Rheological properties of corn starch and sodium alginate blend solutions have been measured at different polymer ratios in the temperature range from 303 to 343 K bya R/S Brook field rheometer with аcoaxial cylinder measuring unit. Dynamic viscosity of blends has been shown to decrease with shear rate increase and to increase with sodium alginate content increase. The influence of shear rate on activation energy of viscous flow depends on sodium alginate content and is different for below and over 5% (mass) content. Applicability of Ostwald-de-Waele, Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham and Casson models for the description of CS:SA blend solutions flow has been analyzed. Rheological properties of CS:SA blend solutions allow one to look at them as an alternative to starch solutions for edible films casting and production by dry method.
The food industry has recently taken a growing interest in the application of edible food films for food packaging which should solve problems like preserving food quality and ensuring biological human safety. In the meantime the era of biodegradable films, which can be destroyed in the result of biological processes in the human body without any harmful effects has not yet begun. Nevertheless such an idea attracts attention both from researchers and industrial manufacturers. Starch being a biodegradable polymer with excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity can be considered as a basic raw material for such purposes [
Corn starch (CS) modification by means of blending with other food polymers has to be taken into account for solving the problems mentioned above. Presently there are many polymers that can be regarded to as feedstock for the production of such bicomponent films on an industrial scale [
Films based on CS and SA blends show promising results for application as edible packaging in food industry. Rheological properties of casting solutions must be known to control the manufacturing process of bicomponent films. The influence of such variable parameters as overall concentration of polymers, polymer blending ratio, shear stress, temperature and others on solution viscosity must be taken into account [
The CS solutions were prepared by dispersing starch powder in distilled water under mechanical stirring during 15 min at room temperature, followed by heating of the dispersion at 90˚C for 30 minutes under stirring. IKA Werke equipment was used for stirring. The concentration of CS in the solutions was 5%, 6%, 8% and 10% (mass). Pure CS produced in China that contains 25% of amylose with water content ≤ 14% was used. The SA solutions were prepared by dissolving sodium alginate powder in distilled water under stirring during 45 min at room temperature. The concentrations of SA solutions under study were 2%, 3% and 4% (mass). We used pure sodium alginate (SA) extracted from sea plant Kelp (sea tangle), produced in China with water content ≤ 14%. The following ratio of polymers in CS:SA blends were investigated: CS:SA = 100:0; 99:1; 98:2; 95:5; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 0:100. The total concentration of polymers in the solution was taken 8 % (mass) as the most suitable concentration for film casting and production by drying. Polymer blend solutions were prepared by simultaneous dispersion of starch and sodium alginate in distilled water at stirring during 15 min, followed by heating of dispersion at 90˚C for 30 minutes under stirring. The overall polymer concentration was 8% (mass) at different blending ratio of CS:SA.
Rheological measurements were carried out using a CC25 coaxial cylinder measuring unit of the R/S Brookfield rotational rheometer with a constant shear rate regime. The shear stress was measured as a function of shear rate that varied from 0.5 to 1000 s−1. Seventeen milliliters of solution were loaded into the cylindrical cup and cooled in a water bath to specific temperature. All analyses were performed at least three times between 20% - 80% full torque scales. Data were analyzed using MS-Excel and Mathematica software. Measurements were made starting at 343 K followed by consistent cooling to 333 K, 323 K, 313 K and 303 K at which the measurements were ended.
The value of measured viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. In order for the solution to flow, certain amount of energy is required to overcome the resistance and allow molecular motion to occur. This energy is known as the “activation energy of viscous flow” Ea and can be calculated using Eyring’s Equation (1) [
To calculate the activation energy of viscous flow at constant shear rate we used the dependence of viscosity versus reverse value of temperature. In the case of linear plot simple mathematical operations were performed, suggesting that A is constant within a narrow range of temperatures (Equation (2)):
Theoretical viscosity was calculated according to the following formula:
where
The rheological behavior of individual CS, SA and polymer blend solutions can be described as the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids that are shear thinning (viscosity decreases with shear rate increase) in the concentration range under study.
As follows from
As it can be seen from
These results can be useful in making a prediction of polymer solutions viscosity.
As seen from
So at low SA concentrations a certain flat region can be explained by Taylor’s theorem (Equation (3)). The parameters of the exponential equations are shown in
The shear rate dependence of viscosity in double logarithmic scale for CS and SA solutions of different concentrations is presented at
T, K | CS solution, % (mass) | SA solutions, % (mass) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
a × 104 | b | a × 102 | b | |
303 | 44.38 | 0.523 | 7.110 | 0.649 |
323 | 42.85 | 0.475 | 4.930 | 0.725 |
343 | 41.54 | 0.440 | 3.350 | 0.806 |
T = 303 | T = 323 | T = 343 | |
---|---|---|---|
Linear | 0.9775 | 0.9930 | 0.9975 |
Exponential | 0.9860 | 0.9656 | 0.9414 |
lecules: amylase and amylopectin. Amylose is an essentially linear, isotactic polymer of a-D-glucopyranosyl units linked
Variation of solution viscosity with shear stress for 8% solutions of polymer blends with different blending ratio CS:SA at a temperatures range from 303 to 343 K is represented at
The comparison of experimental and theoretical evaluated solutions viscosity is shown in
Activation energy of viscous flow (flow activation energy) for CS:SA blend solutions was evaluated from the slope of the straight line in the Arrhenius plot, i.e. the plot of logarithmic viscosity at constant shear rate against reversed temperature. Flow activation energy is defined as minimum energy required to overcome the energy barrier before the elementary flow can occur. The viscous flow occurs as a sequence of events which are shifts of particles in the direction of the shear force action from one equilibrium position to another. As it could be seen from
Composition | 343 K | 323 K | 303 K | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS, % | SA, % | ηl, Pa∙s | ηe, Pa∙s | ηexp, Pa∙s | ηl, Pa∙s | ηe, Pa∙s | ηexp, Pa∙s | ηl, Pa∙s | ηe, Pa∙s | ηexp, Pa∙s |
80 | 20 | 0.103 | 0.191 | 0.400 | 0.151 | 0.247 | 0.479 | 0.252 | 0.327 | 0.564 |
70 | 30 | 0.323 | 0.281 | 0.520 | 0.375 | 0.342 | 0.743 | 0.455 | 0.421 | 0.622 |
60 | 40 | 0.550 | 0.476 | 1.337 | 0.610 | 0.544 | 1.884 | 0.685 | 0.622 | 2.148 |
where ηl―linear theoretical viscosity, ηe―exponential theoretical viscosity, ηexp―experimental value.
shear rate 4 - 140 s−1. The average value of flow activation energy for this interval of shear rate is represented at the figure. Flow activation energy versus polymer blend composition curves determined at 310, 660 and 1000 s−1 follow the similar trend. The decreasing of activation energy at small amount of SA are thought to be due by the destruction of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between starch hydroxyl groups as a result of the action of SA macromolecules as a high molecular weight plasticizer. Increasing of flow activation energy at more than 10% SA content in the solution follows by the increasing of the concentration of a component with higher flow activation energy. One can compare the numerical values of flow activation energy for 8% starch solution and 2% SA solution: 10.6 and 15.8 kJ/mol correspondingly.
The unusual behavior of this blend was discovered by the dependence of flow activation energy versus shear rate at different blending ratio of CS:SA as well. In order to demonstrate the picture a 3D diagram of flow activation energy dependence on both shear rate and SA content in the solutions (
Rheological flow curve for the solution at blending ratio CS:SA = 98:2 is not typical in the comparison with other compositions as follows from
Ostwald-de Waele (powerlaw) | (4) | |
---|---|---|
Herschel-Bulkley | (5) | |
Bingham | (6) | |
Casson | (7) |
Ability of the models to follow the data has been analyzed. It was shown, that power equations fit the curves with a higher correlation coefficient, than Bingham (Equation (6)) or Casson equation (Equation (7)). Within the power equations, the more parameters there are, the higher the coefficient of determination, so Herschel-Bul- kley equation (Equation (5)) describes experimental data better, than Ostwald-de Waele (Equation (4)). With increasing SA concentration Ostwald-de Waele and Herschel-Bulkley equations remains high correlation, whereas the effect of high alginate concentration appears significant. As parameter n is less than1, all solutions are pseudoplastic fluids. For most of the cases certain fitting increasing is noticed with temperature increasing. As power law can be used to describe the
Considering n as a flow behavior index, that describes deviation from Newtonian fluids about flow behavior, it was found, that the value with increasing SA contents changes its behavior from a curve with strongly marked maximums, through a curve with feebly marked minimum to monotonic decreasing curves. Similar to K parameter, spoken above, for isothermal conditions the dependences with a maximum n value are widely presented.
It was found, that the Herschel-Bulkley equation has the best correlation with experimental data. Nevertheless, the values of τ0 ≤ 0 doesn’t make much sense and may only represent, that the equation fits most of the data at
The K parameter in the Herschel-Bulkley equation tends to decrease with increasing temperature at low SA concentrations, followed by almost similar values to increasing dependences, analogue to K parameter in power law equation, furthermore, the higher the SA concentration, the sharper the K variation within the temperature series. Parameter n in the Herschel-Bulkley equation varies similar to parameter K of the same equation.
Experimental results show that the rheological properties of individual CS, SA and CS:SA blend solutions are controlled by temperature, overall polymer concentration and alginate content in the solutions within the temperature range of 303 - 343 K, alginate content up to 40% and overall concentration of individual CS 5% - 10%, SA 2% - 4% and overall 8% (mass) concentration of polymers for polymer blends. The rheological behavior of individual CS, SA and polymer blend solutions can be described as the behavior of non-Newtonian liquids that are pseudoplastic, where their viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate.
Dependence of viscosity on individual CS, SA solution concentration fits an exponential law. Viscosity depends more sharply on concentration for SA solution than CS solutions. SA content in blends makes the solution much more viscous. Such a tendency is due to the fact that the SA component contributes significantly to the viscosity of the solution. When the SA content exceeds 25 (wt%) viscosity value starts a drastic growth in comparison to low SA content, where the viscosity changes relatively little.
Because CS and CS:SA blends have similar character of rheological curve it is possible to use CS:SA blend solutions for modified starch edible films casting. But the overall polymers concentration has to be reduced from the point of view of viscosity limitation for casting process. The required concentration can be calculated.
The activation energy of viscous flow calculated for all investigated CS/SA blend solutions shows a minimum value at a SA 2% content with the following increase. Polymer blend of this composition demonstrates the independence of activation energy of viscous flow on shear rate and small Newtonian area on rheological curve. This suggests that at this polymer ratio SA macromolecules probably work as a high molecular weight plasticizer.
The flow curves (shear stress against shear rate) for CS/SA blend solutions were fitted to theoretical models proposed for pseudoplastic fluids: Ostwald-de Waele and Herschel-Bulkley. Bingham and Casson models are less suitable. The applicability of models depends on blend composition and temperature as well.
The authors would like to thank Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province, State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, Zhejiang Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and Zhejiang Shuren University for financial support.
PoHuo,TatsianaSavitskaya,LizavetaGotina,IvanReznikov,DzmitryGrinshpan, (2015) Rheological Properties of Casting Solutions for Starch Edible Films Production. Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics,05,58-67. doi: 10.4236/ojfd.2015.51008