During an interview at the Niels Bohr Institute David Bohm stated, “according to Einstein, particles should eventually emerge … as singularities, or very strong regions of stable pulses of (the gravitational) field” [1]. Starting from this premise, we show spacetime, indeed, manifests stable pulses ( n-valued gravitons) that decay into the vacuum energy to generate all three boson masses ( including Higgs), as well as heavy-quark mass; and all in precise agreement with the 2010 CODATA report on fundamental constants. Furthermore, our relativized quantum physics approach (RQP) answers to the mystery surrounding dark energy, dark matter, accelerated spacetime, and why ordinary matter dominates over antimatter.
Though not well-known, Einstein endeavored much of his life to general-relativize quantum physics (RQP), rather than quantizing gravity [
Our strategy is to consider flat spacetime at the microscopic level, where vacuum energy fluctuations induce graviton oscillations. Under such a general relativistic scenario, no longer can flat spacetime be described by the Minkowski metric:
Instead, we construct a spacetime metric based on graviton oscillations induced by vacuum energy fluctuations. Our mathematical starting point is to apply the classical Lagrangian representing a vibrating system of particles about a point of equilibrium:
The ηi’s represent small deviations from the generalized coordinates q0i, and they are expressed by the equation:
The solution to the previous equation has the form of normal coordinates [
Assuming these coordinates quasi-describe graviton oscillations, by the principle of equivalence, let the general relativistic coordinate system
Continuing on, with construction of the modified spacetime metric, we apply Rayleigh’s principle [
However, for the final version of the modified flat spacetime metric, we introduce the
At first we did not understand the importance of introducing the
After a straightforward general relativistic calculation, the following covariant and contravariant n-valued energy momentum tensor-operators were calculated directly from the modified flat spacetime metric [
The pair of energy-operators is related via the raising and lowering properties of the RQP spacetime metric:
Whereas the covariant energy momentum tensor generates only real energy, we see the contravariant energy- momentum-tensor is necessarily complex; furthermore it expresses cyclically phasing between real and imaginary energies. Since one tensor is real, while the other complex (except at certain n values), and that the covariant and contravariant energy momentum tensors are paired to act on the same spacetime point, in effect this causes spacetime to undergo constructive and destructive spacetime interference. Destructive interference results in antimatter canceling out with ordinary matter, except under very narrow constraints, e.g. antimatter tunneling. This is why ordinary matter dominates at the cosmic scales. It is also the reason why the contravariant tensor was made a function of n2, instead of n.
We conclude this section by pointing out that the RQP operators obey the conservation of energy principle, via a divergence on the energy-operators:
Historically, James Clerk Maxwell applied such a divergent consistency formulation to the four electromagnetic equations. Discovering the four equations were inconsistent, Maxwell altered Ampere’s law so they would be consistent with each other. From the consistent electromagnetic equations, Maxwell answered one of the oldest questions posed by humankind―the nature of light. Today we understand conservation principles to be a powerful tool in legitimizing (or negating) proposed physical theories (as the gravitational version has for RQP); also such principles help in ascertaining new physical law and their properties [for further details on Maxwell’s Consistency Condition, see Appendix I].
However equation (10) involves gravity, and thus required a modified divergence formulation, called the Maxwell-Fang Consistency Formulation (MFCC) [refer to Appendix II for details on the Maxwell-Fang Consistency Condition (MFCC) applied to our RQP theory].
We briefly mention here some advantages MFCC [
a) Einstein’s wave equation without the need for the principle of equivalence;
b) The Scherk and Schwarz dual string model, and show the torsional part developed in their theory, is not an inherent aspect of string theory as claimed);
c) It correctly reproduces the Callan, Coleman and Jackiw model;
d) It reproduces Yang Mills theory;
e) From MFCC several fundamental identities, essential to solving the aforementioned equations, were calculated;
f) The algorithmic structure of MFCC is conducive to the language of computer programming. Once MFCC is evolved into computational form, many tedious calculations can be performed to produce a quick, accurate result for any graviton-particle interaction. This would be extremely handy in proving or disproving numerous claims about spacetime and particle manifestations. For example, MFCC could explain why the predicted microscopic black holes particles have not been detected at those premiere particle accelerators;
g) Finally, MFCC has validated RQP; and so MFCC has helped to extend general relativity to include the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
In this section we link the vibrational motion of flat spacetime gravitons, described by the modified flat-space- time metric, to the energy modes of the energy momentum tensors calculated from this modified metric. If the said metric is in physical harmony with the RQP operators, it will further validate our RQP approach. Stated another way, by constructing a spacetime metric based on oscillating gravitons, and then operating on it with the general relativistic wave equation, we show below, the resulting energy momentum tensor describes vibrational energies; hence both the metric and operators describe the same physical phenomena in their own respective, harmonic way. To show this, we begin by defining the moment of inertia I, and angular frequency ω as follows:
Inserting these relations by into the RQP operators, they take on the following n-valued vibrational energy form given by:
Likewise, the contravariant energy momentum operator becomes:
These last two rotational kinetic energy equations support our initial assumption that spacetime is indeed comprised of oscillating gravitons.
Now that the raising and lowering operators have been calculated, our continued strategy is one of application― to evolve the RQP energy-density tensors into mass generators for the purposes of calculating boson and heavy- quark mass. We start by detaching the RQP operators from their general relativistic wave equations, and transporting them to regions of very energetic spacetime, to a region where enough physical parameters are known to facilitate conversion of operator energy-densities into particle densities, and finally into graviton and heavy quark mass.
The most suitable spacetime candidate to aide in this conversion is inside the core of our Milky Way galaxy, where an abundance of n-valued gravitons will certainly have been excited into higher energy states―as repre- sented by the time component of the RQP operators:
Rather than speculating on various graviton particle outcomes occurring within a galactic singularity (multiverses, wormholes, entropy…etc.), we simply assume the n-valued gravitons flip sign from negative to positive [
The remainder of this section completes the dark matter model envisioned by RQP for the Milky Way galaxy. We then calculate ground-state graviton particle density number
a) As evidenced by galactic rotation curves [
b) The fact that the dark halos are responsible for the observed galactic rotation curves [
c) Moreover, because the dark halo has spherical boundaries, and that is assumed to be formed by gravitons fluxing from the core (no other particle could escape from the singularity), and that these flipped gravitons are traveling at speeds near that of light, if said gravitons are to become part of the dark halo, then some process other than gravity must be present to slow down these fast gravitons―or else they would sail beyond the limits of the Milky Way galaxy (as some statistically do). The simplest explanation for graviton bremsstrahlung, is by conservation of energy: as gravitational energy is released during graviton decay, gravitons must slow, or violate conservation of energy;
d) During this vast continual graviton decay, all-the-while energetic gravitons continue to stream from the galactic core. Though the details need to be worked out, nevertheless the outcome is the same; stasis is achieved between the flipped and the ground state gravitons. This is fortunate, for it allows us to compute the number density of ground-state gravitons―which we then apply to the energy operators, to convert them to boson and heavy quark mass generators;
e) To determine the needed number density ND, we simply divide the observed dark matter energy density [
We take the average of the two extremes for the graviton mass: 1.0 × 10−58 kg/particle, and a ground-state graviton density of: 1.0 × 10−27 kg/m3 (Bovy and Tremaine and other report a larger average halo density of: 5.36 × 10−21 kg/m3 [
Note that
where
with
f) Applying superposition to the two mass generators, we are able to generate the n-valued boson masses. We calculate the W-boson mass first, by setting n = 7, for the covariant mass, and n = 30 for the contravariant mass. This leads to the following bosonic results:
The contravariant mass is calculated to be:
Adding the generated masses together yields the theoretical W-boson mass value of:
Comparing the theoretical W-boson mass to the empirically measured mass of 80.403(29) GeV/c2, as reported in CODATA [
Next we compute the Z0 boson mass by setting n = 1 for the covariant operator and n = 32 for the contravariant operator.
Combining the n-valued masses, we have:
This mass value is in precise agreement with the CODATA (2013) report on the Z0 boson mass of: 91.1876(21) GeV/c2 (1.6255(66) × 10−25 kg). Again theoretical and empirical particle mass values are in strong agreement.
Finally, we compute the Higgs mass by selecting n = 32 for the covariant contribution, and n = 37 for the contravariant mass contribution:
The contravariant mass contribution is given by:
Combining these two masses via superposition of the two energy operators, we determine the theoretical mass value for the Higgs-boson:
We see the RQP mass result for the Higgs particle, is in precise agreement that reported by CERN of 126.0 GeV or 2.246153925 × 10−25 kg.
What we have just shown, is that from a modified flat spacetime metric, from which we calculated the energy momentum tensors turned operators, we are able to generate all three boson masses in precise agreement with experiment. Overall, this offers confirmation of the General Relativized Quantum Physics approach first envisioned by Einstein.
In the next section we extend the RQP approach to show it precisely generates the three heavy quark masses.
By adhering to the same format in the preceding section, we now generate heavy quark masses from the covariant and contravariant particle mass generators:
The Top Quark mass is calculated by setting n = 9 for the covariant mass, and n = 44 for the contravariant mass:
The contravariant mass is calculated to be:
Superposition yields the theoretical Top Quark mass of:
Converting the CODATA Top Quark mass value 173.07(29) GeV/c2 to kilograms, leads to a Top Quark mass of:
We next calculate Charm Quark mass with n = 5 for the covariant operator and n = 32 for the contravariant operator:
Setting n = 32 for the contravariant operator, we have:
Combining the two masses via superposition of the energy operator mass, we have:
Whereas, CODATA (2013) reports a Charm Quark mass of 1.275 GeV/c2, or MCQ = 2.272893741(44) × 10−27 kg. The empirically determined mass for the Charm Quark is recognized immediately to be in strong agreement with the theoretical result determined by RQP.
The Bottom Quark mass is determined by setting n = 32 for the covariant contribution and n = 37 for the contravariant mass contribution:
Setting n = 6 for the contravariant operator, we have:
Combining the two masses via superposition of the energy operator mass, we have:
Bottom Quark has a mass of 4.18 GeV or 1 GeV/c2 = 1.782661845(39) × 10−27 kg, the mass of a Bottom Quark is 7.451526148 × 10−27 kg, which shows Bottom Quark mass generated by RQP, is in precise agreement with the experimental determined values.
We have shown that our general relativized quantum physics approach RQP precisely generates all three boson masses, and three heavy-quark masses. By adjusting the approximated dark halo particle density, in the future we will be able to generate particle masses to even greater precision.
In closing, we hope to soon calculate the remaining Standard Model particle masses. Upon doing so we will have completely solved the mass hierarchal problem, which is unable to be done by the Standard Model of particle physics. This implies that quantum physics is a subset of general relativity, just as Einstein had imagined.
The greatest respect and admiration goes to John Fang, a friend, mentor and physicist of the first order, whose consistency formulation gave to the world its deepest understanding of gravitational particle-geometry interactions; and to his wife Stephanie, who is always so generous and kind. With humble respect I thank Freeman Dyson for responding to my questions concerning quantum gravity. Special thanks to Steven McCauley (great spirit-leader-biophysicist), Alfonso Agnew (intellectual-relativistic-mathematical heart), Kai Lam (sincere- knowing of deep physics and humanity), Jim Feagin (extraordinaire quantum physicist and teacher), Hedi Fearn (pursuing the mysteries of Nature and a talented teacher), Harvey Leff (wry-thermo-humor), Konrad Stein (knowing real truth and a sax Phenom), Antonio Aurilia (American-Galileo), Mary Mogge (genuine-physics- person), George Rainey (thanks for my first astronomy class), Matthew Povich (stars), Peter Siegel (quantum reality), Nina Abramzon (more than a great physicist). Thanks to Doug Johnson, Hector Maciel, Brian Shields, Maria Vaughn, Georgina Manzanares, Lynn Washatka, Pamela Hope (human savior), Parissa Djfari (human savior, painter and ceramist) Scarlet Rembrandt (profound artist, passion, dancer and thinker), Natalie Valle (historian of art and wonderful mother of Scarlet), Walter Christensen III (best environmentalist of the century and best dad), Cleo Lynx (best dad, songwriter and musician; perennial greatness emerging from of the ashes of Dylan and Springsteen), Camilla Christensen (mom), Linda and Daniella Noss, Cheryl Bennett, Lilian Metlitzky, Courtney Lynx + 4, Amy Christensen + 5, Amber, Judy Chicago (leader and innovator of art), Beatrice Wood (femme fatale who joyed in her tactile ceramic-muddy-art, and who flirted unashamedly with me), Donald Woodman (incredible cumulus photographer), Henry Hopkins (Director of the Hammer Museum and selector of my art). Ray Cabrera whose life-soul is art. Franz Keller―the courage to be genuine and to act on his truth in a beautiful way. In memory of Magu Lujan of Los Four and our “pasteling” live with me in Pomona, along with Xavier Hernandez, Manny Legaspe, Natalie Valle, Cheryl Bookout, Vicky and JoJo, David Scherer long boards, Scarlet Rembrandt. To Oingo Boingo, for letting Chris Hernandez and me pastel a foot painting of theirs at an Irish Pub. To Nick Brown―whose paintings are 21st Century beyond Henri Matisse and Jean-François Millet. My great respect to the House of Cuttress―where Art, Physics and Community merge; thanks George and Royline. To Father Bill and his paintings: patched-thatched textures, colored with scared candle-yellows, contrasted by edible orange and ethereal black ... a mismatch in beautiful harmony. Vast appreciation goes to Rolo Castillo aka TAZ … whose imagination is that of Einstein in the art world; his creation-spirit ... flowing into Nirvana, U2, Rage Against the Machine, Beastie Boys, Beck, Face to Face, L7, The Melvins, Nick Cave, and That Dog, Jane’s Addiction, Beasties Boys, Beck, Aerosmith, Orange 9mm, House of Pain, The Voodoo Glow Skulls, Face to Face, Slayer, Luscious Jackson; flowing into me as I participated in the Rolo Castillo Silkscreen show along with Kyle McCulloch―songwriter of sponge bob square pants music. To Ray Collins (for his life stories of Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention). To Larry Rengert (art dreams). To Dabney Zorthian telling life stories of R. Feynman and her husband Jirayr, about “who knows more … a physicist or an artist?,” as I sat in Feynman’s chair, listening intently with Natalie Valle to Dabney, while we gazed at the collection of Jirayr’s paintings inside a hand-built rock house. And finally (but not least) my friend Jack (the Russian-literary writer of street alley poems and story about a deaf baseball pitcher; the count is 3 and 2, Jack). My humblest esteem and awe goes to Nature, which cannot be understood exclusively inside a small office room; Nature must be lived, observed, reflected upon and intuited deeply, if a fundamental discovery of Nature is to be made.
Walter JamesChristensen,11, (2015) Einstein’s Gravitational Field Approach to Dark Matter and Dark Energy —Geometric Particle Decay into the Vacuum Energy Generating Higgs Boson and Heavy Quark Mass. Journal of Modern Physics,06,1421-1439. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2015.610147
Rather than starting with the four electromagnetic field equations, as Maxwell did [
Here, L represents the Lagrangian density for any system under consideration. Specifically, the Lagrangian for electromagnetic fields interacting with matter, and is given by:
Identical indices are understood to be summed. The free part of the Lagrangian density (self-interaction) is given by:
The interaction Lagrangian density term is given by:
[Note: Only partial derivatives are being used here. Also keep in mind the structure of the Lagrangian is a scalar product of the electromagnetic field Aμ with the electric current density jμ. In a like manner our interaction Lagrangian for gravity under CC considerations will have the gravitational field coupled to its source.]
The Euler-Lagrange equation of motion, for an arbitrary field component ϕ, is given by1:
Substituting Lem into the Euler-Lagrange equation of motion yields the four well-tested Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations:
The above result is key to our understanding of how to build a consistent field theory for gravity. By examining the left hand side of this divergent equation, we see it is simply the equation of continuity and must physically, as well as mathematically, equal zero (unless conservation of charge fails). The right hand side of the equation is designed so that the terms Aμ, in the equation of motion, have zero divergence identically (this requirement will also be fundamental to the CC gravitational approach, and though a gauge approach may yield a similar result, it does not do so as viscerally and so we are not led to the correct theory for gravity and dark matter). Hence, we have shown the electromagnetic field equations are consistent.
If we are to build any viable theory in physics, its foundation must be based on those successful traditions from both physics and mathematics. For example, the ideas for special relativity were established when young Einstein considered the consequences of James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations from various inertial coordinate frames. Likewise, to build a consistent theory for gravity, we again turn to the seminal work of James Clerk Maxwell, in which he demanded the divergence of the source for electromagnetism equal zero. That is: jμ,μ = 0; which led to the discovery of the composition of light. By this successful example, we too will require the divergence of the source for gravity-the energy momentum tensor (Tμν) equals zero:
However, a consistent theory for gravity is not as straightforward as it was for the electromagnetic equations. For one thing, gravity interacts with itself. Not only this, but the source for gravity includes a variety of other sources beyond current density, such as mass-energy, momentum and radiation (just to name a few). In short, Maxwell’s consistent condition points us in the right direction, but needs modifications if we are to produce an analogous theory for gravity. So what then is the next step? Since we are seeking a gravitational approach, our theory has to be constrained by Einstein’s requirement that the gravitational field ultimately must have a geometrical interpretation. Fortunately, Feynman [
Developing a theory for pure gravity is one thing, but what do we do when gravity interacts with matter? In theory, one could build infinitely many Lagrangians, but which of them would represent real nature? Especially when there are so many particles that were not even known during the development of general relativity? The answer is to continue on with the modern approach to gravity through linearization of the gravitational field [
From the form of the coupling above, the gravitational field, hμν must be symmetric on μν. The scalar product of the anti-symmetric part of hμν with symmetric tensor Tμν is then zero, implying that the anti-symmetric part of hμν would not couple to matter and therefore never be seen. The full Lagrangian for gravity proposed by Feynman is composed of the free part Lg, as well as the interaction Lagrangian. That is:
The Euler-Lagrange equations of motion for gravity are then given by:
To have the same type of consistency for the gravitational field equations, as with the electromagnetic field equations, Feynman demanded that the divergence of the free part of the Lagrangian equals zero; that is:
This automatically forces the divergence of interaction part of the Lagrangian to be zero; otherwise the total divergence of Einstein’s field equations would not equal zero, implying we would lose any sense of conservation of the source. This leads us to the founding principle for gravity:
In terms of the consistency formulation, the gravitational field equations must satisfy the condition:
Conceptually this gravitational condition on the field equations, is no different to the consistent formulation imposed on the electromagnetic equations by James Clerk Maxwell.
From the proceeding we develop a general consistent approach for gravity.
a. Here we provide additional information about the consistency formulation for particle fields interacting with gravity first developed by M. Fierz and W. Pauli in the 1930s [
To understand the basic idea behind the consistency condition formulation for linearized gravity, let us consider a system of coupled fields, Φ, under variation given by:
Let the subset
For reasons previously given, the divergence of linear part of the wave equation must equal zero:
The above condition, together with gauge invariance, imposes a strict requirement on the nonlinear parts, so that the divergence must also equal zero (otherwise the field equations would be inconsistent mathematically):
It was J. Fang, who first understood that the nonlinear divergence can go to zero in three distinct ways:
1) The divergences on the nonlinear parts of the massless gauge field equations are zero identically (that is they vanish as mathematical identities--without referring to the field equations). However, such an approach provides no physical content;
2) The divergences of the nonlinear parts of the massless gauge field equations are zero neither identically, but only analytically for some particular solutions (not general enough), which happen to satisfy the consistency condition:
3) The divergences of the nonlinear parts of the massless gauge field equations are equal to the sum of various terms, where each of these is proportional to the original field equations or various contracted field equations. Therefore, the divergence of the nonlinear parts of the massless gauge field equation vanish by field equations, and is expressed mathematically by:
where A, B, C are some structure functions for the field equations, or for various contracted field equations (trace, differentiation, etc.), which could depend on the field Φ itself, and derivatives of the fields.
Let us reexamine the three cases above more carefully: Case 1) is simply too strong a condition and must rejected because it would exclude many well established theories such as electrodynamics; SU(2) Yang-Mills gauge theory and Einstein’s theory of gravitation. Case 2) is not general enough to provide criteria for constructing the Lagrangian describing gravity coupled to particles of various spin; and so case 2) is also rejected. Case 3) has just the right condition to allow one to build up the Lagrangian order-by-order in flat spacetime representing the gravitational system. This same criteria may also be applied to curved spacetime to determine if the chosen Lagrangian produces inconsistent field equations. Furthermore, case 3) has been shown to be compatible with other established theories, such as general relativity; Scherk-Schwarz dual model for string theory and Yang-Mills theory. Finally, it allows the massless gauge fields Φ’ to maintain the freedom of the deformed gauge transformation:
where χ stands for a set of gauge parameters, which are a function of xμ. And Γ is some structure function. Thus the gauge is modified, but not lost.
Instead of using Case 3 in the given form and postulating the structure functions A, B, C, ∙∙∙, it is more feasible, and equivalent, to use the consistency condition (CC) in the form:
where
Although other attempts at a consistency formulation are valid, without Fang’s subtle understanding and completion of the consistency formulation, all previous attempts are incomplete and so lead to Lagrangians that, in general, inaccurately represent real nature.
In this section we provide an example of how the Maxwell-Fang Consistency Condition (MFCC) can generate String Theory (Scherk and Schwarz), both on flat and curved spacetime.
How exactly then does a flat spacetime approach work to determine the Lagrangian for some unknown system of spin particles interacting with gravity? In particular, for the spin-0 (2-form) particles denoted by “a”, interacting with gravitational spin-2 particles, denoted by “h”, described by dual-string model Lagrangian. We begin by forming all possible combinations of the two fields up to third expanded order. Symbolically this is written as:
The metric is expanded as:
Here
The variation produces the linearized wave equation with both correct and incorrect terms. To get rid of the unwanted terms, or to show the Lagrangian is already correct, the next step of the consistency condition is to take the divergence of the wave equation. Then terms are grouped together in such a way as to form structures of the wave equation. By the consistency condition these grouped wave equations are set to zero. The remaining terms must cancel algebraically. If this occurs, then the order-by-order Lagrangian correctly represents gravity interacting with particles. If not, terms must be added to make this main condition of CC hold. This is exactly what was done with a general form of a Lagrangian representing spin-0 particles interacting with gravity. Note this is not yet the Scherk-Schwarz dual model Lagrangian. However, without prejudice, we discovered (after many pages of calculations), the dual-string Lagrangian was sifted out via CC. To show this, we choose for the sake of the reader to develop a schemata that indicates what occurs to various Lagrangian terms. Note that we use unspecified coefficients to produce the most general Lagrangian. Part of the consistency condition is to solve for these coefficients up to a single coefficient, which can only be determined experimentally. Put another way, mathematics alone cannot yield the values to fundamental constants.
The CC applied to spin-0 particles interacting with spin-2 graviton particles, is given in schemata form, where each interaction and free Lagrangian term
Hence
Please note this third order Lagrangian term has been reduced to a single coefficient a10, and is thus a valid Lagrangian term. The remaining third order interaction Lagrangian is examined under CC and field redefinition FR. The result shows this interaction Lagrangian is not allowed. Under CC schemata this is shown as follows:
The consistency condition with field redefinition has revealed that L(a・h2) does not partake in gravity interacting with spin-0 particles.
Finally, to clarify what is meant by field-redefinition (FR) in the schemata immediately above, is to say that two infinite series polynomial type Lagrangians:
Here the polynomial
Dual tensors, like
In this section we show the Scherk-Schwarz Lagrangian satisfies the consistency condition in curved spacetime. This is a two-step procedure: 1) Variation of the Lagrangian with respect to each of the fields
Step 1) Rather making many tedious variational calculations with full covariant derivatives, we simply show the final result of the dual-string wave equations:
The constant “a” equals 1/6 and F2 is given by:
Step 2) Apply the divergence to these wave equations and show they equal zero:
Note the two terms are the free part of the gravitational field and the interactions terms, which is also the energy momentum tensor. Let us now expand the right hand side to make more visible the divergence.
By analogy to the electromagnetic equation, the divergence of the free part of the wave equation must vanish, hence:
What is then left is to show that the divergence of the interaction part of the wave equation, vanishes as well:
For the Scherk-Schwarz dual model, the divergence of the interaction terms (which are really the energy momentum tensor) must vanish. Hence:
After bringing in the covariant derivative with respect to “ν,” and then cancelling hundreds of terms algebraically, as well as setting divergent structures of the wave equation to zero (main CC requirement to be given further discussion), we discover, indeed, the divergence of the interaction terms, that is, the divergence of the energy momentum tensor for the Scherk-Schwarz string theory, does indeed go to zero. Then, by the same assumption made by J. Maxwell, R. Feynman, and then J. Fang, the Scherk-Schwarz Lagrangian representing spin-0 particles interacting with gravity produces consistent field equations. This means the dual string model is a viable representation of nature; however, nature is the final judge.
During the development of QED, at first there were many infinities that could not be mathematically accounted for until Feynman absorbed some of these infinities into the mass and charge. Nevertheless it was not until the Ward-Takahashi identity [
And
In our paper the consistency condition produces to new identities. One identity associated with the Callan- Coleman-Jackiw Lagrangian corresponding to the massless gauge field
The field equations generated from this Lagrangian are given as follows:
And the energy momentum tensor is given by:
After a lengthy calculation the generalized Fang identities for the Callan-Coleman-Jackiw Lagrangian [
Note that all the terms on the right-hand side of the identity involve the field equations.
For the Scherk-Schwarz Lagrangian again we define the following symbolism:
The Scherk-Schwarz field equations are as follows:
And
The Fang current density for the Scherk-Schwarz Lagrangian is given by:
The final identity is: