In this study we establish the probability density function of the square transformed left-truncated N(1,σ2) error component of the multiplicative time series model and the functional expressions for its mean and variance. Furthermore the mean and variance of the square transformed left-truncated N(1,σ2) error component and those of the untransformed component were compared for the purpose of establishing the interval for σ where the properties of the two distributions are approximately the same in terms of equality of means and normality. From the results of the study, it was established that the two distributions are normally distributed and have means ≌1.0 correct to 1 dp in the interval 0 < σ < 0.027, hence a successful square transformation where necessary is achieved for values of σ such that 0 < σ < 0.027.
Consider a normally distributed random variable X with probability density function specified as
(1)
Often in practice, the random variable X which has a distribution do not admit values less than or equal to zero. We therefore disregard or truncate all values of to take care of the admissible region X > 0. Now if the values of X below or equal to zero cannot be observed due to censoring or truncation, then the resulting distribution is a left-truncated normal distribution.
[
with mean and variance given by
and
The study of the properties of normally distributed random variables when certain outcomes are constrained or restricted has been a rich and fertile one—with applications in regression analysis, inventory management and time series modeling to mention but a few.
A time series is a collection of observations made sequentially in time. Examples occur in a variety of fields, ranging from economics to engineering and methods of analyzing time series constitute an important area of statistics [
Methods for time series analyses are often divided into three classes: descriptive methods, time domain methods and frequency domain methods. Frequency domain methods centre on spectral analysis and recently wavelet analysis [3,4] can be regarded as model-free analyses. Time domain methods [5,6] have a distribution-free subset consisting of the examination of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis.
Descriptive methods [2,7] involve the separation of an observed time series into components representing trend (long term direction), the seasonal (systematic, calendar related movements), cyclical (long term oscillations or swings about the trend) and irregular (unsystematic, short term fluctuations) components. The descriptive method is known as time series decomposition. If short period of time are involved, the cyclical component is superimposed into the trend [
The decomposition model of interest in this study is the multiplicative time series model given by
where are independent, identically distributed normal errors with mean 1 and variance .
Data transformation is a mathematical operation that changes the measurement scale of a variable. Reasons for transformation include stabilizing variance, normalizing, reducing the effect of outliers, making a measurement scale more meaningful, and to linearize a relationship [
where and
Studies on the effects of transformation on the error component of the multiplicative time series model) are not new in the statistical literature. The overall aim of such studies is to establish the conditions for successful transformation. A successful transformation is achieved when the desirable properties of a data set remains unchanged after transformation. The basic properties or assumptions of interest for this study are: 1) Unit mean and 2) constant variance. In this end, [
In this paper we study the implication of square transformation on the error component of the multiplicative time series model with a view to establish the interval for σ, for which the transformation is successful. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 1 contains the introduction. The probability density function, mean and variance of the square transformed left-truncated error component are established in Section 2. Comparison of the square transformed and the untransformed distributions were compared in Section 3. Finally the summary and conclusion, references and appendix are respectively contained in Sections 4-6.
Using the transformation,
in (2) and the admissible values of, we would then find the probability density function (pdf) of. From this point forward it is important to note from (5) and (5b), that symbolically and. Applying the transformation in (6) implies that
But, the pdf of y, is given by
where is the absolute value of the Jacobian of the transformation [
hence
The crucial question is now “is (9) a proper pdf?”. If it is to be a proper pdf, it must satisfy the condition;
1)
hence we now proceed to show that the integral of (9) is equal to unity as follows:
Let
hence
and
therefore, substituting the results in (11a) through (11c) into (10) yields
and this shows that (9) is a proper pdf.
By definition
where
.
Applying the substitution given in (11) into (12), we obtain
where
and
If we let
in, we obtain
and
hence
By integration by parts the following results are obtained
hence
Furthermore, if we let
in, we obtain
and
thus
Substituting the results of (18), (21) and the value of k into (13), we obtain
By definition
but
Applying the transformation given in (11) into (23), we have that
But
and
Applying the substitution in (14) and its corresponding results in (15) into (26), we have that
Using the results given in (17), it can be shown after a series of algebraic manipulations, that (27) is equal to
hence
Furthermore applying the substitution in (19) and its corresponding results in (20a) and (20b) into
, we obtain
Substituting the results in (29) and (30) and the value of k into (24), we have that
where
In this section, the interval for which the desirable properties of the square transformed left-truncated distribution is approximately the same to that of the untransformed. The properties of interest are unit mean and normality and as a result we would first determine the interval for which the means of the transformed and the untransformed distributions of interest are both equal to unity (That is). Secondly we would determine the
value of for which the curve shapes of the two probability distributions are bell-shaped and symmetrical about a unit mean.
For the purpose of this investigation, , and using Equations (3), (4), (22) and (32) are computed for values of,. The results of the computations are given in
1) to one decimal place (dp) for the interval.
2) to two decimal places for the interval. In order to determine the number of decimal place(s) to use, we investigate the normality of the pdf curves of the square transformed and that of the untransformed distributions at the points b = 0.027 and 0.280. The investigation of normality at the two points is based on the previous studies of [1,12,13] whereby, normality of a pdf curve at a point b implied normality at points. Bell-shaped curves and symmetry about a unit mean would be a measure of normality. The pdf curves of the two distributions of interest for b = 0.027, 0.280 are given in Figures 1 and 2.
From the Figures, it is obvious that there is a clear departure from normality for the pdf curves for b = 0.280, therefore the acceptable interval is, since there is clear evidence of normality at b = 0.027. It is also clear from
In this study we have established the pdf of the square transformed left-truncated error component of the multiplicative time series model and the functional expressions for its mean and variance. Furthermore the mean and variance of the square transformed left-truncated error component and those of the untransformed component were compared for the purpose of establishing the interval for σ where the properties of the two distributions are approximately the same in terms of equality of means and normality. From the results of the study, it was established that the two distributions are normally distributed and have means correct to 1dp in the interval.
Based on the results of this study we therefore conclude that successful square transformation where necessary is achieved for values of σ such that. However caution has to be exercised since square transformation leads to increased error variance.