bandwidth, completion time and cost with consistency
}
Calculate the weight by GM
Find the weight associated with each application. The propose framework will select an application by the relative weight level value associated with each application. For the sake of better understanding of the benefit of proposed scheme, we have investigated the priority vectors (PV) that are acceptable to a different user for data collection. The next level 2 will be to compare pairs of alternatives with respect to Reliability. The decision taken will decide for each comparison which alternative is the lower with respect to Reliability, giving its reliability a weight of 1. Using the AHP Fundamental Scale (
The next level is to weight matrix, by using the method AHP method. The AHP method had pros to support group decision making through accord by calculating the geometric mean of the individual pairwise comparisons depicts in
The consistency ratio (CR) for the pairwise comparisons was calculated to be 0.0332.
This matrix can be processed mathematically, the AHP derives priorities for the alternatives with respect to reliability. Priorities are sized by their relative strengths, derived from the judgment of the judgment makers as entered into the matrix. These can also be calculated by hand, or with a spreadsheet, or by using specialized AHP software. The same procedure can be used to calculate the weight to the matrices for Bandwidth, Completion time and Cost by the judgment maker for comparisons as shown in (Tables 5-7).
The consistency ratio (CR) for the pairwise comparisons was calculated to be 0.0739.
The consistency ratio (CR) for the pairwise comparisons was calculated to be 0.074.
The consistency ratio (CR) for the pairwise comparisons was calculated to be 0.0559.
As the judgement makers have evaluated the alternatives to their strength in satisfying the criteria, they will now evaluate the criteria with their importance to reach goal. In this case, the judgment makers have agreed on the following relative weights for the various pairs of Criteria are depicted in (
The consistency ratio (CR) for the pairwise comparisons was calculated to be 0.0078.
DA | 3 | CA | 1 | CA reliability is moderately preferred to that of DA. Weight: 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 1 | WA | 4 | DA reliability is moderately preferred to that of WA. Weight: 4 |
CA | 1 | WA | 5 | CA reliability is strongly preferred to that of WA. Weight: 5 |
R | DA | CA | WA | PV |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 1 | 1/3 | 3 | 0.2605 |
CA | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.6333 |
WA | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.1062 |
A | DA | CA | WA | PV |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 1 | 1/3 | 4 | 0.2842 |
CA | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.6194 |
WA | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.0964 |
S | DA | CA | WA | PV |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 1 | 3 | 1/4 | 0.2311 |
CA | 1/3 | 1 | 1/5 | 0.1038 |
WA | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0.6651 |
S | DA | CA | WA | PV |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA | 1 | 1/5 | 3 | 0.1932 |
CA | 5 | 1 | 1/7 | 0.7235 |
WA | 1/3 | 7 | 1 | 0.0833 |
Criteria | Reliability | Bandwidth | Completion time | Cost | Priority |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0.5056 |
Bandwidth | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.2642 |
Completion time | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 0.1434 |
Cost | 0.2 | 0.3333 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.0868 |
From this decision, Reliability, the highest ranked Criterion to Goal, is about twice as important to the goal as the second highest ranked Criterion, Bandwidth. Similarly, Bandwidth is about twice as important as Cost, which in turn is about twice as important as Completion time as depicts in (
Pairwise comparison of four components requires six separate comparisons, while for three components require three. The above refers pairwise comparisons of the four components require a larger matrix. This method has a cons in a cloud computing environment as the number of pairwise comparisons to be made, may become very large
As we have known the priorities of Criteria to Goal, and the priorities of Alternatives Criteria, we can conveniently calculate the priorities of Alternatives Goal as depicts in (
Column X depicts priorities of alternatives Criteria. Column Y depict priority criteria to goal. Column Z depict product of two, which is global priority of each alternative to goal. Overall priorities for all alternatives.
Consequent upon the AHP result, the Cloud app (CA) that can process two or more kinds has the highest overall priority of 0.59 in reaching the goal. The Desktop app with an overall priority of 0.25 is second while the Web app at 0.15 overall priority is third. However, results from (
Reliability | 2 | Bandwidth | 1 | Reliability is somewhat moderately more important than Bandwidth. Weight: 2. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability | 4 | Completion time | 1 | Reliability is somewhat strongly more important than Completion time. Weight: 4. |
Reliability | 5 | Completion time | 1 | Reliability is strongly more important than Completion time. Weight: 5. |
Bandwidth | 2 | Cost | 1 | Bandwidth is somewhat moderately more important than Cost. Weight: 2. |
Bandwidth | 3 | Cost | 1 | Bandwidth is moderately more important than Cost. Weight: 3 |
Completion time | 1 | Cost | 2 | Completion time is therefore, somewhat moderately more important than Cost. Weight: 2. |
Priority | Alternative | X | Y | Z | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability 0.51 | DA CA WA | 0.2605 0.6333 0.1062 | * * * | 0.51 0.51 0.51 | 0.1328 0.3229 0.0541 |
Bandwidth 0.26 | DA CA WA | 0.2842 0.6194 0.0964 | * * * | 0.26 0.26 0.26 | 0.0738 0.1610 0.0250 |
Completion time 0.14 | DA CA WA | 0.1932 0.7235 0.0833 | * * * | 0.14 0.14 0.14 | 0.0270 0.1013 0.0117 |
Cost 0.09 | DA CA WA | 0.2311 0.1038 0.6651 | * * * | 0.09 0.09 0.09 | 0.0208 0.0093 0.0599 |
Alternative | Global priority to | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reliability | Bandwith | Completion time | Cost | Goal | |
DA | 0.1328 | 0.0739 | 0.027 | 0.0208 | 0.2545 |
CA | 0.323 | 0.161 | 0.101 | 0.009 | 0.5945 |
WA | 0.054 | 0.025 | 0.012 | 0.06 | 0.151 |
Total | 0.51 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 1.0000 |
This paper discusses the result to identify an achievable automation application, and the content should break down to task level. We have added attributes such as the reliability, bandwidth, completion time and cost level analysis during the application prioritization but still other attributes are not included. This analysis can help to re-prioritize for new attributes that are not considered. The proposed framework for the AHP approach will serve as a useful tool for judgment makers to value the range of performance issues that need to be considered when making complex decisions concerning applications. Moreover, the AHP hierarchical structure in this paper presents the well-balanced multi criteria priorities synthesis of various applications factors that must be judged by users for more competition. The AHP is an excellent approach for evaluation intangible concerns. Above case study depicts that CA is better in terms of reliability, completion time and cost with respect to WA which is better for scalability. In future these applications will play a vital role in terms of above mention agile resources at data centers.
AvtarSingh,KamleshDutta, (2015) Apply AHP for Resource Allocation Problem in Cloud. Journal of Computer and Communications,03,13-21. doi: 10.4236/jcc.2015.310002