According to the results of studies in the region of lower Yenisei River to the Kara Sea shelf in September 2009, the flora of chrysophyte algae in the zone of river and sea water mixing comprises 43 species of the classes Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae. Most of them are cosmopolitan and widespread, but four rare species have also been recorded. The most frequent species are Synura petersenii f. petersenii, S. petersenii f. kufferathii, Spiniferomonas takahashii, Mallomonas acaroides, and M. crassisquama. The composition of chrysophyte flora in the study region is similar to that in some lakes of the Taimyr Peninsula. It has been found that the diversity of chrysophytes in the zone of river and sea water mixing depends on water salinity, with a group of species occurring at increased salinity levels. It includes Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina (5.2‰), Kephyrion spirale (5.2‰) and Mallomonas crassisquama (8‰). These data contribute to knowledge of how the distribution of chrysophytes responds to changes in ecological conditions such as water salinity, turbidity, pH, and concentrations of oxygen and mineral phosphorus.
Chrysophyte algae (Chrysophyta) are an important component of phytoplankton that is highly responsive to changes in the aquatic environment [
In recent years, a number of studies have been performed on water bodies of the Arctic zone, where the climate is severe with long, cold winters and a short open-water period. In the majority of lakes studies, this period is only 2 - 3 months, and the lakes are oligotrophic or even ultraoligotrophic. Chrysophytes are proved to be a dominant group of phytoplankton in many of these lakes [
In this study, electron microscopic methods are used to evaluate the diversity of chrysophytes depending on hydrochemical parameters in the zone of mixing of Yenisei River and Kara Sea waters.
During an expedition carried out in September 1-24, 2009, samples of phytoplankton and water were taken at 33 stations located in the lower Yenisei (st. 24-34), Yenisei Gulf (st. 1-4, 10, 22, 23), Gydan Bay (st. 11-19), and the Kara Sea shelf (st. 5-9, 20, 21) (
Water samples for chemical analysis were cleared of suspended matter by filtering through membranes with a pore size of 0.45 µm (VladiSart, Russia). Nutrient elements were determined by colorimetric methods [
Qualitative samples of phytoplankton were collected with a Juday plankton net (nylon fabric mesh No. 70) and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol. Scaled chrysophytes were identified and analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Samples for SEM were concentrated on membrane filters with a pore diameter of 1.2 µm (Millipore, United States), sputter-coated with gold, and analyzed under a Philips 525 M scanning electron microscope. In case of TEM, a concentrated sample was placed onto a Formvar-coated grid and examined under a LEO 906E transmission electron microscope. A total of 66 samples were analyzed. Sørensen’s coefficient of similarity was calculated as described [
Sørensen’s coefficient of similarity was determined by formula:
where с is the number of common species; а is the number of species in the water bodies of ecosystems studied;
b is the number of species in the water bodies at the compared territories.
Floral link coefficient is calculated by the formula:
where x is the number of specific species in the water bodies of studied ecosystems; y is the number of specific species in the water bodies at the compared territories; r is the number of common species [
Conditions of formation, hydrophysical parameters, and chemical composition of water masses in the study region are diverse (
Station No. | Date | Coordinates | Max. depth, m | T, ˚С | рН | О2, mg∙l−1 | Turbidity, mg∙l−1 | Salinity, ‰ | P, µg∙l−1 | Conductivity, μS∙сm−1 | Si, mg∙l−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sept. 1 | 72˚26'27.00''N, 80˚49'37.20''E | 29 | 11.6 | 8.09 | 10.4 | 5.85 | 1 | 8 | 2000 | 3.97 |
2 | Sept. 1 | 72˚37'58.80''N, 80˚33'26.46''E | 15 | 9.9 | 8.05 | 10.7 | 9.25 | 2 | 8 | 3420 | 3.31 |
3 | Sept. 1 | 72˚46'49.92''N, 80˚26'16.92''E | 15 | 9.5 | 7.98 | 10.7 | 13.02 | 3.12 | 9 | 5540 | 3.03 |
4 | Sept. 1 | 73˚00'45.47''N, 80˚16'15.20''E | 19 | 10.2 | 8.03 | 10.7 | 6.04 | 3.8 | 6 | 7150 | 2.85 |
5 | Sept. 1 | 73˚10'43.34''N, 80˚12'35.15''E | 26.5 | 9.4 | 8.06 | 10.8 | 6.98 | 3.42 | 6 | 6050 | 2.68 |
6 | Sept. 1 | 73˚23'57.78''N, 80˚28'23.60''E | 26.5 | 8.6 | 8.07 | 10.9 | 6.98 | 5 | 8 | 8540 | 2.49 |
7 | Sept. 4 | 73˚09'00.28''N, 80˚16'24.84''E | 25 | 8.2 | 8.07 | 8.7 | 6.98 | 2.5 | 10 | 5180 | 2.89 |
8 | Sept. 4 | 73˚07'05.69''N, 80˚08'06.48''E | 25 | 9.6 | 8.07 | 10.9 | 7.36 | 3.8 | 13 | 7410 | 2.79 |
9 | Sept. 4 | 73˚04'57.23''N, 79˚58'49.95''E | 23 | 9.9 | 8.11 | 10.9 | - | 3 | 12 | 6060 | 3.03 |
10 | Sept. 5 | 72˚38'48.33''N, 80˚08'09.76''E | 17 | 9.6 | 8.01 | 10.7 | 12.83 | 3.12 | 10 | 6020 | 2.67 |
11 | Sept. 6 | 71˚45'59.98''N, 75˚17'24.64''E | 4.5 | 9.9 | 7.86 | 11.0 | 33.77 | 5.9 | 14 | 10,030 | 0.92 |
12 | Sept. 7 | 71˚46'25.60''N, 75˚31'17.23''E | 6.2 | 9 | 7.89 | 11.0 | 50.00 | 5.4 | 20 | 9050 | 1.21 |
13 | Sept. 7 | 71˚46'33.34''N, 75˚48'33.60''E | 10.7 | 9.1 | 7.94 | 10.8 | 54.53 | 3.8 | 23 | 7890 | 1.75 |
14 | Sept. 7 | 71˚46'36.89''N, 75˚58'49.61''E | 6.7 | 9.3 | 7.93 | 11.0 | 56.60 | 5.5 | 24 | 10,480 | 1.28 |
15 | Sept. 7 | 71˚46'51.47''N, 76˚04'14.11''E | 5.5 | 9.9 | 7.91 | 11.0 | 108.49 | 3.1 | 21 | 6090 | 0.92 |
16 | Sept. 9 | 71˚10'30.63''N, 77˚22'37.69''E | 2 | 9.6 | 7.65 | 11.0 | 60.00 | 0.2 | 0 | 546 | 0.14 |
17 | Sept. 9 | 71˚11'37.40''N, 77˚27'34.01''E | 4 | 10.3 | 7.64 | 10.9 | 85.28 | 0.04 | 2 | 86.8 | 0.15 |
18 | Sept. 9 | 71˚13'28.61''N, 77˚33'56.36''E | 7.5 | 10.4 | 7.57 | 11.1 | 71.51 | 0.03 | 1 | 42.8 | 0.11 |
19 | Sept. 9 | 71˚14'40.14''N, 77˚41'09.22''E | 4 | 10.6 | 7.55 | 11.3 | 197.55 | 0.1 | 5 | 205 | 0.11 |
20 | Sept. 10 | 72˚27'13.56''N, 77˚03'19.32''E | 5 | 8.4 | 7.98 | 10.9 | 133.40 | 5.7 | 20 | 10,380 | 2.10 |
21 | Sept. 10 | 72˚37'12.81''N, 77˚31'29.63''E | 5 | 8.8 | 8.01 | 10.8 | 56.60 | 3.6 | 19 | 7510 | 2.11 |
22 | Sept. 11 | 72˚33'24.17''N, 79˚18'08.27''E | 13.5 | 8.1 | 8.03 | 10.9 | 14.72 | 8 | 17 | 12,730 | 2.71 |
23 | Sept. 13 | 72˚20'46.75''N, 80˚15'11.66''E | 10.5 | 8.4 | 7.98 | 11.0 | 128.68 | 5.2 | 26 | 9030 | 2.84 |
24 | Sept. 15 | 71˚52'31.04''N, 82˚49'22.12''E | 9.5 | 9.9 | 8.04 | 10.7 | 17.36 | 0.2 | 13 | 299 | 2.26 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | Sept. 15 | 71˚50'30.14''N, 82˚47'06.19''E | 23.9 | 9.8 | 8.04 | 10.9 | 27.17 | 0.16 | 11 | 215 | 2.29 |
27 | Sept. 15 | 71˚46'08.09''N, 82˚42'23.52''E | 6.9 | 9.2 | 7.95 | 11.0 | 68.87 | 0.4 | 15 | 704 | 2.21 |
28 | Sept. 16 | 71˚24'13.90''N, 83˚23'05.10''E | 9.2 | 8.8 | 7.96 | 11.1 | 20.57 | 0.14 | 6 | 164 | 2.02 |
29 | Sept. 16 | 71˚24'17.97''N, 83˚11'47.95''E | 23 | 9.5 | 7.95 | 10.8 | 14.53 | 0.14 | 8 | 158 | 2.05 |
30 | Sept. 16 | 71˚24'04.76''N, 83˚03'58.88''E | 10 | 8.7 | 8.06 | - | 14.53 | 0.1 | 9 | 163 | 2.09 |
31 | Sept. 18 | 70˚43'05.78'' N, 83˚30'07.66''E | 16.5 | 10.5 | 7.95 | 10.6 | 10.38 | 0.1 | 6 | 163 | 1.98 |
32 | Sept. 18 | 70˚37'40.10''N, 83˚28'13.79''E | 12.7 | 10.5 | 7.93 | - | 8.11 | 0.1 | 6 | 166.2 | 2.01 |
33 | Sept. 18 | 70˚30'41.34''N, 83˚21'06.43''E | - | 10.8 | 7.93 | - | 7.74 | 0.1 | 6 | 161.3 | 2.01 |
34 | Sept. 24 | 69˚58'46.38''N, 83˚32'26.79''E | - | 10.2 | 8.2 | 11.7 | 4.34 | 0.1 | 2 | 179.3 | 2.23 |
m). The salinity of surface waters in the study period varied from 0.03 ‰ in the southern part of Gydan Bay to 5.7‰ in its northern part and in the Kara Se shelf. Water temperature in the lower Yenisei varied between 9.2˚C and 10.8˚С, gradually decreasing to 8.2˚C - 8.6˚С in the Yenisei Gulf and Kara Sea shelf. Water temperature in Gydan Bay was almost uniform throughout its area (9.6˚С - 10.6˚С). Dissolved oxygen reached a peak of 11.7 mg∙l−1 in the lower Yenisei, varied between 10.3 and 10.9 in Gydan Bay, and decreased to 8.7 mg∙l−1 in the coastal sea waters. Water pH values were fairly high, from 7.55 in the lower Yenisei and Gydan Bay to 8.2 in the Yenisei Gulf. The concentration of dissolved silicon was the lowest in Gydan Bay (0.10 - 0.15 mg∙l−1), slightly varied along the river segment (from 2.0 to 2.2 mg∙l−1), and increased to 2.7 - 3.3 mg∙l−1 in the Yenisei Gulf. Minerl phosphorus concentration gradually increased from 2 to 15 µg∙l−1 along the river segment and varied between 5 and 13 µg∙l−1 in water areas of Yenisei Gulf and Gydan Bay.
As noted previously [
In the lower Yenisei (st. 24-34), chrysophytes were represented by 27 species. The group of often found species included Spiniferomonas takahashii, S. trioralis, Paraphysomonas gladiata, P. vestita, Synura petersenii, Mallomonas acaroides and M. crassisquama were also often found at st. 1 and 25 (
The chrysophyte community in the freshwater part of Gydan Bay (st. 11-19) consisted of 25 species, mainly cosmopolitan and widespread. The most frequent species were Spiniferomonas serrata, Mallomonas crassisquama, Synura petersenii, and Chrysosphaerella brevispina. The genus Spiniferomonas was better represented
No. | Species | Fresh waters | Mixed waters | Sea waters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 23 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 21 | 20 | |||||||
1 | Chrysosphaerella brevispina Korschikov | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
2 | C. coronacircumspina Wujek and Kristiansen | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
3 | Kephyrion amphorula Conrad | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
4 | K. boreale Skuja | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
5 | K. inconstans (Schmid) Bourrelly | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
6 | K. spirale (Lackey) Conrad | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
7 | Mallomonas acaroides Perty em. Ivanov | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
8 | M. alpina Pascher et Ruttner em. Asmund et Kristiansen | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
9 | M. akrokomos Ruttner in Pascher | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
10 | M. caudata Ivanov em. Krieger | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
11 | M. costata Dürrschmidt | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
12 | M. crassisquama (Asmund) Fott | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
13 | M. elongata Perty | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
14 | M. heterospina Lund | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
15 | M. multiunca var. pocosinensis Siver | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
16 | M. punctifera Korschikov | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
17 | M. striata var. striata Asmund | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
18 | M. tonsurata Telling em. Krieger | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
19 | Pseudokephyrion entzii Conrad | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
20 | P. undulatissimum Scherffel | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
21 | Chrysococcus furcatus (Dolgoff) Nicholls | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
22 | Dinobryon bavaricum Imhof | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
23 | D. cylindricum Imhof | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |||||
24 | D. divergens Imhof | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | D. sociale (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
26 | D. suecicum var. longispinum Lemmermann | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
27 | Synura echinulata f. echinulata Korschikov | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
28 | S. petersenii f. petersenii Korschikov | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
29 | S. petersenii f. kufferathii Petersen et Hansen | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
30 | S. spinosa Korschikov | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
31 | S. splendida Korschikov | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
32 | Paraphysomonas imperforata Lucas | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
33 | P. gladiata Preisig et Hibberd | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
34 | P. vestita (Stokes) De Saedeler | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
35 | Spiniferomonas sp. | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
36 | S. abei Takahash | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
37 | S. bilacuтosa Takahashi | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
38 | S. bourrellyi Takahashi | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
39 | S. serrata Nicholls | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
40 | S. takahashii Nicholls | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
41 | S. triongularis Siver | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
42 | S. trioralis Takahashi | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Total number of species | 11 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 14 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 9 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
in the bay (seven species) than in the lower Yenisei, Yenisei Gulf, and Kara Sea coastal waters; species of the genera Kephyrion and Pseudokephyrion were also regularly found in plankton samples. Species such as M. heterospina, M. akrokomos and M. elongata were recorded at station 18, where the species diversity of chrysophytes was the highest (
The diversity of chrysophytes in the Yenisei Gulf (st. 1-4, 10, 22, 23) was slightly lower (24 species). As in the lower Yenisei, the group of most frequent species included Spiniferomonas takahashii, Synura petersenii f. petersenii, S. petersenii f. kufferathii, and, to a lesser extent, Mallomonas acaroides, M. alpina, M. crassisquama and Paraphysomonas gladiata. Some chrysophytes recorded in the gulf―Synura echinulata, S. splendida (st. 10), and Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina (st. 23, 10)―did not occur at other stations, including those in the river segment. Only a few samples contained species such as P. vestita (st. 2), M. akrokomos (st. 1), M. heterospina (st. 3), S. bourrellyi (st. 4). Chrysophytes of the genus Dinobryon occurred mainly in fresh waters of the lower Yenisei and Gydan Bay, with only single D. cylindricum cells occurring in samples of mixed waters from the Yenisei Gulf (
Samples from stations in the Kara Sea shelf (st. 5-9, 20, 21) contained a total of 19 chrysophyte species, most of them widespread and cosmopolitan (Synura petersenii f. petersenii, S. petersenii f. kufferathii, Mallomonas crassisquama, etc.). In addition, a rare form such as M. multiunca var. pocosiensis was recorded there (
As follows in
[
No. | G | Species | T, ˚С | рН | O2, mg∙L−1 | Turbidity, mg∙L−1 | Salinity, ‰ | Si, µg∙L−1 | Conductivity, μS∙сm−1 | P, µg∙L−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | wc | Chrysosphaerella brevispina | 8.7 - 11.6 | 7.57 - 8.2 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 71.5 | 0.03 - 3.8 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 42.8 - 7410 | 0 - 13 |
2 | wc | C. coronacircumspina | 8.4 - 10.4 | 7.57 - 8.07 | 10.7 - 11.4 | 7.36 - 128.68 | 0.03 - 5.2 | 0.11 - 2.84 | 42.8 - 7410 | 0 - 26 |
3 | - | Kephyrion amphorula | 8.7 - 10.4 | 7.57 - 8.06 | 10.7 - 11.1 | 14.53 - 71.51 | 0.03 - 3.12 | 0.11 - 2.67 | 42.8 - 6020 | 1 - 10 |
4 | - | K. boreale | 10.4 | 7.57 | 11.4 | 71.51 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 42.8 | 1 |
5 | - | K. inconstans | 10.4 | 7.57 | 14.7 | 71.51 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 42.8 | 1 |
6 | - | K. spirale | 8.4 - 10.8 | 7.57 - 8.06 | 10.85 - 14.7 | 7.74 - 128.68 | 0.03 - 5.2 | 0.11 - 2.84 | 42.8 - 546 | 0 - 26 |
7 | wc | Mallomonas acaroides | 8.7 - 11.6 | 7.95 - 8.2 | 9.7 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 68.87 | 0.1 - 3.8 | 2.05 - 3.97 | 158 - 7150 | 2 - 15 |
8 | wc | M. alpina | 8.8 - 11.6 | 7.93 - 8.2 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 68.87 | 0.1 - 3.8 | 2.01 - 3.97 | 158 - 7150 | 2 - 15 |
9 | wc | M. akrokomos | 8.2 - 11.6 | 7.57 - 8.09 | 8.7 - 11.1 | 5.85 - 71.51 | 0.03 - 2.5 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 215 - 5180 | 1 - 11 |
10 | wc | M. caudata | 8.7 - 11.6 | 7.95 - 8.09 | 10.4 - 10.9 | 5.85 - 27.17 | 0.1 - 3.8 | 2.05 - 3.97 | 158 - 7410 | 6 - 13 |
11 | - | M. costata | 9.9 | 8.04 | 10.7 | 17.36 | 0.2 | 2.26 | 299 | 13 |
12 | wc | M. crassisquama | 8.1 - 11.6 | 7.57 - 8.11 | 10.4 - 11.1 | 4.34 - 128.68 | 0.03 - 8 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 42.8 - 12,730 | 1 - 15 |
13 | lr | M. elongata | 10.4 | 7.57 | 11.1 | 71.51 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 42.8 | 1 |
14 | wc | M. heterospina | 9.5 - 10.3 | 7.64 - 7.98 | 10.7 - 10.9 | 13.02 - 85.27 | 0.04 - 3.12 | 0.15 - 3.03 | 86.8 - 5540 | 2 - 9 |
15 | lr | M. multiunca var. pocosinensis | 9.9 - 10.8 | 7.93 - 8.11 | 10.9 | 7.74 | 0.1 - 3 | 2.01 - 3.03 | 161.3 - 6060 | 6 - 12 |
16 | wc | M. punctifera | 8.7 - 11.6 | 7.95 - 8.11 | 10.4 - 10.9 | 6.04 - 14.53 | 0.1 - 8 | 0.02 - 3.97 | 158 - 7410 | 6 - 13 |
17 | - | M. striata var. striata | 8.2 - 10.6 | 7.55 - 8.11 | 8.7 - 10.3 | 6.04 - 197.55 | 0.1 - 3.8 | 0.11 - 3.03 | 205 - 7150 | 0 - 15 |
18 | wc | M. tonsurata | 9.5 - 11.6 | 7.95 - 8.09 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 14.53 | 0.1 - 1 | 2.05 - 3.97 | 158 - 2000 | 2 - 8 |
19 | - | Pseudokephyrion entzii | 10.6 | 7.55 | 11.3 | 197.55 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 205 | 5 |
20 | - | P. undulatissimum | 10.6 | 7.55 | 11.3 | 197.55 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 205 | 5 |
21 | - | Chrysococcus furcatus | 9.6 | 7.65 | 11.3 | 60 | 0.2 | 0.14 | 546 | 0 |
22 | а-а | Dinobryon bavaricum | 9.2 | 7.95 | 11.0 | 68.87 | 0.4 | 2.02 | 704 | 15 |
23 | wc | D. cylindricum | 8.4 - 9.5 | 7.95 - 7.98 | 10.8 - 11.0 | 14.53 - 128.68 | 0.14 - 5.2 | 2.05 - 2.84 | 158 - 9030 | 8 - 26 |
24 | wc | D. divergens | 9.2 - 10.6 | 7.55 - 7.95 | 10.3 - 11.0 | 14.53 - 197.55 | 0.003 - 0.4 | 0.11 - 2.21 | 42.8 - 704 | 1 - 15 |
25 | wc | D. sociale | 8.8 - 9.9 | 7.95 - 8.04 | 10.7 - 11.1 | 14.53 - 68.87 | 0.14 - 0.2 | 2.02 - 2.29 | 158 - 704 | 6 - 15 |
26 | - | D. suecicum var. longispinum | 9.8 - 10.3 | 7.64 - 8.04 | 10.9 | 27.14 - 85.28 | 0.04 - 0.16 | 0.15 - 2.25 | 86.8 - 215 | 2 - 11 |
27 | wc | Synura echinulata f. echinulata | 9.6 | 8.01 | 10.7 | 12.83 | 3.12 | 0.92 | 6020 | 10 |
28 | wc | S. petersenii Korshikov | 8.1 - 10.8 | 7.55 - 8.11 | 8.7 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 197.55 | 0.03 - 8 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 42.8 - 12,730 | 2 - 26 |
29 | lr | S. petersenii f. kufferathii | 8.7 - 10.2 | 7.98 - 8.11 | 10.7 - 10.9 | 6.04 - 27.14 | 0.1 - 3.8 | 2.09 - 3.31 | 163 - 7150 | 6 - 13 |
30 | wc | S. spinosa | 8.7 - 9.9 | 7.96 - 8.11 | 10.7 - 11.1 | 14.53 - 20.57 | 0.1 - 3 | 2.02 - 3.03 | 163 - 6060 | 6 - 8 |
31 | - | S. splendida | 9.6 | 8.01 | 10.7 | 12.83 | 3.12 | 2.67 | 6020 | 10 |
32 | wc | Paraphysomonas imperforata | 10.2 - 11.6 | 7.93 - 8.02 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 8.11 | 0.1 - 1 | 2.01 - 3.97 | 161.3 - 2000 | 2 - 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
33 | lr | P. gladiata | 8.1 - 11.6 | 7.55 - 8.2 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 128.68 | 0.03 - 8 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 42.8 - 12,730 | 1 - 26 |
34 | wc | P. vestita | 8.7 - 10.8 | 7.93 - 8.2 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 14.53 | 0.1 - 1 | 1.97 - 3.97 | 158 - 6050 | 2 - 9 |
35 | - | Spiniferomonas sp. | 9.6 - 10.4 | 7.57 - 7.95 | 11.1 - 11.3 | 60.0 - 71.51 | 0.03 - 0.2 | 0.11 - 0.14 | 42.8 - 546 | 0 - 1 |
36 | - | S. abei | 9.6 - 10.3 | 7.64 - 7.65 | 10.9 - 11.3 | 60.0 - 85.28 | 0.04 - 0.2 | 0.14 - 0.15 | 86.8 - 546 | 0 - 2 |
37 | wc | S. bilacuтosa | 10.4 - 10.6 | 7.55 - 7.57 | 11.1 - 11.3 | 71.51 - 197.55 | 0.03 - 0.1 | 0.11 | 42.8 - 205 | 1 - 5 |
38 | wc | S. bourrellyi | 9.6 - 10.6 | 7.55 - 8.03 | 10.7 - 11.3 | 6.04 - 197.55 | 0.03 - 3.8 | 0.11 - 2.85 | 42.8 - 7150 | 0 - 6 |
39 | - | S. serrata | 10.3 - 10.4 | 7.57 - 7.64 | 10.6 - 11.1 | 71.51 - 85.87 | 0.03 - 0.04 | 0.11 - 0.15 | 42.8 - 86.8 | 1 - 2 |
40 | - | S. takahashii | 8.2 - 11.6 | 7.95 - 8.11 | 8.6 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 128.68 | 0.1 - 5.2 | 1.97 - 3.97 | 158 - 12,730 | 2 - 26 |
41 | - | S. triangularis | 10.4 | 5.57 | 11.1 | 71.51 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 42.8 | 1 |
42 | - | S. trioralis | 8.7 - 11.6 | 7.57 - 8.2 | 10.4 - 11.7 | 4.34 - 85.28 | 0.03 - 3.8 | 0.11 - 3.97 | 158 - 7410 | 1 - 15 |
Most chrysophytes concentrated in water layers rich in oxygen. Their diversity was the highest at st. 18, where the dissolved oxygen level reached 11.1 mg∙l−1, but sharply decreased at st. 7, where this level was low. It is noteworthy that samples from the latter station contained species such as Mallomonas akrokomos, M. striata, Synura petersenii and Spiniferomonas takahashii.
Water pH is an important factor governing the distribution of chrysophytes, and its role has been well studied. As shown previously, the optimum for the development of these algae in water bodies of northern Russia is at pH 5.5 - 7.5 [
It is known that even slight water turbidity leads to reduction of the species composition of planktopnic algae [
An increase in the concentration of mineral phosphorus and consequent eutrophication of water bodies lead to reduction of chrysophyte species diversity. Species prevailing in waters with high phosphorus concentrations included Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina, Kephyrion spirale, Dinobryon cylindricum, Synura petersenii, Paraphysomonas gladiata and Spiniferomonas takahashii (
Synura petersenii and Spiniferomonas takahashii, the most abundant and frequent species in the lower Yenisei and Yenisei Gulf, proved to successfully develop in a wide range of ecological (environmental) factors (Ta- ble 2).
Appropriate habitat conditions were also determined for rare species such as M. elongata (st. 18), M. multiunca var. pocosiensis (st. 9, 33), S. petersenii f. kufferathii (st. 2-4, 8, 9, 24, 25, 30), and P. gladiata (st. 1, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 22-34) (
Comparisons of chrysophyte species composition between sampling stations showed that representatives of the genus Mallomonas were the most diverse group of these algae (
An analysis of chrysophyte species composition between the study region and some other regions with similar climatic conditions revealed 81% similarity (Sørensen’s coefficient) of chrysophyte flora in the lower Yenisei to that in some water bodies of the Taimyr Peninsula [
Analysis of phytoplankton samples from the study region by electron microscopic methods (SEM and TEM) allowed us to identify scaled chrysophytes from nine genera―Mallomonas, Spiniferomonas, Chrysosphaerella, Paraphysomonas, Synura, Dinobryon, Pseudokephyrion, Kephyrion, and Chrysococcus―and thereby expanded the species list of these algae in the Arctic zone. Some rare representatives of Chrysophyta were discovered in the samples, such as Synura petersenii f. kufferathii and Paraphysomonas gladiata previously found in lakes of
Bol’shezemel’skaya tundra [
The taxonomic composition of Chrysophyta in the study region was similar to that in some water bodies of the Taimyr Peninsula. Their species diversity depends on water salinity, being higher in fresh or freshened waters. A major proportion of chrysophytes in the region (more than 10 species) inhabit water with the following parameters: salinity 0.03‰ - 3.8‰, pH 7.57 - 8.06, turbidity 5.85 - 71.54 mg∙l−1, mineral phosphorus 0 - 0.013 mg∙l−1, dissolved oxygen 10.4 - 11.7 mg∙l−1. Synura petersenii and Spiniferomonas takahashii were proved to have the widest ecological range.
We are grateful to G. I. Popovskaya, N. A. Bondarenko, and L. N. Voloshko for their valuable comments on the manuscript.
This study was performed using the facilities of the Instrumentation Center for Electron Microscopy at the Integrated Center of Ultramicroanalysis (Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences). Expedition research and hydrochemical analysis were supported by “Complex Researches of the Arctic Shelf” the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project No. 23.6). Analysis of chrysophytes was performed according to the budged-funded program of the Limnological Institute (project No. VI. 50.1.3).
Alena D. Firsova,Anna Yu Bessudova,Larisa M. Sorokovikova,Irina V. Tomberg,Yelena V. Likhoshway, (2015) The Diversity of Chrysophycean Algae in an Arctic Zone of River and Sea Water Mixing, Russia. American Journal of Plant Sciences,06,2439-2452. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.615246