Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are key components of soil micro-flora and obviously interact with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere which is the zone of influence of plant roots on microbial populations and other soil constituents. Keeping in view the importance of AM fungi, the present study was undertaken for assessing the AM fungal spore population dynamics in the rhizosphere soil and its colonization in rhizosphere soils in relation to soil physico-chemical factors. Present study represents an attempt to establish the qualitative and quantitative distribution of AM fungal species in rhizosphere soils of wheat. Thirteen different wheat cultivars collected from four different sites of Lalganj Pratapgarh (U.P.), India were examined for the AM infection. All the wheat cultivars were found to be infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae. However, their population in rhizosphere and root infection varied to a considerable extent from species to species. The maximum spore population and highest percentage of root colonization were found with the rhizosphere soil of cultivars Ankur Kedar.
The distribution of the initiation of infection on roots by soil-born fungi is of interest in connection with mycorrhizas as well as pathogens. It can indicate whether particular regions of the root and hence particular cell types or tissues can be infected, or whether susceptibility is a general property, not strongly influenced by differentiation. This may be important in determining whether developmental changes are associated with lack of infectibility and what single molecules or nutrients from the root are involved in the interactions, which lead to infection. The distribution of microorganisms on the root surface depends on the distance of the surface from the apex i.e. on the age of that part of the root. The apex itself (including the root cap) is often free of microbial colonization. Behind this zone, the population increases rapidly and then may stabilize or decline, in response to the availability of nutrients, competition and predation. Some root infecting pathogen (e.g. some Phytopthora and Fusarium spp.) preferentially infect the immediate sub apical regions of the root and this has been presumed to be associated with either lower resistance of juvenile (undifferentiated) tissues or with increased exudation of nutrients. Other fungi, like Gaeumannomyces graminis, are capable of infecting for much longer distances behind the apex. Such fungi can grow extensively on the surface of the root before producing entry points and colonizing the tissues. In this, they are similar to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which can colonize from soil-born propagules (primary infection) or from surface hyphae growing from an established infection on the same or a different root (secondary infection). With VAM fungi, it is known that infection can occur up to several centimeters behind the root apex. However, several workers have reported that infections do not occur at the apex and in the apical 10 -15 mm region, leading to the suggestion that this region may not be susceptible [
AM fungi are known to be distributed throughout the world in environment ranging from tropical rainforest to arctic tundra. They are present in the soil, in form of chlamydospores, zygospores, and azygospores and have been recovered from the soils of a variety of habitats, e.g. nutrient deficient soils, sand dunes and desserts, industrial wastes, sodic soils, polluted sites, sewage, eroded sites and others like forests, open wood lands, scrub, savanna, heaths, grasslands, anthracite and bituminous cole waste [
During the past decade, it has been established that AM influences soil fertility and thus the growth and development of plant, and therefore, these can be an alternative to rising agricultural and fertilizer costs. All soils contain either spores of AM fungi or mycorrhizae formed by them. The importance of these fungi has been widely accepted, although their relevance under normal agricultural condition in most cases is difficult to assess experimentally because most soils contain indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi. The indigenous AM fungi are inefficient and inoculation of only efficient strains may be rewarding. Selection of a proper inoculum is essential, since the population of indigenous AM fungi may be an interfering factor in the activities of the introduced ones. A number of factors have been shown to govern the response of the host to an inoculants, viz. type and density, infection potential, site of placement, spread and competitive abilities, etc. The four major factors can determine the success of the inoculation like crop species involving the size, effectiveness of the indigenous AM fungal population, fertility of the soil and cultural practices. It is also important to know which plant species derives more benefit from mycorrhiza. Good establishment in the soil and residual effect of introduced AM fungi have important implication in the tropics because of intensive cropping pattern. Good residual effect saves the expenses of re-inoculation and may enhance rapid infection, which is important for short duration crops. But the persistence of introduced AM fungi will depend on its ability to cope with physical and biological stresses. Only few reports on the persistence of AM fungi are available. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to find out qualitative and quantitative distribution of AM fungi, occurring naturally in the agricultural field of wheat at four different study sites of this region.
The present study represents an attempt to establish the qualitative and quantitative distribution of AM fungal species in rhizosphere soils of wheat. Study was taken up in four different sites e.g. I-Agai, II-Amawa, III-Da- grara and IV-Pharpur of Lalganj, Pratapgarh (U.P.) form November 2009 to October 2012. The soil properties of study sites were also analyzed. The rhizosphere soil samples from 10-20 cm. depths were collected from 13 cultivars i.e. PBW-343, PBW-373, PBW-502, PBW-443, UP-2338, PBW-17, Ganga Kaveri-7777, HD-2733, HUW-468, WHD-943, UP-2382, Ankur Kedar and Kundan of wheat plants. The AM spores were isolated from the each soil samples by wet sieving and decanting techniques of Gerdeman and Nicolson [
AM fungal species association and their relative density with each wheat cultivar at different study sites were calculated by following formula.
The two sites of presence/absence of VAM species were compared at time and likewise all the sites were compared taking paired data. Similarity index was calculated by using the following formula:
where, A = No. of species at site I;
B = No. of species at site II;
C = No. of species common to both the sites.
Statistical analysis of data for comparison of means and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was followed after Gupta and Kapoor [
Result in
The physico-chemical properties of soils of all the four sites were different. The texture of soil was clay sand at sites I and IV and clay at sites II and III with grey colour. The pH of the soils was found 7.1 at site I and 7.5 in other three sites. Available soil phosphorus (P) was found maximum at site IV (11.2 Kg∙ha−1) and minimum at site I (9.1 Kg∙ha−1); nitrogen (N) content was maximum at site II (520.3 Kg∙ha−1) and minimum at site III (362.1
S. No. | Wheat Cultivars | Root Colonization (%) | Average No. of Vesicles (cm−1 Root Bit) | Spore Population (50 gm−1) Rhizosphere Soil | Total No. of AM Fungal Species | Relative Density of AM Fungi | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study Sites | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | ||||||
1. | PBW-343 | 86 | 56 | 79 | 85 | 36 | 31 | 39 | 43 | 117 | 105 | 109 | 117 | 41 | 44 | 46 | 46 | 8.79 | 10.42 | 12.10 | 12.33 | ||||
2. | PBW-373 | 62 | 46 | 67 | 79 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 39 | 98 | 92 | 94 | 102 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 33 | 7.29 | 7.58 | 8.15 | 8.84 | ||||
3. | PBW-502 | ND | 43 | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | 75 | 82 | 69 | 63 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 6.43 | 6.87 | 7.36 | 6.97 | ||||
4. | PBW-443 | 68 | ND | 37 | ND | 34 | ND | 22 | ND | 103 | 54 | 58 | 56 | 35 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 7.51 | 5.45 | 6.57 | 6.43 | ||||
5. | UP-2338 | 54 | 37 | 58 | 62 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 29 | 89 | 76 | 82 | 82 | 31 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 6.65 | 6.63 | 7.89 | 7.23 | ||||
6. | PBW-17 | 68 | 48 | NC | 59 | 37 | 18 | NC | 22 | 108 | 87 | NC | 76 | 36 | 29 | NC | 27 | 7.72 | 6.87 | NC | 7.23 | ||||
7. | Ganga Kaveri-7777 | 57 | ND | 53 | NC | 26 | ND | 18 | NC | 90 | 85 | 72 | NC | 32 | 29 | 29 | NC | 6.86 | 6.87 | 7.63 | NC | ||||
8. | HD-2733 | 76 | ND | NC | NC | 39 | ND | NC | NC | 108 | 59 | NC | NC | 35 | 26 | NC | NC | 7.51 | 6.16 | NC | NC | ||||
9. | HUW-468 | 47 | 50 | ND | ND | 25 | 19 | ND | ND | 86 | 87 | 52 | 93 | 31 | 29 | 25 | 28 | 6.65 | 6.87 | 6.57 | 7.50 | ||||
10. | WHD-943 | 72 | 32 | 62 | 65 | 19 | 20 | 26 | 32 | 95 | 62 | 86 | 89 | 32 | 26 | 31 | 27 | 6.86 | 6.16 | 8.15 | 7.23 | ||||
11. | UP-2382 | ND | 52 | 65 | 75 | ND | 25 | 17 | 35 | 65 | 98 | 89 | 98 | 29 | 33 | 31 | 29 | 6.22 | 7.81 | 8.15 | 7.77 | ||||
12. | Ankur Kedar | 92 | 68 | 91 | 93 | 27 | 30 | 34 | 28 | 154 | 108 | 164 | 156 | 51 | 46 | 54 | 53 | 10.94 | 10.90 | 14.21 | 14.20 | ||||
13. | Kundan | 88 | 72 | 87 | 88 | 32 | 32 | 35 | 34 | 124 | 112 | 149 | 147 | 49 | 48 | 50 | 53 | 10.51 | 11.37 | 13.15 | 14.20 | ||||
ND―Not Detected; NC―Not Cultivated.
S. No. | Study Sites | Wheat Cultivars | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PBW-343 | PBW-373 | PBW-502 | PBW-443 | UP-2338 | PBW-17 | Ganga Kaveri 7777 | HD-2733 | HUW-468 | WHD-943 | UP-2382 | Ankur Kedar | Kundan | ||
No. of AM Fungal Species | ||||||||||||||
1. | I | 41 | 34 | 30 | 35 | 31 | 36 | 32 | 35 | 31 | 32 | 29 | 51 | 49 |
2. | II | 44 | 32 | 29 | 23 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 26 | 29 | 26 | 33 | 46 | 48 |
3. | III | 46 | 31 | 28 | 25 | 30 | X | 29 | X | 25 | 31 | 31 | 54 | 50 |
4. | IV | 46 | 33 | 26 | 24 | 27 | 27 | X | X | 28 | 27 | 29 | 53 | 53 |
ANOVA for Occurrence of AM Fungi between Wheat Cultivars and Different Study Sites | ||||||||||||||
Source of Variation | Degree of Freedom | Sum of Square | Mean Square | F-Ratio | ||||||||||
Sites | 3 | 108.88 | 36.29 | 3.09* | ||||||||||
Wheat Cultivars | 12 | 3483.6 | 290.3 | 24.76** | ||||||||||
Residuals (Error) | 32 | 375.07 | 11.72 | |||||||||||
Total | 47 | 3967.55 |
*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.001
Study Sites | |||
---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV |
I | 2.81 | 96.20 | 95.48 |
II | 91.39 | 90.54 | |
III | 92.81 |
Kg∙ha−1) while potassium (K) was highest at site II (226.0 Kg∙ha−1) and lowest at site I (190.0 Kg∙ha−1).
In present investigation, the result revealed that occurrence of AM fungi within the root as symbiont and in the vicinity was widespread irrespective of different habitats as they were found in all the test sites. Results suggest that the percent colonization, average number of vesicle, spore population, and total AM fungal species differ with different cultivars of wheat in different test sites. The diversity and distribution of AM fungi in different sites may be attributed to the different physico-chemical properties of soil. This is also reported in the rhizosphere soils of mungbean and soybean [
Results of present study conclude that occurrence of AM fungi varies with host ranges. Though they are ubiquitous, they show specificity in association with host plants. All the AM species did not occur in all the areas and not all the species had the same effect on their symbiont. Different species and different isolates within species can have different effects on one plant growth. However, biomass production by most of the plant species varied significantly among treatments with different single AM taxa.