The real time monitoring and control have become very important in electric power system in order to achieve a high reliability in the system. So, improvement in Energy Management System (EMS) leads to improvement in the monitoring and control functions in the control center. In this paper, DSE is proposed based on Weighted Least Squares (WLS) estimator and Holt’s exponential smoothing to state predicting and Extended Kalman Filter to state filtering. The results viewing the dynamic state the estimator performance under normal and abnormal operating conditions.
Recently, the power system has begun to grow very largely and more complex, so real time monitoring and control become very important in order to fulfill a reliable operation. Energy Management System (EMS) is responsible for this mission, and it forms the basis for efficient operating and control. State Estimation (SE) forms the spine of the EMS by providing the information of the real time state of the system which can be used in other EMS functions. Hence, an accurate and efficient state estimation is necessary for a reliable and efficient operation of the power system [
The state estimator computes the voltage magnitudes and voltage angles at the buses of the power system. We know that, power system is not a static system, but it changes very slowly with time and continuously. That means, when the load on the buses changes, the generations also have to change to overcome these changes in load. This in turn causes the change in power flows and injections at the buses, also leads to change in voltage angular at the buses and perhaps change in voltage magnitude at some buses depending on the size of this change; therefore, change the nature of the power system from static state to dynamic state nature. These dynamic behaviors of the power system are difficult to overcome by the conventional Static State Estimation (SSE). This led to the development of a new algorithm called Dynamic State Estimation (DSE) [
In this paper, we will not only describe the dynamic model for the time behavior of the system state, but will show more details about the DSE, mainly the state predicting and state filtering. When the state variables are estimated at time k by state estimation technique, we will use these state variables to forecast the state vectors at time k + 1 using linear exponential smoothing. The state vectors are filtered based on Extended Kalman Filter and weighted least squares method. The proposal is tested using IEEE 14 bus test system. The test includes normal and abnormal operations.
The measurement vector consists of active power and reactive power flows and injection’s power as well as some voltage magnitudes, is denoted by an m-dimensional vector z. The power equation s is expressed by [
The measurement and state variable
where
where
where
The general model for DSE is given by.
where xk and xk+1 are the state vector at instants k and k+1 respectively, Fk is nonzero diagonal matrix dimensioned (n ´ n), a function represent the state transition between two instant of time, Gk is nonzero vector associated with trend behavior of the state trajectory dimensional (n ´ 1) and wk is white Gaussian noise with zero mean and covariance matrix Q [
The parameters Fk and Gk are identified using Holt’s two-parameter linear exponential smoothing method [
・ The level is a smoothed estimate of the value of the data at the end of each period represented by ak. as shown in Equation (8).
・ The trend is a smoothed estimate of average growth at the end of each period. represented by
The specific model for simple exponential smoothing is written as:
where
α and β represent the smoothing parameters [
Let
where
The forecasted state would use to forecast new measurements Zk+1 at the time k + 1 based on the data at instant k; the predicted state vector at k + 1 will be filtered to obtain new estimates (filtered states)
Note that, the time index (k + 1) has been omitted.
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) used for minimizing the objective function and getting the final filtering state.
where K is called the gain matrix
The steps of the dynamic state estimation algorithm are described above. The covariance matrix R of the measurement error is assumed to be calculated online.
where
where am & bm are the manufacture factors. st represents the real value of the measurement. sf is the maximum value of the measurement. As mentioned before, for predicting state we used Holt’s 2-exponential smoothing, the values of the smoothing parameters α and β, are fixed at 0.7 and 0.45, and for the filtering state we used Extended Kalman Filter. The elements of the covariance matrix Q of the system, is set at 10‒6. The load curve at each bus was composed of a linear trend and random fluctuation (jitter).
In this paper, the Dynamic State simulation is studied over a period of 20 time sample intervals. with increasing of constant value 5% of the load at all the buses at each period. Once the load is changed the load flow is ready to update all the real and reactive power and injection power on the lines, voltage magnitudes and angles on the system. In this paper, the actual values of the state vectors are obtained from the 14-bus IEEE standard data for the base case and load flow for rest of the time samples [
In this paper, we used standard IEEE 14-bus test system [
The measurement value was simulated by adding random errors to the true values represented by normally distribution with zero mean and standard deviation.
The performance of the algorithm in the simulation studies was obtained by comparing the forecasted and estimated values at time k + 1 with the actual values. The average performance indices for voltage magnitude and voltage angular forecasted and estimated are given as.
In this paper, three test cases are performed, the normal operation, bad data and sudden load change.
Test 1: Normal operation case:
The normal operation case was illustrated by
Type | Measurement vector |
---|---|
Active power flow | p(1-5), p(4-5), p(4-9), p(6-11), p(6-12), p(7-8), p(7-9), p(9-10) , p(13-14) |
Reactive power flow | q(1-5), q(4-5), q(4-9), q(6-11), q(6-12), q(7-8), q(7-9), q(9-10), q(13-14) |
Active and Reactive power injection | P1, P3, P6, P10, P12. Q1, Q3 , Q6, Q10, Q12 |
Voltages magnitude | V1, V3, V8, V11, V12, V14. |
cases | Predicted | Filtered | J_k | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voltage | angle | voltage | angle | |||
Normal operation | Max | 0.510 | 1.7546 | 0.499 | 1.0455 | 0.970 |
Ave | 0.1845 | 1.3450 | 0.178 | 0.6385 | 0.957 |
Bus number | predicted | Filtered | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
voltage | Angle | voltage | angle | |
1 | 0.2286 | 0.2198 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
2 | 0.1977 | 0.1986 | 1.440 | 0.6792 |
3 | 0.2969 | 0.2954 | 1.666 | 0.9037 |
4 | 0.2480 | 0.2389 | 1.530 | 0.7662 |
5 | 0.2257 | 0.2168 | 1.458 | 0.6974 |
6 | 0.1560 | 0.1530 | 1.409 | 0.6483 |
7 | 0.2090 | 0.2080 | 1.457 | 0.6967 |
8 | 0.1621 | 0.1568 | 1.436 | 0.6754 |
9 | 0.2036 | 0.1995 | 1.444 | 0.6838 |
10 | 0.1953 | 0.1907 | 1.438 | 0.6780 |
11 | 0.1228 | 0.1207 | 1.395 | 0.6350 |
12 | 0.1420 | 0.1426 | 1.398 | 0.6375 |
13 | 0.0901 | 0.0870 | 1.389 | 0.6294 |
14 | 0.1055 | 0.0650 | 1.369 | 0.6093 |
mance indices of the case. The maximum and average percentage error of voltage magnitudes and angles are made over 20 time sample. From this table, the algorithm has achieved very high performance.
In both states, the maximum error occurred in busbar 3 for voltage magnitudes and voltage angles. Furthermore the average errors are equal to the average error in
Test 2: Bad data case:
In this test, the simulation was carried out under bad data conditions with three different cases.
・ Single bad data was considered. Active power flow pf(4 - 9) was suspected in error of 10% at the 6th time sample.
・ Two measurements were suspected in error pf(9 - 10) of 20% at the 11th time sample. And also pf(13 - 14) of 50% decrement at the 11th time sample.
・ Single bad data was considered. Reactive power flow qf(4 - 5) was suspected in error of 20% at the 18th time sample.
Suppose that no work is taken to eliminate these errors.
The result of these tests is shown in Tables 4 and 5, Figures 5-7.
cases | Predicted | Filtered | J_k | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voltage | angle | voltage | angle | |||
Bad date | Max | 0.501 | 3.2594 | 0.484 | 2.539 | 4.3631 |
Ave | 0.210 | 2.501 | 0.206 | 1.786 | 1.6755 |
Bus number | Predicted | Filtered | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | angle | voltage | angle | |
1 | 0.2264 | 0.0000 | 0.2283 | 0.0000 |
2 | 0.2172 | 1.5183 | 0.2179 | 0.7570 |
3 | 0.3045 | 1.6960 | 0.3039 | 0.9337 |
4 | 0.2500 | 1.5674 | 0.2563 | 0.8061 |
5 | 0.2730 | 1.4960 | 0.2578 | 0.7351 |
6 | 0.1571 | 3.1423 | 0.1533 | 2.3690 |
7 | 0.2581 | 3.1045 | 0.2637 | 2.3318 |
8 | 0.2271 | 3.0803 | 0.2144 | 2.3103 |
9 | 0.2418 | 2.8826 | 0.2536 | 2.1113 |
10 | 0.2171 | 2.9726 | 0.2266 | 2.2005 |
11 | 0.1176 | 3.1732 | 0.1227 | 2.3997 |
12 | 0.1352 | 3.3294 | 0.1352 | 2.5548 |
13 | 0.1606 | 3.6942 | 0.1470 | 2.9168 |
14 | 0.1462 | 3.5880 | 0.1025 | 2.5840 |
Figures 6 and 7 show the percentage error per bus of the voltage magnitudes and voltage angle’s respectively based on
Test 3: Sudden load change:
In the case, the injected load at busbar 3, busbar 9 and busbar 13 are assumed to be sudden changed.
Busbar 3 and busbar 13, 50% of their values are cut at the 6th time sample and 15th time sample respectively. For busbar 9, we assumed that the load is increased to 40% at the 10th time sample.
The result of this case is shown in Tables 6-8, and also shown in Figures 8-10.
cases | Predicted | Filtered | J_k | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voltage | angle | voltage | angle | |||
Sudden Load change | Max | 0.5145 | 1.6942 | 0.4951 | 0.9857 | 0.9866 |
Ave | 0.195 | 1.35 | 0.1922 | 0.642 | 0.9748 |
Bus number | Predicted | Filtered | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
voltage | angle | voltage | angle | |
1 | 0.2546 | 0.0000 | 0.2465 | 0.0000 |
2 | 0.2258 | 1.4344 | 0.2268 | 0.6735 |
3 | 0.2860 | 1.6345 | 0.2910 | 0.8728 |
4 | 0.2525 | 1.5383 | 0.2541 | 0.7771 |
5 | 0.2318 | 1.4830 | 0.2341 | 0.7226 |
6 | 0.1710 | 1.4125 | 0.1683 | 0.6522 |
7 | 0.2270 | 1.4660 | 0.2310 | 0.7057 |
8 | 0.1733 | 1.4453 | 0.1680 | 0.6847 |
9 | 0.2155 | 1.4520 | 0.2180 | 0.6912 |
10 | 0.2058 | 1.4460 | 0.2072 | 0.6852 |
11 | 0.1300 | 1.4002 | 0.1306 | 0.6400 |
12 | 0.1546 | 1.4025 | 0.1563 | 0.6422 |
13 | 0.0934 | 1.3900 | 0.0938 | 0.6296 |
14 | 0.1092 | 1.3712 | 0.0651 | 0.6113 |
Time sample | True | predicted | filtered |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.0501 | 1.0482 | 1.0478 |
2 | 1.0489 | 1.0485 | 1.0481 |
3 | 1.0474 | 1.0482 | 1.0479 |
4 | 1.0459 | 1.0467 | 1.0464 |
5 | 1.0246 | 1.0237 | 1.0235 |
6 | 1.0336 | 1.034 | 1.0338 |
7 | 1.0173 | 1.0165 | 1.0164 |
8 | 1.0056 | 1.0058 | 1.0058 |
9 | 0.9937 | 0.991 | 0.991 |
10 | 0.9827 | 0.9823 | 0.9824 |
11 | 0.9800 | 0.9791 | 0.9793 |
12 | 0.9769 | 0.9769 | 0.977 |
13 | 0.9738 | 0.9737 | 0.9739 |
14 | 0.9706 | 0.9723 | 0.9725 |
15 | 0.9798 | 0.9804 | 0.9805 |
16 | 0.9771 | 0.9745 | 0.9747 |
17 | 0.9744 | 0.9728 | 0.973 |
18 | 0.971 | 0.9708 | 0.971 |
19 | 0.9675 | 0.9681 | 0.9683 |
20 | 0.9641 | 0.9649 | 0.9652 |
The dynamic state estimator technique has been made based on Holt’s exponential smoothing and Extended Kalman Filter for forecasting and filtering state respectively. The system dynamic was simulated over 20 time samples, with increasing the load at all busbars 5% during any time sample. The algorithm of DSE has been simulated through these 20 time intervals used standard IEEE 14_bus test system under normal and abnormal operation. In this paper, the algorithm gave very good performance results through the normal operation and abnormal operation (bad data and sudden load change) conditions. The error per bus for voltage magnitude and voltage angle has been calculated over these 20 time intervals in both predicted and filtered states.