Arsi zone is one of the Oromia regional state’s zones with high potential of honey and bees wax production and where there was dissemination of modern beehives. This research was initiated with objectives of quantifying adoption rate of modern beehives and its determinant factors and drawing policy implication for further extension of the technology. The study was conducted in seven districts of Arsi zone and 251 rural beekeepers were interviewed. The average productivity of the modern beehives and local beehives was found to be 19.77 kg/hive and 5.13 kg/hive. The total number of local bee hives possessed by interviewed beekeepers was found to be 1201 while that of modern beehives was found to be 279 hives which shows that the adoption rate is low and if we increase the adoption rate by 50%, the amount of honey harvest will increases by 11,862 kg which is about 5700 kg more than the total honey beekeepers can get from keeping the whole 1201 local hives. Chemical application (herbicides and pesticides), bee predators, lack of knowledge and skill on modern beehives, lack of modern beehive accessories, lack of bee forage and lack of capital were major beekeeping bottlenecks. The result of binary Logit model revealed that the main determinants of adoption are farmyard size, number of local hives beekeepers possessed, training provided, participation on demonstration, wealth status of beekeepers, and participation of beekeepers on nonfarm income sources. Provision of different information towards increasing or improving the saving capacity or culture of beekeepers, provision of adequate and relevant agricultural extension services (such as training on modern beekeeping technologies and experience sharing among beekeepers), provision of credit services to widen the financial bases of poor beekeepers and facilitating access to modern beehives and its accessories especially honey extractor and wax stumper which can increase beehives productivity were the recommendation that was drawn from the output of this research.
Ethiopia, with around 23.6% of African and 2.1% of the world production, is the leading honey producer in Africa and is one of the ten largest producers in the world [
As it is known traditional way of beekeeping is practiced throughout the country in general and in Oromia specifically by hanging the traditional hive over the long trees which is very difficult for management and harvesting or putting the hive under their roof at the outside. This way of beekeeping, especially by hanging over the long tree in the forest is not convenient for female farmers. With all other its problems traditional beehive additional problem of low productivity with production per hive averaging 5 - 6 kg compared to modern beehives which has average production of 15 - 20 kg/hive and even more [
By realizing the potential of apiculture subsector and the problem associated to traditional beehive, Ethiopian government tried to introduce different beekeeping technologies to beekeepers. For instance the establishment of beekeeping demonstration stations at different areas like Holeta, Nekemte, and Jimma etc. in 1965 to introduce improved beekeeping technologies (box hives, casting mold, honey extractor, honey presser, smoker, water sprayer, veil, glove etc.) imported from abroad to the beekeepers and to offer beekeeping training for farmers and experts can be mentioned [
Oromia region having large share of honey production of the country, with about 41% of total country’s production, the regional government disseminated considerable number of modern (box) hives to farmers which are produced by different regional agricultural mechanization research centers and different private microenterprises in 2001/02.
Arsi zone is one of the Oromia regional state’s zones with high potential of honey and bees wax production and one of the Zones where there was dissemination of modern beehives on cash and credit basis from AAMRC and private microenterprises and having potential suppliers of the modern hive. However, there is no adequate information on the adoption status and determinant factors such as socioeconomic, economic and socio-psy- chological factors of the adoption for this technology. Therefore, the socioeconomics, demographic and other technical factors that affect adoption and utilization of this technology has to be identified and this research proposal was initiated for this reason.
Objectives of the StudyThe general objective of this study is to assess the level of adoption of modern beehives with its determinant factors in Arsi zone while the specific objectives of the research are:
1) To quantify adoption rate of modern beehives in Arsi zone;
2) To identify the determinant factors that affect adoption of modern beehives;
3) To draw policy implication for further extension of modern beehives in the study areas.
Adoption was defined by Feder, et al. [
Adoption is not a simple and overnight activity, but it is a mental process which an individual farmer (decision- maker or group of decision maker’s family members) goes through for decision-making. To ensure adoption of new innovation the fulfillment of specific economic, technical and institutional conditions are required. From the farmers’ perspective, the new technology should be economically more profitable than the existing alternatives. Moreover, the new technology should also be technically easily manageable by small holders and adaptable to the surrounding socio-cultural situations and availability of the new technology and all other necessary inputs to small holders at the right time and place and in the right quantity and quality are necessary conditions [
Past studies have documented some demographic and socioeconomic factors that influenced the adoption of different technologies among smallholder farmers in developing countries. Studies by Croppenstedt et al. [
The study was conducted in Arsi Administrative zone, South-Eastern part of Oromia Regional State. Arsi zone is one of the 22 zones of the Oromia National Regional State. It is located in the southeastern part of the country. It is also situated between 6˚45'N to 8˚58'N latitude and 38˚32'E to 40˚50'E longitude [
Arsi zone is the study area which is purposively selected because of the economic importance of beekeeping, potential dangers of different agricultural practices like deforestation, chemical application for apiary activities and the efforts so far done by governments and nongovernmental bodies. Both multi-stage and purposive sampling techniques were employed where seven districts were selected based on their agro-climatic condition and apiary potentials purposively. Accordingly, Amigna, Bele, Arsi-Robe, Lode-Hetosa, Chole, Merti and Lemu- Bilbilo were selected. Then based on beekeeping potential, two PAs were selected from each district and finally, forty beekeepers from each PA which makes the total respondents 280 were selected for the formal interview. But twenty nine respondents were not contacted because of their absence and two hundred fifty one (251) beekeepers were interviewed.
Primary data were employed in this research and the data were collected primarily from beekeepers through interview and focus group discussion. Preliminary survey was conducted to assess the potentials of each district in beekeeping and the potential challenges of beekeeping in the study area. At the second stage formal survey was conducted by structured questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also conducted with key informants from beekeepers, development agents and district level beekeeping (livestock) experts.
In addition to the descriptive and inferential statistics, econometric model called binary logit was employed. In most adoption studies, the use of dichotomous models like probit and logit, are common as the case of LPM use, the probability may not lie between 0 and 1. Even though there exist statistical similarity between the outputs of logit and probit models, Aldrich and Nelson [
where;
Xi, is the vector of independent variables representing a number of demographic and socioeconomic variables of ith beekeeper. The dependent variable
The above linear model can be transferred into a cumulative probability function as follow, mainly to avoid the potential errors of having the predicted values,
If the cumulative probability function
The marginal effect of a particular variable on the probability that a particular household decide to adopt is given by:
where
Age of respondents (Age): It is hypothesized that age negatively affects adoption.
Educational background: categorical 0 = illiterate, 1 = literate
Credit use: use of credit can solve problem of capital shortage for the investment and is expected to enhance adoption of the modern beehive (dummy; 1 = user and 0 otherwise). In this case since the credit from government bodies is ear tagged for agricultural inputs like chemical fertilizer and seed, only credit utilization from other sources was considered
Number of local beehive: this variable is also expected to have positive impact on adoption probability of the technology assuming as farmers saw the little advantages from local hive they may think of improving their advantage from the beekeeping activity (continuous count).
Sex of respondents: being female is assumed to expose to different cultural discrimination from large society and excluded from different extension services and have negative impact on adoption probability (dummy; 1 = male and 0 = female)
Training on beekeeping: it is dummy variable; 1 = yes 0 otherwise
House stead land size (farm yard in ha): unless beekeeping activity is not commercialized so far the farmers are expected to practice apiary in their farm yard/house stead and as the farm yard size increases it is expected to have more probability of adoption (continuous).
Family labor (man equivalent): it is expected that as family size increases the adoption probability increase to utilize the family labor (continuous number).
Livestock (TLU) is expected to have either negative or positive impact
Farm size (ha): it is expected that farm size of the farmer enhance the adoption
Participation on nonfarm income source (it is dummy variable; 1 = yes 0 otherwise):
Participation on demonstration of modern beehives (it is dummy variable; 1 = yes 0 otherwise): it is hypothesized that it has positive effect.
Total Income: it is the sum of all income in birr that a beekeeper gets from sale of crop, livestock, honey and other nonfarm sources. It is continuous variable measured in Ethiopian birr.
Type of house of household (htype dummy, 1 = if house is thatched roof; 0 otherwise).
From the survey result, majority of the respondents which is about 91% of the respondents, are male headed and the rest 9% are female headed. Around 22% of the female headed and 21% male headed households (HH) were adopters but the chi-square value is insignificant (
Farming experience is one of the variables that was considered but it was found to be insignificant in affecting the adoption of the technology under consideration but with slight difference between mean of the adopters (22.84) and non-adopters (30.20) years. Educational background of household head was also found to be significant (
Resource ownership of the household is one of the determinant factors in adoption of a given technology. In this study the house type owned by the households, livestock possession, land holding, total bee colony possession, and others were considered for their effect on adoption probability. Accordingly, house type possessed by HH was found to be one of the significant factors where, the chi-square value is found to be significant at 1% probability level.
Farm animals have crucial roles in the rural economy. In general, they are sources of draught power, food such as milk and meat, cash, and means of transport both for human beings and agricultural produces. In addition to these, animal dung is used as fuel and organic fertilizer. Moreover, in the study area, farm animals are used as a measure of wealth. The household average tropical live stock unit was 11.00TLU with 14.20 (1.33) TLU and 10.10 (0.59) TLU for adopters and non-adopters respectively and mean difference significant at 5% probability level.
In addition to this, oxen possession was also found to be more affecting factor for adoption of technology which is significant at 1%. Similarly, farmers having more farm land adopted the technology in a better way. The result from
Mean | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adopters | Non-Adopters | Combined | t-value | |
Age | 44.27 (1.75) | 39.55 (0.85) | 4.59 (0.78) | 2.55** |
Family size | 7.78 (0.50) | 7.36 (0.23) | 7.45 (0.21) | 0.85 |
Farming experience | 24.04 (1.81) | 29.94 (10.04) | 28.66 (7.84) | 0.31 |
Land holding | 4.98 (0.60) | 3.29 (0.17) | 3.66 (0.19) | 3.78*** |
House stead land | 0.31 (0.04) | 0.30 (0.02) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.076 |
Land under beekeeping | 0.01 (0.005) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.004 (0.001) | 2.31* |
Livestock (TLU) | 14.20 (1.33) | 10.10 (0.59) | 11.00 (0.56) | 3.09** |
Bee colony | 9.78 (2.24) | 4.76 (0.40) | 5.86 (0.59) | 3.58*** |
Market access (main) | 12.27 (1.20) | 12.33 (0.65) | 12.32 (0.57) | 0.05 |
Distance from DU | 3.11 (0.33) | 2.65 (0.18) | 2.75 (0.16) | 1.21 |
Distance to main road | 4.02 (0.56) | 4.06 (0.33) | 4.05 (0.28) | 0.06 |
Nearest market access | 4.24 (0.46) | 3.80 (0.23) | 3.9 (0.21) | 0.88 |
Annual honey production | 122.51 (39.69) | 24.99 (2.04) | 46.36 (9.14) | 4.58*** |
Annual honey sale | 4165.09 (939) | 965.86 (114) | 1666.89 (238) | 5.92*** |
Honey production/local hive | 3.64 (0.63) | 5.55 (0.23) | 5.13 (0.23) | 3.53** |
Live Stock sale | 3416.36 (613) | 2683.55 (282) | 2844.13 (258) | 1.18 |
Crop sale | 19497.45 (3836) | 8794 (912) | 11139 (1131) | 4.03*** |
Annual nonfarm income | 3428.36 (929.57) | 1176 (221) | 1669.39 (272) | 3.50** |
Oxen number | 4.25 (0.35) | 2.80 (0.13) | 3.12 (0.13) | 4.75*** |
Total annual income | 30507.27 (4495) | 13619 (1151) | 17320 (1400) | 5.25** |
Share of honey sale | 0.181 (0.027) | 0.11 (0.010) | 0.124 (0.01) | 2.96** |
Honey harvest/modern hives | 19.77 (1.00) | - | - | |
Share of crop | 0.562 (0.04) | 0.62 (0.02) | 0.61 (0.02) | 1.31 |
Share of LS | 0.15 (0.026) | 0.193 (0.014) | 0.183 (0.012) | 1.52 |
Share of nonfarm income | 0.11 (0.025) | 0.081 (0.013) | 0.087 (0.012) | 0.97 |
***, **, and * show the level of significance at 1, 5 and 10%; The numbers in brackets are standard errors of mean; Source: own survey result.
to be 0.31 hectare (
Crop production, livestock rearing, non farm income sources like pity trade, and others like flour grain mill and beekeeping are main sources of income in the study areas. The major income share of the sampled households comes from the sale of crop which accounts for about 61% of total income followed by livestock and livestock output sale which is around 18% of the income share (
There are different service providing centers to the beekeepers (farmers) of which their impact on modern bee
Adopter | Non-adopters | Total | χ2 | Asymp. Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of respondents: | Male | 50 | 178 | 228 | 0 | 0.98 |
Female | 5 | 18 | 23 | |||
Credit use | Yes | 6 | 35 | 41 | 1.52 | 0.22 |
(Formal) | No | 49 | 161 | 210 | ||
Credit Use | Yes | 16 | 59 | 75 | 0.021 | 0.89 |
(Informal) | No | 36 | 140 | 176 | ||
Marital status | Single | 3 | 11 | 14 | 1.44 | 0.7 |
Married | 5 | 277 | ||||
Divorced | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
Widowed | 0 | 4 | 4 | |||
Educational | 1 Illiterate | 8 | 32 | 40 | 10.41 | 0.065* |
2 read/write | 8 | 18 | 26 | |||
3 primary | 14 | 79 | 93 | |||
4 secondary | 18 | 58 | 76 | |||
5 post second | 6 | 9 | 15 | |||
6 others | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||
House type | 1 thatched roof | 5 | 86 | 91 | 26.75 | 0.000*** |
2 corrugated iron | 11 | 11 | 22 | |||
3 both | 36 | 102 | 139 | |||
Extension contact | 1 Every day | 13 | 38 | 51 | 2.71 | 0.57 |
2 every week | 27 | 82 | 109 | |||
3 every month | 6 | 23 | 29 | |||
4 sometimes | 8 | 47 | 55 | |||
5 no contact | 1 | 6 | 7 | |||
Train on Modern BH | yes | 25 | 23 | 48 | 31.57 | 0.000*** |
No | 30 | 173 | 203 | |||
Demonstration on MBH | yes | 41 | 59 | 100 | 35.4 | 0.000*** |
No | 14 | 137 | 151 |
Source, own survey result.
hive can be observed directly or indirectly. Of these factors, access to main market, access to development unit and distance to main road are the major ones. In addition to these, access to credit service providing centers were also considered and access to formal credit providers have no significant effect on adoption probability while the informal one has effect. This is may be due to the fact that there is less attention given to the sector which geared all the credit from formal sources towards other sectors such as the purchase of seed and fertilizer and other livestock sectors like small scale fattening as it can be seen from
No. | Description | Number of respondents’ | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sell at village | 212 | 84.5 |
2 | Sell at local market | 178 | 70.9 |
3 | Sell to Cooperatives | 8 | 3.2 |
4 | Sell to local honey collectors (Traders) | 109 | 56.6 |
5 | Sell to consumers | 248 | 98.8 |
6 | Sell to local “tej” makers | 76 | 30 |
Source: own survey.
Beekeepers owned their modern beehives from different sources. The majority of the beekeepers bought their modern beehives from the former Asela rural technology promotion center, the current Asela Agricultural mechanization research center which accounts for 48 (81.36%) of the users and only five (8.5%) bought from microenterprises.
Even though there is almost no respondent who reported the problem of marketing and market access problem during survey, there is no broad option of market in the study areas. As it can be understood from the survey result, the major market destinations of the areas are village marketing among rural households, local markets, and cooperatives (with very small percent 3.2%). The beekeepers have no specific customer who buys their produce and they sell to local honey collectors (traders), consumers both from rural and urban areas and local “tej” makers. Accordingly, 84%, 70% and 3.2% of the respondents sell their honey at village, local markets and to honey and honey product cooperatives respectively. Similarly, 98.8%, 56.6% and 30.3% of the respondent’s produces were sold to consumers, to local honey collectors (traders) and local “tej” makers respectively (
In general out of 251 respondents, only 55 or around 22% are adopters of modern beehive and the rest 196 (78%) are non adopters. Out of the total respondents, 59 (nearly 24%) of the respondents experienced the use of modern beehives but 4 (6.80%) of them dis-adopted the technology because of different reasons, mainly due to absence of accessories 4 (100%) and other related reasons like lack of skill, and bee absconding problems (
Information sources evidences that remote districts have good potential of beekeeping as most of the time they do have large amount of natural forests. But from the above
A number of beekeeping subsector constraints were assessed in this study for the areas. In general the major constraints were hypothesized and the respondents were requested to rank those constraints according to their perception (
Beekeepers of the area suggested a solution for each problem which can be applied by different concerned
No. | Reasons | Respondents in number and percent |
---|---|---|
1 | 1. Absence of beehive accessories | 4 (100%) |
2 | 2. Lack of skill on managing modern beehives | 3 (75%) |
3 | 3. Bee absconding from hive | 1 (25%) |
4 | 4. Market problem for hive product | 1 (25%) |
Source: own survey 2009.
Districts | Continue using modern beehive | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
1 | Aminga | 32 | 8 | 40 |
2 | Bele | 30 | 6 | 36 |
3 | Chole | 36 | 1 | 37 |
4 | Lemu-bilbilo | 17 | 14 | 31 |
5 | Lode-hetosa | 23 | 11 | 34 |
6 | Merti | 33 | 1 | 34 |
7 | Arsi-robe | 25 | 14 | 39 |
Total | 196 | 55 | 251 |
Source: AAMRC survey, 2009.
Rank of the constraint | % of respondents given the rank | |
---|---|---|
1 | Chemical application (herbicides and pesticides) | 61% |
2 | Bee predators | 50% |
3 | Lack of knowledge and skill on modern beehives | 40% |
4 | Lack of modern beehive accessories | 35% |
5 | Lack of bee forage (additional bee feeds) | 32% |
6 | Lack of capital | 49% |
Source: own survey, 2002.
stakeholders. For example, majority of the farmers suggested timely application of herbicides before the flowering of crops and weeds. This can minimize the death of honey bee as bees would not go for the search of their pollen while there is no flower on the crop/weed. For the second problem proper beehive management skills and awareness must be created through practical training specially for the protection of different ants, lizards and spiders. But there are seasonal birds which harm the hive seriously and very difficult for the beekeepers to protect their hives. But some beekeepers tried their best by availing some feeds and water around the hive so that the bees should not go far and escape from such bee eating birds.
The gap in lack of awareness and skill can be fulfilled by training by beekeeping experts at different levels. Lack of accessories, the fourth major problem should be solved through availing such accessories through credit facility, organizing and awareness creation of beekeepers to buy those technologies in group, availing enough number of technologies at least at Peasant Association level for borrowing and so on. It is because of this problem most beekeepers who, even started using modern beehive, dis-adopted the technology and most beekeepers miss at least one season harvest. Shortage of bee forage was the last ranked constraint which is the major cause for bee swarm absconding especially during the dry season (
No. | Reason for not using | Districts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lack of awareness | Amigna | Bele | Chole | L/Bilbilo | L/Hetosa | Merti | A/Robe Total (%) | |
2 | Lack of capital | 25 | 19 | 26 | 9 | 20 | 25 | 25 20 | 144 (57.37) |
3 | Non availability | 16 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 77 (30.68) |
4 | Others | 11 | 21 | 31 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 39 (15.54) |
5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Source: AAMRC survey, 2009.
From the survey result it can be seen that beekeepers are taking different measures in order to feed their honey bees’ swarm especially during the dry season when it becomes difficult for workers bees to find flower from the forest. Therefore, majority of beekeepers (around 78%) feed their honey bee by providing some feed substances like sugar, flour of beans, chickpea and peas and water while considerable number of beekeepers (around 31%) plant flowering plants or trees around their home which flowers during dry season (
There are different activities to be done in beekeeping business like: swarm catching, transferring, hive inspection, honeybee feeding, honey harvesting, honey extraction and marketing. In this study area majority of management of beehive is mostly done by husbands (about 93%). It can be understood that in most modern beehive adopters cases, the management is being done by females (wives) that is 13 females out of 55 adopters participated in beehive management practices (
As it is known the traditional way of beekeeping does not need any special method of honey harvesting mechanism and the beekeepers simply take away the crude honey and sell including its comb most of the time without extracting or extract the honey using their hands. Mostly the comb is extracted as a wax and used for sale by “tej” makers. But modern beehive adopters use modern honey extractor to harvest honey. As it is discussed above lack of modern beehive accessories were the most problem in the area and majority of the adopters (more than 67%) get honey extractor from bureau livestock development and marketing agency by borrowing and only 5.45% of them have their own extractor (
Regarding hive shading construction practices all non adopters have their hives hung under their roofs and no special shade construction was needed. But for adopters, almost all of them constructed shade at least during the summer season to protect their hive from the damage by rain. In this regards hive baiting, is the most serious problem for traditional hive type because traditionally most beekeepers hung their hives on trees in the forest. Colony absconding was found to be more serious problem for local (traditional) beehives type because hive inspection, cleaning and protection from different predators is challenging as the hives are in the forest and even those in the compound of the beekeepers are not kept in well protected areas.
No. Feeding mechanism | respondents’ percent | % of “yes” | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adopters | Non-Adopters | of total | |||
1 | Planting bee forage | Yes | 21 | 56 | 30.70% |
No | 34 | 140 | |||
2 | Providing other feed like sugar and flour | Yes | 47 | 149 | 77.70% |
No | 8 | 47 | |||
3 | Take no action to feed honey bee | Yes | 4 | 34 | 15.10% |
No | 51 | 162 | |||
4 | Transfer hive to other areas during dry seasons | Yes | 0 | 5 | 2% |
No | 55 | 191 | |||
5 | Husband manage | Yes | 53 | 180 | 92.8 |
No | 2 | 16 | |||
6 | Wife manage | Yes | 13 | 37 | 19.9 |
No | 42 | 159 | |||
7 | Daughter manage | Yes | 0 | 6 | 2.4 |
55 | 190 | ||||
8 | Son manage | 3 | 9 | 4.8 | |
52 | 187 |
Source: own survey result.
No. | Source of extractor and wax stumper | Extractor | Stumper |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Having own | 3 (5.45%) | 2 (3.64) locally made |
2 | Borrowing extractor from bureau of agriculture | 37 (67.27) | 50 (90.91) |
3 | Borrowing extractor from NGOs | 2 (3.64) | 3 (5.45) |
4 | Have extractor in group | 7 (12.73) | 0 |
Source: own survey data.
According to the survey result, the average productivity of the modern beehives and local beehives in the study area was found to be 19.77 kg/hive and 5.13 kg/hive with 1.00 and 3.65 standard error respectively. The total number of local type of beehives (bees colonized by local beehive type) possessed by interviewed beekeepers was found to be 1201 while the total number of modern beehives (bees colony colonized in modern beehives) was found to be 279 hives which shows that the adoption rate is 21.95% and If we increase the adoption rate and shift the number of local beehives by 50% i.e., if number of local beehives decreases by 600 and that of modern hives increases by the same amount, the amount of honey harvest will increases by 11,862 kg which is about 5700 kg more than the total honey that beekeepers can get from the whole 1201 local hives (
A total of fourteen (14) explanatory variables were included in econometric model (logit model) analysis. The overall significance of the model is measured by the Wald statistics which follows a chi-squared distribution with 14 degree of freedom. The hypothesis that all the coefficients except the constant are zero (0.0000) is rejected as equation is significant at 1 percent significance. This implies that significant proportion of the dependent variable is explained by independent variables. The likelihood-ratio chi-squared had a value of 94.94 with Pseudo-R2 of about 36 percent which implies that about 36.52 percent of the variation in the adoption of the modern beehives in the zones is explained by the variables considered (
Heteroscedasticity problem was corrected by the use of command robust in Stata (version 10). The multicollinearity problem was checked by using VIF (Variable Inflation Factor) for continuous variables and CC (Contingency Coefficient) for dummy variables and there is no series problem (
according to Maddala (1992) and Gujarati (2004) VIF can be defined as: VIF (xi) =
where, R2 is the squared multiple correlation coefficient between Xi and the other explanatory variables.
From the result of logit model, important variables that best explained the adoption of modern beehives in the study area are discussed below.
From the logit model result in
Logistic regression | Number of obs. | 251 |
---|---|---|
LR chi2 (14) | 82.38 | |
Prob. > chi2 | 0 | |
Log likelihood = −83.78352 | Pseudo R2 | 0.3652 |
Source: AAMRC survey, 2010.
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
Square roots of landholding | 2.24 | 0.447285 |
Square roots of livestock in TLU | 2.1 | 0.475817 |
Family labor in man-equivalent | 1.8 | 0.555848 |
Age | 1.75 | 0.570535 |
Farmyard | 1.25 | 0.797457 |
Natural logarithm of income | 1.25 | 0.798316 |
Square roots of number of local hive | 1.05 | 0.949861 |
Mean VIF | 1.64 |
Source: own survey result, 2010.
Sex | Nonfarm | Trainbee | Htype | Demo | Educ | Crdtother | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 1 | ||||||
Participation on Nonfarm income | −0.0123 | 1 | |||||
Participation on beekeeping training | 0.0347 | 0.1112 | 1 | ||||
House type owned | −0.0477 | −0.0385 | −0.1591 | 1 | |||
Participation on Demonstration of beekeeping | 0.0328 | 0.1856 | 0.2968 | −0.1567 | 1 | ||
Educational background of HH | −0.0656 | −0.0295 | −0.0004 | 0.0642 | 0.0294 | 1 | |
Credit use from informal sources | 0.0867 | 0.1056 | −0.0091 | 0.0327 | 0.1621 | 0.053 | 1 |
Source: AAMRC survey, 2010.
Variables | Coef. | Std. Err. | P > z | dy/dx |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.0349092 | 0.0199142 | 0.080* | 0.0033645 |
Sex | −0.280984 | 0.8082853 | 0.728 | −0.0296266 |
Participation on Nonfarm | 0.8902084 | 0.4277984 | 0.037* | 0.100252 |
Credit use from informal sources | −0.0459638 | 0.4292751 | 0.915 | −0.0043981 |
Farmyard land size | 1.912804 | 1.133338 | 0.091* | 0.1843533 |
Training on beekeeping | 1.652521 | 0.4365281 | 0.000*** | 0.2279065 |
House type owned | −1.668666 | 0.5002083 | 0.001** | −0.1414244 |
Participation on beekeeping demonstration | 1.359769 | 0.4463175 | 0.002** | 0.1495546 |
Family labor in Man equivalent | −0.0993451 | 0.1068699 | 0.353 | −0.0095747 |
Square root of number local beehive | −0.4228914 | 0.2810261 | 0.132 | −0.0407577 |
Square root of landholding | 0.6768429 | 0.3792706 | 0.074* | 0.0652331 |
Square root of livestock in TLU | 0.0152933 | 0.2399343 | 0.949 | 0.0014739 |
Natural logarithm of income | 0.3240982 | 0.2674908 | 0.226 | 0.0312361 |
Educational status of HH | −0.6572071 | 0.5408751 | 0.224 | −0.0753804 |
_cons | −5.789139 | 2.646268 | 0.029* |
Marginal effects after logit; Y = Pr(usingnow) (predict) = 0.10805429; (*)(*) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1, * = significant at 10 percent; ** = significant at 5percent; *** = significant at 1 percent.
corrugated iron to thatched roof house type has negative effect on adoption probability which is significant at 5% probability level. The marginal effect revealed that, the change from corrugated to thatched roof house type will change the probability of adoption by 14.59 percent. The possible explanation could be the fact that adopters are getting sufficient income from sell of hive products to improve their life standards. Participation of beekeepers household head on nonfarm income activities is also significant (10% probability). The change from participant to nonparticipant of a given adopter will reduce probability of adoption by 10.34 percent (
This paper examined the adoption rate and determinants of decision’s of beekeepers to adopt modern beehives in Arsi zone. Although the government of Ethiopia gives great attention to the beekeeping sub sector to promote modern beekeeping technologies, but rate of adoption and dissemination of the technology is found to be very minimal.
Adoption of modern beehives has very significant effect on hives productivity as it can be seen clearly from sensitivity analysis part of the document and beekeeping can also be used as one of income diversifying mechanism and even can be the basic occupation for most rural dwellers. But the number of beekeepers started using modern beehives (numbers of adopters) is almost insignificant and they are still using local beekeeping technologies. The main determinants of adoption are farmyard size, number of local hives beekeepers possessed, training provision and participation on training, wealth status of beekeepers, and participation of beekeepers on nonfarm income sources. Even though almost all beekeepers know the presence of modern beehives, they did not adopt because of different reasons. For instance, the result of survey from descriptive statistics shows that beekeepers do not have enough awareness on advantages of the technologies that enable them to use modern beehives. Lack of capital and non availability of modern beehives and its packages accessories (honey harvesting and processing equipments like wax-stumper, queen excluders, honey extractor, bee smoker and others) around the beekeepers are also among the other major problems. As beekeeping is not as such commercialized there is no such huge production per beekeeper in these areas, the whole bee products are sold around their own vicinity and no report of transportation difficulties problem. The result of econometric model also clearly indicates that participation of beekeepers on demonstration and training of modern beehives were among the most significant determinants of adoption. Therefore, based on the above conclusion the following policy implications and area specific solution can be drawn:
・ Provision of different information towards increasing or improving the saving capacity or culture of beekeepers as saving increases the wealth of beekeepers and the wealth category of the beekeepers in turn have effect on determining adoption probability of modern beehives.
・ Provision of adequate and relevant agricultural extension services (such as training on modern beekeeping technologies and demonstration and beekeepers to beekeepers experience sharing) to beekeepers. Training should also be given by giving attention to wise way (timely application) of using different chemicals specially herbicides to minimize the death of honey bees.
・ Provision of credit services to beekeepers to widen the financial bases of poor beekeepers. Beekeepers can use the loan to buy modern beehives and access to modern beehives accessories like honey extractor, smokers, brush, gloves, wax stumper and others. Baiting
・ Facilitating access to modern beehives and its accessories especially honey extractor and wax stumper which can increase beehives productivity which in turn can positively affects beekeeper’s capacity of adoption.