The study on assessment of factors affecting tree husbandry and woodlots establishment was carried out between September and November 2014 in all seven districts of Kilimanjaro region, namely Hai, Siha Rombo, Mwanga, Same, Moshi Rural and Moshi Municipal Council (MMC). A purposive sampling design was employed whereby two wards per district were selected for the study. Household questionnaire survey was used in data collection. Results show that, factors affecting tree husbandry and woodlots establishment in Kilimanjaro region are gender, livelihood activities, access and ownership/land tenure, cultural factors, legal issues and by-laws insisting people to plant trees. About 32.4%, 32.4% and 30% of all respondents own land with size of 1.0 acre and below, 1.1 - 2.0 and 2.1 - 5.0 acres respectively. Respondents from Hai (55.3%), Same (26.3%), Rombo (11%) and MMC (8%) agreed that cultural issues affect tree husbandry. About 1%, 23%, 30% and 40.8% of respondents in Siha, Same, Hai and Rombo districts respectively agreed that some of by-laws insist people to plant trees on their environments. None of the respondents from any district reported labour availability to be one of the factors affecting tree husbandry. Other factors reported to affect tree husbandry in Kilimanjaro region were capacity building in tree planting and tending, insect pests, diseases and climate change. Formulation of by-laws which insist on tree planting and limit land degradation is recommended at village level. Every piece of land should be planned and used sustainably including area for tree planting. Custom and norms which inhibit women to plant trees should be prohibited through capacity building.
Tanzania has a total area covering about 945,000 km2 of which 33.5 million ha are forests and woodlands [
Kilimanjaro region covers an area of 13,209 km2 or 1.4 percent of the area of the entire Tanzania Mainland out of which 2181.38 km2 are forest reserves, located mainly on high altitudes as water catchments forests [
Several institutions and individuals have been trying to reforestate the deforestated and degraded areas in order to rescue the current situation. Fast growing fuel wood, fruits, medicine and lumber producing tree species have been introduced to help families from spending time and money on these domestic products. Despite of all efforts made to rehabilitate the lost trees/forests in the region, it is not known as to why majority of the people in the region do not have tree woodlots. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying factors affecting tree husbandry and woodlot establishment in Kilimanjaro region. The results from this study will be used in making recommendations which will lead to overcome factors affecting tree planting in Kilimanjaro Region.
The study was conducted in Kilimanjaro region, which is divided into seven districts, namely Hai, Siha, Rombo, Mwanga, Same, Moshi Rural and Moshi Municipality. Kilimanjaro region is located in the north eastern part of Tanzania Mainland. It lies between latitudes 2˚25' and 4˚15' south of the Equator and between longitude 36˚25'30'' and 38˚10'45'' east of Greenwich. The region has a common border with Kenya in the north, Tanga region in the southeast and Manyara and Arusha regions to the south and west (
In Kilimanjaro region, there are two rainy seasons and two dry seasons. Rainfall starts from September to November as short rainy season and March to May as long rainy season. The dry season starts from December to January and then from July to August every year. The mean annual rainfall varies from 500 mm in the lowlands
to over 2000 mm in highland areas located over 1600 meters above sea level. The average minimum and maximum temperatures of the region are 15˚C and 30˚C respectively in the mountainous areas. However, temperature goes up as far as 40˚C in the lowlands during hot period. Soils of the region vary; there are alluvial soils in lower Moshi and areas near Pangani and Mkomazi rivers. Areas in the foot of mountain ranges of Pare comprise colluvial soils and in the highland areas of Mount Kilimanjaro the soils are andosols, rich in nutrients, and are generally deep to very deep loam soil reddish in colour. Forest soils are loam with full of litter and the pH is 4 - 4.6 and less in this area [
A purposive sampling design was employed whereby two wards per district were selected. This method is a non probability sampling technique where by an experienced individual selects the sample based on his/her experience to judge the appropriate characteristics required for the sample. The criteria used included 1) presence of the sustainable land management (SLM) project, 2) topography of the area (upper, medium, and lower slopes so as to capture different weather conditions) and 3) household involvement in tree planting
Socio-economic data were collected through questionnaire survey that intended to get information at household level independently. The questionnaire was structured and open-ended (Appendix 1). The structured questions were employed on issues where a specific range of known responses was expected. Such questions allow easier interpretation and analysis than open-ended questions. On the other hand, the open-ended questions were included so as to allow interviewees to construct their own version of experiences because the explanatory power of structured questions is limited [
Quantitative data from questionnaire surveys were coded to facilitate their entry into the computer. They were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Computer Programme Version 16 software and results were presented. Data on gender was aggregated as males and females for each district. Proportion (percentage) of each district was determined in relation to the total for the region. Education was grouped into primary, secondary, college and informal levels. Livelihood activities were grouped into crop production, livestock, crop and livestock production, business and employee & others. Numbers of trees owned by respondents were grouped in to five categories mainly; 1 - 50, 51 - 100, 101 - 200, 201 - 500 and >500 trees. Size of the land owned by respondents were classified in to four classes mainly; ≤1.0, 1.1 - 2.0, 2.1 - 5.0 and ≥5.1 acres. Percentages of each education level, livelihood activity, trees category, land classes were determined in relation to the total of all groups in the region. Proportions of cultural issues, legal issues, insects and diseases data per district were determined in relation to the total for the region. However, the number of respondents differed from one section to another as not all respondents answered all questions in the questionnaire.
The results in
Majority of the respondents (72.3%) have attained primary level education (
Districts | Gender | Total Respondents | % of Total Sample | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||
Hai | 36 | 18 | 54 | 15.1 |
Siha | 31 | 28 | 59 | 16.5 |
Same | 27 | 24 | 51 | 14.3 |
Mwanga | 32 | 28 | 60 | 16.8 |
Rombo | 36 | 24 | 60 | 16.8 |
Moshi Rural | 27 | 21 | 48 | 13.4 |
Moshi Municipal | 13 | 12 | 25 | 7.1 |
Total | 202 | 155 | 357 | 100 |
% | 56.6 | 43.4 | 100 |
District | Education Level | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Secondary | College | Informal | ||
Hai | 34 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 51 |
Siha | 37 | 12 | 1 | 8 | 58 |
Same | 44 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 50 |
Mwanga | 46 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 59 |
Rombo | 46 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 58 |
Moshi Rural | 27 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 46 |
Moshi Municipal | 17 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 25 |
Total | 251 | 72 | 10 | 14 | 347 |
% | 72.3 | 20.8 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 100 |
(20.8%) have attained secondary education and minority 2.9% and 4.0% have attained college education and informal education respectively. Despite the low level of education observed in this study, majority of the respondents know how to plant and manage trees. This is probably due to the fact that in Tanzania, tree planting and management are taught even in primary schools. This is in contrary to the report [
A combination of crop and livestock production was the most important (51%) economic activity followed by crop production alone (39%) (
About 32.4%, 32.4% and 30% of all respondents owned land with size of 1.0 acre and below, 1.1 - 2.0 and 2.1 - 5.0 acres respectively (
District | Livelihood Activities | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Livestock | Crop & Livestock Production | Business | Employee & Others | ||
Hai | 24 | 5 | 19 | 4 | 0 | 52 |
Siha | 36 | 0 | 20 | 2 | 0 | 58 |
Same | 17 | 0 | 32 | 1 | 1 | 51 |
Mwanga | 13 | 2 | 41 | 1 | 1 | 58 |
Rombo | 17 | 1 | 36 | 3 | 0 | 57 |
Moshi Rural | 18 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 4 | 46 |
Moshi MC | 11 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 24 |
Total | 136 | 10 | 176 | 18 | 6 | 346 |
% | 39.3 | 2.9 | 50.9 | 5.2 | 1.7 | 100 |
District | Number of Respondents by Land Size (acre) Category | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤1.0 | 1.1 - 2.0 | 2.1 - 5.0 | ≥5.0 | ||
Hai | 29 | 14 | 9 | 0 | 52 |
Siha | 16 | 19 | 21 | 3 | 59 |
Same | 4 | 7 | 28 | 11 | 50 |
Mwanga | 23 | 20 | 15 | 1 | 59 |
Rombo | 20 | 22 | 16 | 0 | 58 |
Moshi Rural | 13 | 19 | 12 | 3 | 47 |
Moshi MC | 5 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Total | 110 | 110 | 101 | 18 | 339 |
% | 32.4 | 32.4 | 30 | 5.2 |
size of 2.1 - 5.0 acres (
The size of the land has a total reflection to the number of trees planted. More than 45 respondents in each district reported to have their own trees except Moshi Muncipality wherein only 17 respondents reported having own trees (
Every society has its own socio-cultural factors which members of the society conforms to. These factors are important because a member of the society needs to know them in order to participate in various activities [
About 23.4%, 30% and 40.8% of respondents in Same, Hai and Rombo districts respectively agreed that there are some by-laws which compel people to plant trees on the areas surrounding their environments. Very few percentages of respondents in Siha and Moshi Municipal agreed on the same (
District | Number of respondents by tree category | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 - 50 | 51 - 100 | 101 - 200 | 201 - 500 | ≥501 | ||
Hai | 33 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 51 |
Siha | 28 | 19 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 59 |
Same | 29 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 50 |
Mwanga | 41 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 57 |
Rombo | 26 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 4 | 58 |
Moshi Rural | 33 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 46 |
Moshi Municipal | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Total | 207 | 59 | 30 | 26 | 16 | 338 |
% | 61.2 | 17.5 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 4.7 |
Activities | Who does it? | ||
---|---|---|---|
Men | Females | Both | |
Preparation for the holes for transplanting tree seedlings | X | ||
Site selection where tree seedlings are planted | X | ||
Types of tree seedlings to be planted | X | ||
Actual planting of trees | X | ||
Weeding of tree seedlings | X | ||
Watering of tree seedlings | X | ||
Protecting the tree seedlings from destruction by putting protective devices | X | ||
Pruning of trees | X |
Districts | Number of Respondents | Percentage of Respondent |
---|---|---|
Hai | 36 | 30.0 |
Siha | 1 | 0.8 |
Same | 28 | 23.4 |
Rombo | 49 | 40.8 |
Moshi Municipal | 6 | 5.0 |
Total | 120 | 100 |
cials. Similar weaknesses have been observed in other areas in Africa [
A high number of respondents in Hai (22%) and Rombo (23%) districts agreed that they have ever been trained on tree planting and tending. However, respondents though few in number; 7%, 8%, 12.5%, 13% and 15% in Moshi Municipal, Mwanga, Same, Siha and Moshi Rural districts respectively agreed to have been trained on tree planting and tending. More training is needed especially in Moshi Municipal and Mwanga districts. Some respondents from Rombo, Siha and Same districts reported to have never been trained by any institution but they know how to plant and tend trees from their parents. Some institutions reported to train people on tree planting and tending and issues concerning environmental conservation includes Hai Green Initiative (HGI), Kilimanjaro National Park Authority (KINAPA), TENGERU, Sustainable Land Management Project (SLM), Foresters and environmentalists from Districts, Community Development Officers from Districts, Selian-Arusha, Tanzania Association of Foresters (TAF), Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), GTZ, PADEP and TASAF.
None of the respondent from any district reported to employ any casual labour to assist in tree farm establishment and management. All the respondents reported to attend tree planting activities such as tree farm establishment, tree planting and tending on their own. This is because most of respondents do not have land specifically set aside for tree planting. Instead, trees are mixed on banana and coffee farms and on farm boundaries. Therefore, labour availability is not one of the factors affecting tree husbandry in Kilimanjaro region.
1) Insects and Diseases
Insect pests and diseases were among other factors affecting tree husbandry in Kilimanjaro region. Other pests reported to affect trees were livestock and human beings that destroy young trees especially near the roads. Rombo was the leading district in insect pests and diseases infestation while Moshi Rural was the least (
2) Climate
Large number of respondents from Siha (19.3%), Rombo (17.2%), Moshi Rural (16.8%), Mwanga (14%) and Hai (13.7%) reported that the existing climate allows good growth of most planted trees species. 10.5% and 8.8%, relatively few number of respondents in same and Moshi Municipal respectively, agreed that the existing climate does allow good growth of most planted trees species. Some respondents from Same and Mwanga reported a long period of drought and strong dry wind in lowland limit tree growth while respondents from Rombo reported stunted growth during strong cold season as the climatic factors hindering tree husbandry. Same and Mwanga districts are located in the semi-arid areas in Kilimanjaro region and they experiences 400 - 600 mm of rainfall per annum in low lands [
Factors affecting tree husbandry in Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania include access and ownership/land tenure, cultural issues, by-laws, capacity building, age, gender and education. Other factors are insect pests, diseases
Districts | Number of Respondents | Percentage of Respondent | Insects | Disease |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hai | 14 | 11.7 | Termites, ants, white flies, catarpillars | Rotting of roots of Grevillea, frost, dropping of leaves |
Siha | 7 | 5.8 | Termites | Die back, heart rot |
Same | 20 | 16.7 | Termites | Die back, leaf spot |
Mwanga | 20 | 16.7 | White flies, stem boares, termites, fruit boers | Damping off, die back, heart rot |
Rombo | 50 | 41.7 | Termites, ants, white flies, catarpillars, | Frost |
Moshi Rural | 1 | 0.8 | Termites | Leaf spots |
Moshi Municipal | 8 | 6.7 | Spider, white flies, termites | |
Total | 120 | 100.0 |
and climate change. It is therefore recommended that; strict implementation of by-laws in tree planting in the districts that are lagging behind, so that people can plant trees and reduce land degradation; insisting in the use of agro-forestry practices whereby agricultural crops are mixed with trees because of insufficient of land in the region; educating the community members to change their attitudes towards cultural factors which promote tree growing and conduct a study on the best way of controlling pests and diseases affecting tree husbandry in Kilimanjaro region.
Authors gratefully acknowledge the Government of Tanzania, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and UNDP through Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Project in Kilimanjaro for financing this study. Authors are also indebted to all Institutions and individuals who facilitated the study. Finally, the authors are thankful to the Project Technical Team from Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the RAS-Kilimanjaro Office for their useful comments and suggestions.
RevocatusPetro,FrancisLaswai,MohammedMijai,GeofreyNyaradani,ChelestinoBalama, (2015) Factors Affecting Tree Husbandry and Woodlots Establishment in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Open Journal of Soil Science,05,169-180. doi: 10.4236/ojss.2015.58017
1. RESPONDENT’S GENERAL INFORMATION
District name___________ The interview date___________
Ward name___________ Village/Suburb/Street name___________
1.1. Name_______
1.2. Sex Male □ Female □ Age____ Years____
1.3. Education attained___________________________________________________
1.4. Marital status: Married □ Unmarried □ Divorce □ Widow □
Separated □ Widower □
1.5. Occupation: (1) Peasant (2) Livestock keeper (3) Peasant & Livestock keeper (4) Business
(5) Others state___________
2. ACCESS AND OWNERSHIP/LAND TENURE
2.1. Do you use firewood? Yes □ No □
2.2. Do you use charcoal for energy? Yes □ No □
2.3. If yes please state the source of your firewood/charcoal__________________________________________
2.4. Do you own trees? Yes □ No □
2.5. If yes how many trees do you have?_________________________________________________________
2.6. Why don’t you have more trees than what you have mentioned?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.7. What are the tree species do you have and what are their uses?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.8. What are the uses of the tree species that you have?
2.9. What is the growth status of your trees? Good □ Average □ Worse □
2.10. If not good what are the main problems? ____________________________________________________
2.11. Do you own land? Yes □ No □
2.12. If yes state how many hectares/acres________________________________________________________
2.13. Have you set aside land for tree planting? Yes □ No □
2.14. If yes state how many hectares/acres________________________________________________________
2.15. If no state why_________________________________________________________________________
2.16. Where do you get seeds for tree planting exercise _____________________________________________
2.17. Where do you get seedlings for tree planting exercise?_________________________________________
2.18. What are your tree species preferences?_____________________________________________________
2.19. Please give reasons for their preference_____________________________________________________
3. CULTURAL ISSUES
3.1. Are there any cultural issues affecting land ownership? Yes □ No □
3.2. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
3.3. How do they affect land ownership? Yes □ No □
3.4. Are there any cultural issues affecting tree farm establishment? Yes □ No □
3.5. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
3.6. How do they affect tree farm establishment?__________________________________________________
4. LEGAL ISSUES
4.1. Are there any laws which insist you to plant trees on area around you? Yes □ No □
4.2. If yes state_____________________________________________________________________________
4.3. If yes, have you followed the law?__________________________________________________________
4.4. If no, can you give reasons for not following the law?___________________________________________
5. CAPACITY BUILDING
5.1. Have you ever been trained on tree planting? Yes □ No □
5.2. If yes mention the organization involved in providing that training.
______________________________________________________________________________________
5.3. Have you ever been trained on tending of trees? Yes □ No □
5.4. If yes mention the organization involved in providing that training_________________________________
6. LABOUR AVAILABILITY
6.1. Have you employed any casual labourer to assist you in tree farm establishment? Yes □ No □
6.2. If yes how many casual labourers do have?___________________________________________________
6.3. What are the main duties/activities does the casual labourers assist you?____________________________
6.4. Are casual labourers readily available? Yes □ No □
6.5. If yes, where/how do you get them?_________________________________________________________
6.6. Do you pay them? Yes □ No □
6.7. If yes, how much do you pay them per day/week/month?________________________________________
6.8. Can scarcity of casual labourers affect establishment and tending of trees in your farm? Yes □ No □
7. OTHERS
7.1. Is there any disease that affects growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.2. If yes state type of disease_________________________________________________________________
7.3. Is there any insect that affects growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.4. If yes state type of insects_________________________________________________________________
7.5. Does the climate allow good growth of your trees? Yes □ No □
7.6. If no state why__________________________________________________________________________
7.7. What should be done in order to speed up tree planting?_________________________________________