A mathematical model based on influence function method was established to predict the surface movement and deformation due to underground mining, and the impact on the upper hydraulic facilities in one coal mine was analyzed used the model. The analysis indicates: the maximum surface subsidence reaches 3.5 m, and the predicted maximum horizontal surface deformation reaches 7.0 mm/m, which would result in crack, deformation and uneven settlement in the soil foundation of the upper hydraulic facilities and influence the quality directly. Therefore, reasonable engineering measurements should be adopted to ensure the safe operation.
With the continued exploitation of underground mineral, the available resources became less and less in China, while the need of the national economy is growing [
It is hard to calculate the displacement and deformation of each point in the rock mass because of its complexity, therefore, the approximate method is adopted to calculate such problems [
The influence function method is based on the influence function, which describe the influence characteristic and extent of the mining of infinitesimal element. It use influence angle and influence radius to describe the influence scope of mining. The mining area is divided into an infinite number of infinitesimal elements. When predicting the surface movement used the influence function method, the impact of each infinitesimal element on the surface point should be determined.
The influence function method has many of its own advantages as a method to predict surface movement and deformation, it uses the bell-shaped Gaussian function [
Therefore, the formula of the surface subsidence due to underground mining is:
where, is the maximum subsidence,
, is the mining thickness; is the subsidence coefficient; is the main influence radius,; is the main influence angle. If the surface is tilt, , is the tilt angle, s is the position on the surface corresponding to point P.
The expression of surface tilt could be obtained through the derivative of the Formula (1) about the variable x, that is,
The expression of curvature could be obtained through the second derivation of the Formula (1), that is,
In order to determine the expression of surface horizontal movement, based on the assumption of Awershin: there is a proportional relationship between horizontal movement and tilt, that is,
where, is the horizontal movement coefficient; the horizontal deformation could be determined through the derivative of about the variable x, that is,
The surface movement and deformation could be analyzed used the above formulas.
Firstly, the surface deformation caused by underground mining was analyzed in use of the influence function model for one iron mine in Shandong province, the model is verified correctness through comparing with measured data.
There are no mountains in the mining area, the terrain is flat. The strata distributed in the area is mainly limestone of Ordovician Majiagou formation, whose the thickness is range from 100 to 250 m, sandstone and shale coal measure strata of Carboniferous and Perminan, whose the thickness is range from 5 to 110 m, which is covered with thick red clayey glutenite of tertiary Guanzhuang formation, whose the thickness is larger than 400 - 600 m. The thickness of the ore bed is 70 m, the mean mining depth is 432 m, and the mining width is 112.78 m. The related parameters could be determined according to the measured statistical data, seen in
In
According to the above model and the determined parameters, the surface deformation was calculated in use of Matlab software, the comparison between surface subsidence curve and measured data is shown in
Form
On the basis of the above analysis, rock mass displacement and deformation are forecasted for one coal mine in Henan province.
The coal mine is distributed on the tilted plane in front of Taihang Mountains, the terrain is high in northwest and low in southeast in general, and it belongs to alluvial-diluvial skirt, the altitude of the surface is 90 - 150 m. The topographic relief is small, and the terrain is relatively flat. The surface is loess soil, clay and pebbles soil of Quaternary, whose thickness is 40 - 150 m. The underlying bedrock are Clastic and carbonate rocks of Permian, Carboniferous, Ordovician. The mean mining depth
H/m
m/m
α/˚
β/˚
432
70
0
72˚
0.23
is 300 m, and the mean mining thickness is 6 m. The conveyance channel of the hydraulic engineering crosses the coal mine, whose length is about 30 km in the coal mine area, moreover, there are many small rural coal mine near the channel. Therefore, the impact on the upper conveyance channel due to underground mining must be considered. The engineering parameters were determined in term of statistical analysis of the geological condition of the area and experimental results of rock mass mechanics, seen in the
In the
The results were calculated by computer, seen in Figures 3 and 4.
Form the
H/m
m/m
α/˚
β/˚
300
6
12
75˚
0.6
0.4
the pressure of the roof in the mining procedure; the mining area except the permanent roadway would be all collapse after mining, and the working face is bending, therefore, this mining method could increase the surface deformation. Pillars should be reserved reasonably to reduce the impact on the upper hydraulic facilities. The surface deformation should be measured during the mining procedure to predict the deformation trend and control the deformation.
From the analysis results, it could obtain the following conclusions:
1) The influence function method is suitable for the analysis of surface movement and deformation due to underground mining through comparison between theoretical calculation and real measurement data.
2) Lots of statistical analysis of real measurement data indicates: the rock mass would crack and damage when the horizontal tensile deformation is larger than 6 mm/m. because the horizontal tensile deformation in this project is near 7.0 mm/m, the underground mining has obvious impact on the surface. Monitoring and management should be strengthened in the future construction and reasonable mining scheme should be adopted.
3) It should carry out theoretical and experimental studies for the impact on the safety operation of hydraulic facilities and the reservoir environment due to underground mining, and forecast the geological disaster timely, thus reasonable measurement should be adopted to ensure the safety operation of the hydraulic facilities.