Study Aim: To assess the effects of Chandra nadi pranayama on hematological parameters. Methods: Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21 - 26 years (Mean ± SD: age 22.8 ± 2.023 yrs, height 5.53 ± 1.822 ft, body mass 61.506 ± 4.514 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects from Group-A: experimental were subjected to a 4-week Chandra nadi pranayama (Left Nostril). Statistical Analysis: Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre- test and the post-test. Results: No significant differences were found in Hemoglobin (Hb), Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Cholesterol), High Density Lipopro- tein Cholesterol (HDL-Cholesterol) and Triglycerides (TG) among university level girls.
Yoga―a way of life―is marked with certain qualities namely balance, health, harmony, and bliss Nagendra & Nagarathna (1977) . Inflating the matter into wider semantic denominations, Meditation-being part of yoga, which is the seventh limb of Ashtanga Yoga Tamini (1961) , is a state of alert rest as stated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1972) , who founded a new technique of meditation, popularly known as transcendental meditation. By Yogic participation, a person is supposed to reach a state of mental composure, where responses to favorable or unfavorable external events are well under the individual’s control, and responses are moderate in intensity Telles et al. (2000) . The science of yoga is a powerful stream of knowledge, which enables the practitioners to achieve radiant physical health, serene mind, continues spiritual uplift, and creates the ability for harmonious social living Kumar (2005) . The traditional yogic practices of pranayama have a history of over 4000 years. The practice of pranayama has substantiated valuable both for the healthy and for the sick. In addition, recent research has established the therapeutic effect on some diseases. Women subject to psychological stress found significant improvement of their symptoms after a three-month yoga program Michalsen et al. (2005) . In anxiety disorders, at least two comparative studies of yoga and meditation techniques (mindfulness) revealed the same effectiveness for both procedures (Krisanaprakornkit et al., 2006 & Smith et al., 2007) . There are a multitude of pranayama techniques and it is traditionally taught that each of them has different psycho-physiological benefits Gitananda (2008) . Pranayama has immense therapeutic potential in a wide range of psychosomatic disorders, but there is currently lack of an adequate meta-analysis in relation to Chandra nadi pranayama to assess its efficacy with respect to hematological parameters and as a result the present study was conducted to find out effects of Chandra nadi pranayama on hematological parameters.
Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21 - 26 years (Mean ± SD: age 22.8 ± 2.023 yrs, height 5.53 ± 1.822 ft, body mass 61.506 ± 4.514 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups:
・ Group-A: Experimental (n1 = 15);
・ Group-B: Control (n2 = 15).
All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study. Distribution and demographics of subjects are brought forth in
This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study (
Sample Size (N = 30) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (N = 30) | Experimental group (n1 = 15) | Control group (n2 = 15) |
Age | 22.8 ± 2.023 | 22.6 ± 1.956 | 23 ± 2.138 |
Body Height | 5.53 ± 1.822 | 5.546 ± 1.959 | 5.513 ± 1.726 |
Body Mass | 61.506 ± 4.514 | 61.92 ± 4.866 | 61.093 ± 4.262 |
4-Weeks Chandra Nadi Pranayama Training | |||
---|---|---|---|
Weeks | Schedule | Time | Duration |
Ist Week | Preliminary Yogic Exercises | 5 Minute | 20 Minute |
Practice of Chandra Nadi Pranayama (9 Rounds × 1 Set) | 10 Minute | ||
Relaxation Posture | 5 Minute | ||
2nd Week | Preliminary Yogic Exercises | 5 Minute | 25 Minute |
Practice of Chandra Nadi Pranayama (9 Rounds × 2 Set) | 15 Minute | ||
Relaxation Posture | 5 Minute | ||
3rd Week | Preliminary Yogic Exercises | 5 Minute | 30 Minute |
Practice of Chandra Nadi Pranayama (9 Rounds × 3 Set) | 20 Minute | ||
Relaxation Posture | 5 Minute | ||
4rd Week | Preliminary Yogic Exercises | 5 Minute | 35 Minute |
Practice of Chandra Nadi Pranayama (9 Rounds × 4 Set) | 25 Minute | ||
Relaxation Posture | 5 Minute |
nation of lipid profiles were obtained. All of biochemical tests have been done with serum samples. Lipid parameters (Triglyceride; Cholesterol; Low-density lipoprotein; High-density lipoprotein) were measured using Boehringer Mannheim kits and Clinilab, BioMerieux analyser as used by Jastrzebska et al. (2002) . The Collection of Biochemical tests with Serum Samples show in the
Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data is expressed as the mean ± SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
The results of Hematological Parameter in group (Experimental) and group (Control) are shown in
Hemoglobin (Hb) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Number | Mean | Standard Deviation | Standard Error of the Mean | t-value | p-value |
Experiment (Pre-test) Experimental (Post-test) | 15 15 | 12.780 12.913 | 0.421 0.456 | 0.108 0.117 | 1.740 | 0.1038 |
Control (Pre-test) Control (Post-test) | 15 15 | 12.473 12.506 | 0.240 0.265 | 0.062 0.068 | 0.517 | 0.6132 |
Total Cholesterol (TC) | ||||||
Experiment (Pre-test) Experimental (Post-test) | 15 15 | 167.240 168.940 | 14.598 15.355 | 3.7694 3.964 | 1.937 | 0.0732 |
Control (Pre-test) Control (Post-test) | 15 15 | 166.760 166.893 | 14.613 14.266 | 3.773 3.683 | 0.581 | 0.5705 |
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Cholesterol) | ||||||
Experiment (Pre-test) Experimental (Post-test) | 15 15 | 119.120 119.486 | 7.640 7.694 | 1.972 1.986 | 1.243 | 0.2343 |
Control (Pre-test) Control (Post-test) | 15 15 | 118.980 119.040 | 7.506 7.532 | 1.938 1.945 | 0.169 | 0.8682 |
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-Cholesterol) | ||||||
Experiment (Pre-test) Experimental (Post-test) | 15 15 | 75.120 75.206 | 4.443 4.296 | 1.147 1.109 | 0.617 | 0.5471 |
Control (Pre-test) Control (Post-test) | 15 15 | 74.926 74.960 | 4.799 4.682 | 1.239 1.208 | 0.289 | 0.7768 |
Triglycerides (TG) | ||||||
Experiment (Pre-test) Experimental (Post-test) | 15 15 | 135.473 217.626 | 9.647 314.503 | 2.491 81.204 | 1.011 | 0.3292 |
Control (Pre-test) Control (Post-test) | 15 15 | 132.913 133.113 | 14.755 15.297 | 3.809 3.949 | 0.617 | 0.5471 |
Mean and Standard Deviation values of Hemoglobin (Hb) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 12.780 ± 0.421 and 12.913 ± 0.456 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Hemoglobin (Hb) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 12.473 ± 0.240 and 12.506 ± 0.265. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.740 and for control group it was 0.517 as show in the
No significant between-group differences were noted in Haemoglobin (Hb) since the calculated value of (t = 1.740) is smaller than tabulated value of t0.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. The data does suggest that the differences between pre-test and post-test of Hemoglobin (Hb) in experimental and control group are insignificant. The t-test and p-value for the Experimental (Pre-Test & Post-Test) and Control (Pre-Test & Post-Test) Groups on the parameter Hemoglobin (Hb) has been presented graphically in
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No significant between-group differences were noted in Total Cholesterol (TC) since the calculated value of (t = 1.937) is smaller than tabulated value of t0.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. The data does suggest that the differences between pre-test and post-test of Total Cholesterol (TC) in experimental and control group are insignificant. The t-test and p-value for the Experimental (Pre-Test & Post-Test) and Control (Pre-Test & Post-Test) Groups on the parameter Total Cholesterol (TC) has been presented graphically in
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(LDL-Cholesterol) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 119.120 ± 7.640 and 119.486 ± 7.694 re- spectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL- Cholesterol) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 118.980 ± 7.506 and 119.040 ± 7.532. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.243 and for control group it was 0.169 as show in the
No significant between-group differences were noted in Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Choles- terol) since the calculated value of (t = 1.243) is smaller than tabulated value of t0.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. The data does suggest that the differences between pre-test and post-test of in Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Cholesterol) in experimental and control group are insignificant. The t-test and p-value for the Experimental (Pre-Test & Post-Test) and Control (Pre-Test & Post-Test) Groups on the parameter Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Cholesterol) has been presented graphically in
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No significant between-group differences were noted in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-Cho- lesterol) since the calculated value of (t = 0.617) is smaller than tabulated value of t0.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. The data does suggest that the differences between pre-test and post-test of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-Cholesterol) in experimental and control group are insignificant. The t-test and p-value for the Experimental (Pre-Test & Post-Test) and Control (Pre-Test & Post- Test) Groups on the parameter High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-Cholesterol) has been presented graphically in
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No significant between-group differences were noted in Triglycerides (TG) since the calculated value of (t = 1.011) is smaller than tabulated value of t0.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. The data does suggest that the differences between pre-test and post-test of Triglycerides (TG) in experimental and control group are insignificant. The t-test and p-value for the Experimental (Pre-Test & Post-Test) and Control (Pre-Test & Post-Test) Groups on the parameter Triglycerides (TG) has been presented graphically in
In summary, the present work manifests an overriding endeavor to explore effects of Chandra nadi pranayama on hematological parameters of university level girls. No significant differences were found in Hemoglobin (Hb),
Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ( LDL -Cholesterol), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ( HDL -Cholesterol) and Triglycerides (TG) of university level girls.
A special acknowledgement of appreciation for this work in preparing the original manuscript is due to assistance from University Grants Commission (U.G.C.) New Delhi in regards to the sanction of M.R.P (Minor and Major) Research Projects.