An L(0,1)-labelling of a graph G is an assignment of nonnegative integers to the vertices of G such that the difference between the labels assigned to any two adjacent vertices is at least zero and the difference between the labels assigned to any two vertices which are at distance two is at least one. The span of an L(0,1)-labelling is the maximum label number assigned to any vertex of G. The L(0,1)-labelling number of a graph G, denoted by λ 0.1( G) is the least integer k such that G has an L(0,1)-labelling of span k. This labelling has an application to a computer code assignment problem. The task is to assign integer control codes to a network of computer stations with distance restrictions. A cactus graph is a connected graph in which every block is either an edge or a cycle. In this paper, we label the vertices of a cactus graph by L(0,1)-labelling and have shown that, △-1≤λ 0.1( G)≤△ for a cactus graph, where △ is the degree of the graph G.
Cactus graph is a connected graph in which every block is a cycle or an edge, in other words, no edge belongs to more than one cycle. Cactus graphs have been extensively studied and used as models for many real-world problems. This graph is one of the most useful discrete mathematical structures for modelling problems arising in the real-world. It has many applications in various fields, like computer scheduling, radio communication system, etc. Cactus graphs have been studied from both theoretical and algorithmic points of view. This graph is a subclass of planar graph and superclass of tree.
An -labelling of a graph is a function of from its vertex set to the set of nonnegative integers such that if and if, where is the distance between the vertices and, i.e., the number of edges between and. The span of an -labelling of is max. The -labelling of is the smallest such that has a - labelling of span.
An interesting graph-labelling problem comes from the radio frequency assignment problem, as well as code assignment in computer networks. One version of the radio channel assignment problem [
Bertossi and Bonuccelli [
We represent the network by a graph, such that all stations are vertices and two vertices are adjacent if the corresponding stations can hear each other. Hence, two stations are at distance two, if they are outside the hearing range of each other but can be received by the same destination station. There are two types of collisions-interferences: direct collision, due to transmission of adjacent station, and hidden terminal collision, when stations at distance two transmit to the same receiving station at the same time.
To avoid hidden terminal interference, we assign a control codes to each station in the software as follows. For one station, to avoid hidden terminal interference from its adjacent stations (which hear each other) sending packets to it, we require distinct codes for its immediate adjacent station, i.e.,. Here we suppose that there is a little direct interference in the system, i.e., direct interference is so week that we can ignore it. Apparently in the model of [
It is important to note that the -labelling problem is just a special case of ordinary graph labelling. Each feasible -labelling of a graph yields a feasible labelling of the graph, where contains edge whenever and are distance two apart in. Conversely, a labelling of becomes a feasible labelling of by calling the labels, where represents the maximum colour number of the graph.
In this paper, we label the vertices of a cactus graph by -labelling and it is shown that , where is the degree of the graph, i.e., max{deg(vi):, deg(vi)) is the degree of the vertex vi)}.
Some results are available on -labelling problem. Here we discuss some particular cases. When and then we get -labelling problem. Several results are known for -labelling of graphs, but, to the best of our knowledge no result is known for cactus graph. In this section, the known result for general graphs and some related graphs of cactus graph are presented.
The upper bound for of any graph is [
The problem is simple for paths of vertices. It can easily be verified that, for [
When the first and the last vertices of are merged then becomes. In [
For complete graph, it is easy to check that.
The wheel, is obtained by joining and, i.e.,. It is also easy to check that .
Bertossi and Bonuccelli [
It is shown in [
Bodlaender et al. [
In [
In [
The n-dimensional hypercube is an -regular graph with nodes. Then and there exists a labelling scheme using such a number of labels. This labelling is optimal when for some and it is a 2-approximation otherwise [
When and then we get -labelling problem. This problem was introduced by Grrigs and Yeh [12,13] in connection with the problem of assigning frequencies in a multihop radio network. Some results of -labelling problem are given below.
Kral and Skrekovski [
Heuvel and Mc Guinness showed that [
In [
Adams et al. [
For further studies on the -labelling, see [21- 30].
When and then we get another special case which is called -labelling problem. Some results of -labelling problem are given below.
For path, and for each, and is 2 if is a multiple of 3 and it is 3 otherwise [
Let be a given graph and subset of. The induced subgraph by, denoted by is the graph given by, where . Some induced subgraphs of cactus graph are shown in
The cactus graphs have many interesting subgraphs, those are illustrated below. An edge is nothing but,
so. The star graph is a subgraph of cactus graph, therefore, one can conclude the following result.
Lemma 1. For any star graph
In [
Lemma 2. [
Proof. Let be the vertices of the cycle. We classify into five groups, viz., , , , and.Then the -labelling of the vertices of a cycle are as follows.
Case 1. Let.
Case 2. Let (mod 4), i.e.,.
Case 3. Let (mod 4), i.e.,.
The label of first vertices are same as in Case 2. For the last vertex, is define as
Case 4. Let (mod 4), i.e.,.
Here the label of first 4k + 1 vertices are same as in Case 3. For the last vertex, is define as
Case 5. Let (mod 4), i.e.,.
The label of first vertices are same as in Case 2. For the last three vertices, , , is define as
Thus, from all above cases, we conclude that
Lemma 3. Let G be a graph which contains two cycles and they have a common cutvertex. If be the degree of G, then
Proof. Let contains two cycles and of lengths and respectively. Let be the cutverx and be the degree of. Let and be the vertices of and respecvely. The labelling procedure of’s of of same as given in Lemma 2. Now we label the cycle as follows.
Case 1. Let and.
The label of the cutvertex is 0, i.e.,. The label of other vertices of are as follows:
Case 2. For (mod 4) and.
Case 3. For (mod 4) and.
Case 4. For (mod 4) and.
The label of the vertices of are same as given in Case 3 of that lemma.
Case 5. For (mod 4) and
In this case, we label the of as given in Case 3.
Case 6. For (mod 4) and.
Here we label the adjacent vertices of by and. Now we label the other vertices of as follows.
The above is redefine for the vertex as
.
In particular when, then we label the vertices of as follows.
The label of the cutvertex and two adjacent vertices and are same as above. And we label the remaining vertex by.
Case 7. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
Here the label of two vertices, of are same as given in the above case. Now we label the vertices as
For the vertices and, is defined as and
In particular when, then we label the vertices of as follows.
The label of the cutvertex and two adjacent vertices of of are same as above. Now we label the remaining vertices of as
Case 8. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
The label of of are same as in above case. For the vertex, we label it as
.
When, then the label of the vertices, , , and are same as in the above case, and.
Case 9. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
We label the vertices of and the vertices, , , and of according to the Case 8. For the vertex, is
In particular, when, the the label of the vertices of are same as the label of the vertices of as in the above case except the vertex. The label of the vertex is
Case 10. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
We label first vertices of as
For the last four vertices, , and, the above is define as
In particular when, the label of the vertices, , and are same as the label of the vertices shown above.
Case 11. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
We label first vertices of as per Case 10. And for the last five vertices, is define as
In particular when then the label of the vertices are same as the label of the last five vertices of of the above case.
Case 12. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
Now we label first vertices of as
For the last two vertices and, the is
Case 13. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
Here we label the other vertices of as in Case 11.
Case 14. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
In this case, the label of are same as in Case 12.
Case 15. For (mod 4) and (mod 4).
We label the vertices of as per Case 12.
Thus from the above cases, it follow that
Lemma 4. Let G be a graph, contains three cycles and they have a common cutvertex. If be the degree of, then,
Proof. Let, and be three cycles join by a common cutvertex, of lengths, and respectively. Let be the degree of the cutvertex, i.e.,. Let, , ,;, , ,;, , , be the vertices of the cycles respectively.
Now we label the graph as follows.
Case 1. Let, and.
In Case 1 of Lemma 3, we label a graph which contains two cycles of length three and they have a common cutvertex. According to the previous lemma we label the vertices of the third cycle of length 3 as follows:
Case 2. For, , , where .
All the subcases of this case, the label of two vertices and of the cycle are
and the label of other two cycles are of different types, they are discussed below.
When (mod 4) and.
Here the label of the vertices of the cycles and, joined with a common cutvertex are same as in Case 2 of Lemma 3.
When (mod 4) and.
The label of the vertices of and are same as in Case 3 of Lemma 3.
When (mod 4) and.
The label of the vertices of and are same as in Case 4 of Lemma 3.
When (mod 4) and.
We label the vertices of and as in Case 5 of Lemma 3.
Case 3. For, , , where .
In all subcases of this case, the label of three vertices of are
And the label of the vertices of first two cycles and are same as in Case 6, Case 7, ..., Case 15, respectively of Lemma 3.
Case 4. For, , (mod 4), where.
For all subcases of this case, we label the vertices of the third cycle as same as the labelling of the vertices of in Case 6 of Lemma 3 except two vertices and (the adjacent vertices of). Then we label these vertices as and.
And we label the first two cycles and (joined by a common cutvertex), as same as in Case 6, Case 7, ..., Case 15 of Lemma 3.
Case 5. For, , (mod 4), where.
In all subcases of this case, we label the vertices of the third cycle using the same process to labelling the vertices of in Case 7 of Lemma 3 except two vertices and (the adjacent vertices of). Now we label the adjacent vertices of of as and.
And we label the first two cycles and (joined by a common cutvertex), as same as in Case 10, Case 11, ..., Case 15 of Lemma 3.
Case 6. For, , (mod 4), where.
In all subcases of this case, we label the vertices of the third cycle using the same process of labelling of the vertices of in Case 7 of Lemma 3, except two vertices and. The label of and are and.
And the label of the vertices of the cycles and are same as in Case 13, Case 14 and Case 15 respectively of Lemma 3.
Case 7. For (mod 4), (mod 4), (mod 4).
The label of the vertices of and are same as in Case 15 of Lemma 3. Here. Then we label the vertices of using the same process of in Case 9 of Lemma 3 except the vertices and. We label these vertices as and. Thus from all above cases, it follow that
Using th results from Lemma 3 and Lemma 4 we can write the following statement.
Lemma 5. Let G be a graph which contains four cycles of any length and they have a common cutvertex. Then,
where be the degree of the cutvertex.
Corollary 1. Let G be a graph which contains finite number of cycles and they have a common cutvertex. If the vertices of the cycles (except the cutvertex) contain one or more edges then,
Let be a graph which contains number of cycles of length 3. Sometimes a cycle of length three is called triangle. A triangle is a subgraph of a cactus graph. Also, a triangle shaped star, (i.e., all the triangles that have a common cutvertex) is a subgraph of a cactus graph. Now, we consider a triangle shaped star for -labelling. Let be the triangles meet at a common cutvertex and we denote this graph bywhich is equivalent to. The number of vertices and edges of are and respectively. Again the graph may also contains number of cycles of finite length.
Then from Lemmas 3-5 we conclude the general form of these lemmas which is given below.
Lemma 6. Let the graph G contains n number of cycles of any length and they joined at a cutvertex, then
where be the degree of the cutvertex.
Proof. At first we prove that when contains number of cycles of length 3 then the value of is, where be the degree of the graph. Let be the number of triangles joined with a common cutvertex (shown in
Let, and be the vertices of, where. We label by 0.
Then according to the previous lemmas the labels of
’s are as follows.
For,
Now, the label of the vertex of is .
Therefore, , when contains number of cycles of length 3.
Again, if we consider a graph contains number of and number of, then, , where be the degree of cutvertex, then the general form can be proved by mathematical induction, that is, when a graph contains finite number of cycles of any length then.
Let contains number of’s and number of’s. Let be the common vertex and degree of is. Again let, , , be the vertices of and, , be the vertices of. We label as 0. Then we label the other vertices of’s as follows.
For
and then the label of the vertices of’s are given by.
For j = 0, 1, ···, n − 1,
Now the label of third vertex of is
Therefore,.
The general form can be proved by mathematical induction.
Hence the result.
Lemma 7. If a graph G contains finite number of cycles of any length and finite number of edges and they have a common cutvertex of degree, then
Proof. Suppose that the lemma is true for number of cycles of any length and number of edges. Now we have to prove that if we add a cycle of any length to the cutvertex then the value of for the new graph will be same, i.e., the value of will preserve for number of cycles of any length.
Now the graph contains number of cycles of any length and number of edges joined with a common cutvertex. Then the degree of is. In the previous lemma we proved that when a graph contains finite number of cycles of any length then,
At first we prove that if contains number of cycles of length 3 and number of edges then the value of for that graph remains same. When all cycles are of length 3 then according to the Lemma 5 the label of two vertices of th cycle of length 3 are as
where, and are three vertices of th cycle. Let,;,;;, are the vertices of edges. Here the label of the cutvertex is 0. Then we label the other vertices of the edges as follows
Now we add another cycle of length 3 to the cutvertex. Then the degree of is. Let, and be the vertices of th cycle. We label the two vertices and as
Here we see that the label of third vertex of th cycle is as. That is, the value of of the graph which contains number of cycles of length 3 and number of edges is same.
Similarly, we can prove that the value of will preserve for the graph which contains number of cycles and number of edges.
Hence the result.
Let us consider the sun of vertices. This graph is obtained by adding an edge to each vertex of a cycle. So is a subgraph of. But, what is the value of
Lemma 8. For any sun,
Proof. Let be constructed from by adding an edge to each vertex. To label this graph we consider five cases.
Let be the vertices of and is adjacent to and. To complete, we add an edge (,) to the vertex, i.e.,’s are the pendent vertices. The labelling procedure of is same as given in Lemma 2. Now we label the pendent vertices as follows.
Case 1. Let.
The label of 's are as
Case 2. Let (mod 4).
The label of are assigned as for.
Case 3. Let (mod 4).
The label of the vertices’s are given by
; for and and.
Case 4. Let (mod 4).
The label of the vertices 's are given by
, for;
for;
, for.
Case 5. Let (mod 4).
In this case the label of the pendent vertices 's are as follows:
, for;
;, for.
Hence.
Lemma 9. Let be a graph obtained from by adding an edge to each of the pendent vertex of, then
Proof. Let the graph is obtained by adding an edge to each of the pendent vertices s. So in the new graph are the pendent vertices.
Case 1. Let.
, , for.
Case 2. Let (mod 4).
, for.
Case 3. Let (mod 4).
, and, for .
Case 4. Let (mod 4).
and, for.
Case 5. Let (mod 4).
, for, and, for.
Thus, from all above cases we have
.
Lemma 10. If the graph contains a cycle of any length and each vertex of the cycle has another cycle of any length, then
where is the degree of.
Proof. At first we prove that if the graph contains a cycle of length and each vertex of contains another cycle of length 3, or length 3 and length 4, or length 4, then or. Let be the vertices of and;;; are the vertices of all’s which are joined with each vertex of. If the vertex of contains a cycle of length 4 then let the vertices of be, and. Again if the vertex contains a cycle of length 4 then let the vertices of be, and. Therefore, all the vertices of are cutvertices.
Now we label the graph as follows.
Case 1. For.
Now, we label the vertices of other cycles joined with the vertices of according to the following rule
If there are three cycles of length 4 then we label the vertices as follows:
and
Case 2. Let (mod 4).
For,
If all other cycles are of length 4 then the label of the last vertex of the last cycle is 3.
Case 3. Let (mod 4).
and
If the ()th vertex of contains a cycle of length 4 then we label the vertices of as
Case 4. Let (mod 4).
Now the label of all 's are as follows:
for,
for,
and for,
If contain combined 's and 's then the minimum span is 3.
Case 5. Let (mod 4).
For,
and for,
If the vertex contains a cycle of length 4 then the label of the vertices adjacent to are
From all the above cases, we see that 3 or 4 are used to label, which is equal to or.
Therefore,.
The proves of the other cases are similar.
Corollary 2. Let G be a graph which contains a cycle of length. If each vertex of the cycle contains two or more cycles of length more than 2, then
where be the degree of G.
Now, we label another important subclass of cactus graphs called caterpillar graph.
Definition 1. A caterpillar is a tree where all vertices of degree lie on a path, called the backbone of. The hairlength of a caterpillar graph is the maximum distance of a non-backbone vertex to the backbone.
Lemma 11. If G be a caterpillar graph and be its degree, then
Proof. Let be a path of length of the caterpillar graph and be the vertices of. We label the vertices of according to the following rule.
Let us assume that be any vertex of and, are the adjacent vertices of. As we label of the vertices of by 0 or 1 so without loss of generality let us consider that the label of, and are 0, 0 and 1 respectively. Again let us consider that number of paths;, of same lengths are joined to the vertex. Let; are the vertices of paths other than. Now we label the vertices of these paths as in the following method:
for and.
And we label other vertices of 's as per the rule to label the vertices of.
Now,.
The result will be same when finite number of paths of different lengths are joined to one or more vertices of the path of the caterpillar graph.
So,.
Another subclass of cactus graphs is the lobster graph. The definition of lobster graph is given below.
Definition 2. A lobster is a tree having a path (of maximum length) from which every vertex has distance at most, where is an integer.
The maximum distance of the vertex from the path is called the diameter of the lobster graph. There are many types of lobsters given in literature like diameter 2, diameter 4, diameter 5, etc.
Lemma 12. Let G be a lobster graph. If be the degree of the lobster graph, then
Proof. Let be a path of length of the lobster graph and be the vertices of. First we label the vertices of according to Lemma 11.
Then we label the other vertices of that graph. Let us denote the other vertices of the graph by. Here are adjacent to and,. The label of the vertices of are either 0 or 1. Then we label the vertices by 2, 3 and so on [it depends upon ()].
Thus the -value of a lobster is.
We know from [
Lemma 13. For any tree of degree,
Proof. Let be a tree with degree. We first label the root of the tree by 0. Now we know from the definition of -labelling that the label difference between any two adjacent vertices is at least 0 and the label difference between any two vertices which are at distance two is at least 1. Now we label the children of the root from left to right by 0, 1, 2, ,.
Let us consider the th vertex of the tree. Assume that the label of the parent of is known. Then the allowable label for the children of are 0, 1, 2, except the label of the parent of. Now, we label the children of by 0, 1, 2, , , , where is the degree of the vertex, except the label of the parent of. This process is valid for any vertex of the tree. Thus the maximum label used to label the entire tree by -labelling is max{: }, which is exactly equal to.
Hence.
The -labelling of all subgraphs of cactus graphs and their combinations are discussed in the previous lemmas. From these results we conclude that the -value of any cactus graph can not be more than. Hence we have the following theorem.
Theorem 1. If is the degree of a cactus graph, then
The graph of
The bounds of -labelling of a cactus graph and various subclass viz., cycle, sun, star, caterpillar, lobster and tree are investigated. The bounds of for these graphs are or 2, for sun, star, caterpillar, lobster and tree it is. For the cactus graph the bound is, where is the
maximum degree of the cactus graph. Currently we are engaged to find the bounds for -labelling for different values of, on cactus graphs.