Clarke’s matrix has been applied as a phase-mode transformation matrix to three-phase transmission lines substituting the eigenvector matrices. Considering symmetrical untransposed three-phase lines, an actual symmetrical three-phase line on untransposed conditions is associated with Clarke’s matrix for error and frequency scan analyses in this paper. Error analyses are calculated for the eigenvalue diagonal elements obtained from Clarke’s matrix. The eigenvalue off-diagonal elements from the Clarke’s matrix application are compared to the correspondent exact eigenvalues. Based on the characteristic impedance and propagation function values, the frequency scan analyses show that there are great differences between the Clarke’s matrix results and the exact ones, considering frequency values from 10 kHz to 1 MHz. A correction procedure is applied obtaining two new transformation matrices. These matrices lead to good approximated results when compared to the exact ones. With the correction procedure applied to Clarke’s matrix, the relative values of the eigenvalue matrix off-diagonal element obtained from Clarke’s matrix are decreased while the frequency scan results are improved. The steps of correction procedure application are detailed, investigating the influence of each step on the obtained two new phase-mode transformation matrices.
Modal transformations are applied to transmission line analyses because, in mode domain, it is easier to represent the frequency influence on the line parameters. Using phase-mode transformation matrices, all electrical parameters and all line representative matrices are obtained in mode domain [1–4]. The line representtative matrices become diagonal and the frequency influence can independently be introduced for every mode because the mutual phase couplings are independently included at every mode. Applying frequency dependent line parameters also leads to frequency dependent phasemode transformation matrices. Because of this, to obtain voltages and currents in phase domain after signal mode propagation, it is necessary to use a convolution procedure [5–10].
An alternative is to change the exact transformation matrices into single real ones. With these single real transformation matrices, any values can be determined in phase or mode domain using only a matricial multiplication [3,11]. The single real transformation matrices can obtain exact modes and diagonal line representative matrices for ideally transposed lines [12–14]. For untransposed lines, the results are not exact. The errors related to the eigenvalues (l) can be considered negligible for some untransposed three‑phase line analyses when Clarke’s matrix is applied as the transformation matrix. The data obtained with Clarke’s matrix are called quasi-modes. Increasing the asymmetrical geometrical line characteristics, even though the errors of quasi-mode matrix diagonal elements are negligible, the relative values of the quasi-mode matrix off‑diagonal elements can be significant when compared to the correspondent eigenvalues (l).
Based on these hypotheses, Clarke’s matrix application is analyzed considering a symmetrical three-phase line and a frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The quasi-mode errors related to the eigenvalues (l) are studied as well as the off‑diagonal elements of the l quasi-mode matrix. Improving the analyses, frequency scans are also made using the characteristic impedance (ZC) and the propagation function (g) calculated from the exact mode values and the quasi-mode ones. Searching for the off-diagonal element relative value minimization, a perturbation approach corrector matrix is applied to Clarke’s matrix. The errors and frequency scan analyses are carried out again and the new results are compared to the previous error values. So, with a first-order approximation procedure, the l quasi-mode off-diagonal element relative values are highly decreased and the frequency spectrum of the processed signals is closer to that of the exact transformation. Neglecting the imaginary part of the new transformation matrix, frequency scan results similar to those from the first order matrix correction are obtained.
From the comparisons carried out using the 10 kHz frequency value, mode voltage and mode current vectors, it is suggested to extend the analyses shown in this paper considering one of the both modes that is not the homopolar reference of the system as the correction procedure application base. Another suggestion is to apply twice the correction procedure where the both modes related to the modal coupling for symmetrical threephase transmission lines are subsequently used.
Searching for more simplicity for phase-mode transformation applied to transposed three-phase lines, single real transformation can be used. One sample of these matrices is Clarke’s matrix [3,11]. The exact differential equations that relate the transversal voltages and the longitudinal currents are described below. In this case, the phase-mode transformations (TV and TI), the per unit length longitudinal impedance (Z) and the per unit length transversal admittance (Y) matrices are included [1, 5, 7, 10, 12–14].
uMD and iMD are the voltages and the currents in mode domain, respectively. For transposed three-phase lines, the TV and TI matrices are changed into Clarke’s matrix represented by TCL. So, the uMD and iMD values are:
For exact eigenvectors (TV and TI), the phase-mode relations of Equation (2) are described by:
Using Equations (2) and (3) for transposed three-phase lines, the following relations are obtained:
The inverse Clarke’s matrix is equal to its transposed one and the initial differential equations are changed into:
The Z and Y matrices in mode domain are:
The Clarke’s matrix structure is [3, 11]:
Based on Equations (4–7), the eigenvalues of a transposed three-phase line are determined by:
In this case, the modes are called a, b and 0 (homopolar). The lCL is described by:
The impedance characteristic (ZC) is described by:
The propagation function is described by:
Considering a symmetrical untransposed three-phase line, lCL is not diagonal. The results are called quasimodes. There is a modal coupling between a and 0 modes and the lCL matrix becomes the following [
For the exact l matrix, the exact eigenvectors (TV and TI) are applied, obtaining the following:
The exact Z and Y matrices in mode domain are:
The exact modal ZC matrix is:
The exact modal g matrix is:
Applying Clarke’s matrix to an actual symmetrical untransposed three-phase line, the quasi-mode results are compared to the exact values through the following equations:
The relative values of the lCL off-diagonal elements are obtained with the following:
Regarding the frequency scan, the modal couplings among the quasi-modes are neglected. Every mode or quasi-mode is analyzed as in
The propagation wave in
The system of Equations (19) is applied for every mode considering three situations in the line receiving terminal (the B terminal): opened line, short-circuit and infinite line. The infinite line is calculated using an impedance with the ZC value connected to the line receiving terminal. For the frequency scan, the line sending terminal is connected to a unitary step voltage source, considering the frequency domain. This voltage source is described by the next equation. The unitary step voltage
is chosen because it includes all frequency values. In the case of this paper, the frequency scan analyses are performed with a frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 MHz.
The interactions between any transposed three-phase line and Clarke’s matrix produce exact mode results and the modal representative matrices are diagonal. In case of untransposed three-phase lines, the TCL results are not exact. These results are compared to the correspondent exact values using Equations (17) and (18) as well as the frequency scan.
The actual three-phase line analyzed in this paper has a vertical symmetry and shown in
The central phase conductor height is 27.67 m on the tower. The height of adjacent phase conductors is 24.07 m. Every phase is composed of four conductors distributed in a square shape with 0.4 m side length. Every conductor is an ACSR type one (ACSR‑26/7‑636 MCM). The phase conductor resistivity is 0.089899 W/m and the sag at the midspan is 13.43 m. The earth resistivity is considered constant (1000 W.m). The ground wires are EHS 3/8 with the resistivity of 4.188042 W/m. The height of these cables on the tower is 36.00 m. The sag of the ground wires at the midspan is 6.40 m.
From the Equations (8), (9), (12) and (13), the lNCL quasi‑modes are compared to the eigenvalues using Equation (17). In this case, firstly, the eigenvectors are calculated applying the iterative Newton-Raphson’s method. The initial values for this method are frequency of 10 Hz and the Clarke’s matrix elements. For this first frequency
value, the iterative processing is started considering the eigenvectors equal to the Clarke’s elements. When the iterative processing converges to the exact values, it is restarted with the next frequency value and uses the exact values of the previous frequency value for the reinitialization of the new eigenvectors. After the determination of eigenvectors, the eigenvalues and the comparisons to the quasi-modes are performed for every frequency value [
The results of the comparisons between quasi-modes and the eigenvalues are shown in
It is shown in Equation (12) that there is a modal coupling between the α and 0 quasi-modes. Because the line representative matrices are symmetrical independently of whether the line is symmetrical, or not, the off-diagonal element in the intersection between the matrix first line and the matrix third row is equal to the off-diagonal in the third line and the first row intersection. In
In
The non-null values are compared to the results obtained from the application of the eigenvectors:
The results of comparisons between the non-null voltage values of Equation (21) and its correspondent values of Equation (22) are shown in
For modal transformations of Z and Y matrices as well as for obtaining of eigenvalues, a transformation matrix and an inverse transformation one are used. Applying the modal transformations to the voltage and current vectors, only one transformation matrix, or its inverse matrix, is necessary. In this case, the transformation could increase the errors related to the quasi-modes. On the other hand, based on mentioned results, the use of quasi mode Z and Y matrices for determining other variables in mode domain could increase the errors observed in
associated to the γ modulus and the γ angle errors, respectively.
Considering the ZC modulus and the γ angle errors, there are curves with inverse signals (the α and 0 quasimodes). This characteristic can also be observed in
The range error for the ZC modulus (from -2 % to 2 %) is about 10 times higher than the γ modulus error range (from -0.05 % to 0.25 %) and it is about 100 times higher than the γ angle error range (from ‑0.015 % to 0.03 %). So, the ZC modulus is more sensitive to the errors introduced by Clarke’s matrix. The relative values of the off-diagonal element (the Nα0 modal coupling) for ZC modulus are shown in
In
Frequency scan analyses are based on
from quasi-modes are equal or very close to the exact values obtained from eigenvectors. The main differences are related to the angle values and the a mode. Showing the results related to the modulus values,
Considering the short-circuit analyses in
When the infinite line is analyzed (
Based on frequency scan analyses, Clarke’s matrix could be applied to transient simulations considering symmetrical untransposed three-phase lines and phenomena with a frequency spectrum concentrated below 10 kHz. For general phenomena, there are classical solutions for
this problem based on eigenvector applications. An alternative is to apply a perturbation approach corrector matrix, improving the results of the Clarke’s matrix application above 10 kHz. This alternative is described in the next item and based on the homopolar mode.
The procedure shown in this section is based on a first‑order perturbation theory approach [
The N22 matrix is defined as:
The normalization matrix is applied to the lNCL matrix:
The described procedure is applied to the TV and the TI matrices. For the TI matrix, the procedure is similar to the TV one with a change in the position of the Z and Y matrices in Equation (38):
The structure of the A matrix is determined from:
The last Equation leads to:
The lCL-a element is equal to the lCL-b. Because of this, the a12, a21, q12 and q21 elements are null. Dividing the lNCL matrix into blocks, the portioned structure can be described by:
The lP22 is:
In this case, despite the symmetry of the line representative matrices, small numeric differences are considered between symmetrical elements of the lP matrix. The small numeric values of the lPab and lPba are also considered. Using Equations (42) and (43), the aa and ab elements are determined by:
The N22 matrix elements are determined by:
In this case, only the Q matrix elements of the third line and the third row can not be null. These elements correspond to the 0 mode and are calculated by:
The perturbation approach corrector matrix is described by:
The corrected transformation matrix is described by:
Checking the changes into the Clarke’s matrix results carried out applying only the N matrix, it is used the flowchart shown in
The changes obtained from the N matrix application are mainly related to the mode coupling relative values. The peak value is decreased from 18 % to 2 %. It is about a 10 time reduction. The off-diagonal relative obtained after applying the N matrix are shown in
Completing the analysis of the influence of N matrixthe results of Figures 22–25 show that the application of this matrix balances equally the phase-mode transformation results obtained from Equation (26) where the TCL matrix is changed into the AV and AI matrices.
Another analysis about the correction procedure ap-
plication to Clarke’s matrix is about the Q matrix application. In this case,
In Figures 27 and 28, the shown values decrease when compared to the values presented in Figures 20 and 21. The peak value shown in
For the l errors, comparing Figures 3, 21 and 28, the reduction is about 150 times considering the negative peak values shown in these cases.
Applying the Q matrix, the off-relative and the l errors become negligible. Analyzing the results of both matrices applications, N and Q, it can be concluded that the N matrix mainly acts on the off‑diagonal relative values, decreasing them. On the other hand, the Q matrix acts on the λ error and the off-diagonal relative value decreasing.
Analyzing the results shown in Figures 27 and 28, these values can be considered negligible because they are in a very low range of relative values. The peak values reach 0.12 % and -0.002 % in mentioned figures. The shown curves also present some oscillations which, probably, are introduced by the used numeric method.
Based, on the results of
Changing eigenvector matrices into Clarke’s matrix for untransposed symmetrical three-phase lines leads to small errors related to the exact modulus eigenvalues.
The off-diagonal element of the matrix obtained from the Clarke’s matrix application, the quasi-mode eigenvalue matrix, has high relative values when compared to the correspondent exact eigenvalues. Based on these element results, the frequency scan analyses are carried out, showing that there are great differences between the quasimode current angles and the exact ones for frequency values above 10 kHz. In this casse, three situations of the line receiving terminal are checked: open line, short-circuit and infinite line.
A correction procedure is applied and new phase‑mode transformation matrices are determined: one matrix for voltages and another one for currents.
It is detailed the steps of the correction procedure application, describing the influence of each step on the decreasing of the off-diagonal quasi-mode relative value elements and the quasi-mode matrix ones. One of these steps is the normalization matrix application that carries out balanced voltage and current vectors, obtaining a 150 time reduction of the off-diagonal quasi-mode eigenvalue matrix relative values when compared to the Clarke’s matrix application. After this step, the final one reduces about 150 times the l errors when compared to the Clarke’s matrix results. Using the new phase-mode transformation matrices, obtained from the applied correction procedure, the off-diagonal element relative values and the l errors are highly decreased and could be considered negligible.