JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics,2018,6,2181-2191
http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp
ISSNOnline:2327-4379
ISSNPrint:2327-4352
Premelting,PressureMelting,andRegelation
ofIceRevisited
ChloeT.Calderon,PiroozMohazzabi
DepartmentofMathematicsandPhysics,UniversityofWisconsin-Parkside,Kenosha,WI,USA
Howtocitethispaper:Calderon,C.T.
andMohazzabi,P.(2018)Premelting,Pres-
sureMelting,andRegelationofIceRevisited.
JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics,
6,2181-2191.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2018.611183
Received:September26,2018
Accepted:November4,2018
Published:November7,2018
Copyright
c
2018byauthorsandScientific
Research PublishingInc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Com-
monsAttributionInternationalLicense(CC
BY4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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sociisnatoquepenatibusetmagnisdispar-
turientmontes,nasceturridiculusmus.Pel-
lentesquehabitantmorbitristiquesenectuset
netusetmalesuadafamesacturpisegestas.
Phasellusidmagna.Duismalesuadainter-
dumarcu.Integer metus.Morbi pulvinarpel-
lentesquemi.Suspendissesedesteumagna
molestieegestas.Quisquemilorem,pulvinar
eget,egestasquis,luctusat,ante.Proinauc-
torvehiculapurus.Fusce acnislaliquamante
hendreritpellentesque.Classaptenttacitiso-
ciosquadlitoratorquentperconubianostra,
perinceptoshymenaeos.Morbiwisi.Etiam
arcumauris,facilisissed,eleifendnon,non-
ummyut,pede.Crasutlacustempormetus
mollisplacerat.Vivamuseutortorvelmetus
interdum malesuada.
Sedeleifend,erossitametfaucibuselemen-
tum,urnasapienconsectetuermauris,quis
egestasleojustononrisus.Morbinonfelisac
liberovulputatefringilla.Maurisliberoeros,
lacinianon,sodalesquis,dapibusporttitor,
pede.Classaptenttacitisociosquadlitora
torquentperconubianostra,perinceptoshy-
menaeos.Morbi dapibus mauris condimentum
nulla.Cum sociisnatoque penatibus etmagnis
disparturientmontes,nasceturridiculusmus.
Etiamsitameterat.Nullavarius.Etiamt-
inciduntduivitaeturpis.Donecleo.Morbi
vulputateconvallisest.Integeraliquet.Pel-
lentesque aliquetsodalesurna.
Nullameleifendjustoinnisl.Inhachabitasse
plateadictumst.Morbinonummy.Aliquam
utfelis.Invelitleo,dictumvitae,posuereid,
vulputatenec,ante.Maecenasvitaepedenec
dui dignissim suscipit.Morbimagna.Vestibu-
lumidpurusegetvelitlaoreetlaoreet.Prae-
sentsedleovelnibhconvallisblandit.Ut
rutrum.Donecnibh.Donecinterdum.Fusce
sed pede sit amet elitrhoncus ultrices.Nullam
atenimvitaepedevehiculaiaculis.
Classaptenttacitisociosquadlitoratorquen-
tperconubianostra,perinceptoshymenaeos.
Aeneannonummyturpisidodio.Integereu-
ismodimperdietturpis.Utnecleonecdi-
amimperdietlacinia.Etiamegetlacuseget
miultriciesposuere.Inplacerattristiquetor-
tor.Sedportavestibulummetus.Nullaia-
culissollicitudinpede.Fusceluctustellusin
dolor.Curabiturauctorvelitasem.Mor-
bisapien.Classaptenttacitisociosquadl-
itoratorquentperconubianostra,perincep-
toshymenaeos.Donecadipiscingurnavehic-
ulanunc.Sedornareleoinleo.Inrhoncus
leoutdui.Aeneandolorquam,volutpatnec,
fringillaid,consectetuervel, pede.
Nullamalesuadarisusuturna.Aenean
pretiumvelitsitametmetus.Duisiaculis.In
hachabitasseplateadictumst.Nullammo-
lestieturpisegetnisl.Duisamassaidpede
dapibusultricies.Sedeuleo.Inatmaurissit
amettortorbibendumvarius.Phasellusjusto
risus,posuerein,sagittisac,variusvel,tor-
tor.Quisqueidenim.Phasellusconsequat,
liberopretium nonummy fringilla, tortorlacus
vestibulumnunc,utrhoncusligulanequeid
justo.Nullamaccumsaneuismodnunc.Proin
vitae ipsumac metusdictumtempus.Namut
wisi.Quisque tortor felis, interdum ac, sodales
a,sempera,sem.Curabiturinvelitsitamet
duitristiquesodales.Vivamusmaurispede,
laciniaeget,pellentesquequis,scelerisqueeu,
est.Aliquamrisus.Quisquebibendumpede
eudolor.
Donec tempusneque vitaeest.Aenean egestas
odio sed risus ullamcorper ullamcorper.Sed in
nullaatortortinciduntegestas.Namsapien
tortor,elementumsitamet,aliquamin,port-
titorfaucibus,enim.Nullamconguesuscipit
nibh.Quisqueconvallis.Praesentarcunibh,
vehicula eget,accumsaneu,tincidunta,nibh.
Suspendissevulputate,tortorquisadipiscing
viverra, lacus nibh dignissim tellus, eu suscipit
risusantefringilladiam.Quisquealiberov-
elpedeimperdietaliquet.Pellentesquenunc
nibh,eleifenda,consequatconsequat,hen-
dreritnec,diam.Sedurna.Maecenaslaoreet
eleifendneque.Vivamuspurusodio,eleifend
non,iaculisa,ultricessitamet,urna.Mau-
risfaucibusodiovitaerisus.Innisl.Praesent
purus.Integeriaculis,semeuegestaslacinia,
lacuspedescelerisqueaugue,inullamcorper
dolorerosaclacus.Nuncinlibero.
Fuscesuscipitcursussem.Vivamusrisusmi,
egestasac,imperdietvarius,faucibusquis,
leo.Aeneantincidunt.Donecsuscipit.Cras
idjustoquisnibhscelerisquedignissim.Ali-
quamsagittiselementumdolor.Aeneancon-
sectetuerjustoinpede.Curabiturullamcorper
ligula nec orci.Aliquam purus turpis, aliquam
id, ornarevitae, porttitornon, wisi.Maecenas
luctusportalorem.Donec vitaeligulaeu ante
pretiumvarius.Prointortormetus,convallis
et,hendreritnon,scelerisquein,urna.Cras
quisliberoeuligulabibendumtempor.Viva-
mustellusquam,malesuadaeu,tempussed,
temporsed, velit.Doneclaciniaauctorlibero.
Praesentsednequeidpedemollisrutrum.
Vestibulumiaculisrisus.Pellentesquelacus.
Ut quisnunc sedodio malesuadaegestas.Duis
amagnasitametligulatristiquepretium.Ut
pharetra.Vestibulumimperdietmagnanec
wisi.Maurisconvallis.Sedaccumsansollic-
itudinmassa.Sedidenim.Nuncpedeenim,
laciniaut,pulvinarquis,suscipitsemper,elit.
Crasaccumsaneratvitaeenim.Crassollici-
tudin.Vestibulumrutrumblanditmassa.
Sedgravidalectusutpurus.Morbilaoreet
magna.Pellentesque eu wisi.Proin turpis.In-
tegersollicitudinauguenecdui.Fuscelectus.
Vivamusfaucibusnullaneclacus.Integerdi-
am.Pellentesquesodales,enimfeugiatcursus
volutpat,semmaurisdignissimmauris,quis
consequatsemestfermentumligula.Nullam
justo lectus, condimentum sit amet, posuere a,
fringillamollis, felis.Morbi nullanibh, pellen-
tesqueat,nonummyeu,sollicitudinnec,ip-
sum.Crasneque.Nuncaugue.Nullamvitae
quamidquampulvinar blandit.Nunc sitamet
orci.Aliquameratelit,pharetranec,aliquet
a,gravidain,mi.Quisqueurnaenim,viverra
quis,suscipitquis,tinciduntut,sapien.Cras
placeratconsequatsem.Curabituracdiam.
Curabiturdiamtortor,molliset,viverraac,
tempusvel,metus.
Curabituraclorem.Vivamusnonjustoin
duimattisposuere.Etiamaccumsanligula
idpede.Maecenastinciduntdiamnecvelit.
Praesentconvallissapienacest.Aliquamul-
lamcorpereuismodnulla.Integermollisenim
veltortor.Nullasodalesplaceratnunc.Sed
tempusrutrumwisi.Duisaccumsangravi-
dapurus.Nuncnunc.Etiamfacilisisduieu
sem.Vestibulumsemper.Praesenteueros.
Vestibulumtellusnisl,dapibusid,vestibulum
sit amet,placerat ac,mauris.Maecenas etelit
uteratplaceratdictum.Namfeugiat,turpis
etsodales volutpat,wisiquamrhoncusneque,
vitaealiquamipsumsapienvelenim.Maece-
nassuscipitcursusmi.
Quisque consectetuer.In suscipit mauris a do-
lor pellentesque consectetuer.Mauris convallis
nequenonerat.Inlacinia.Pellentesqueleo
eros,sagittisquis,fermentumquis,tincidun-
tut,sapien.Maecenassem.Curabitureros
odio,interdumeu,feugiateu,portaac,nis-
l.Curabiturnunc.Etiamfermentum convallis
velit.Pellentesquelaoreetlacus.Quisquesed
elit.Namquistellus.Aliquamtellusarcu,
adipiscingnon,tincidunteleifend,adipiscing
quis,augue.Vivamuselementumplaceraten-
im.Suspendisseuttortor.Integerfaucibus
adipiscingfelis.Aeneanconsectetuermattis
lectus.Morbimalesuadafaucibusdolor.Nam
lacus.Etiamarcu libero,malesuada vitae,ali-
quamvitae,blandittristique,nisl.
Maecenasaccumsandapibussapien.Duis
pretiumiaculisarcu.Curabiturutlacus.Ali-
quamvulputate.Suspendisseutpurus sedsem
tempor rhoncus.Utquam dui, fringillaat, dic-
tum eget,ultricies quis,quam.Etiamsem est,
pharetra non, vulputate in, pretium at, ipsum.
Nunc semper sagittis orci.Sed scelerisque sus-
cipitdiam.Utvolutpat,doloratullamcorp-
ertristique,erospurusmollisquam,sitamet
ornareantenuncetenim.
Phasellusfringilla,metusidfeugiatcon-
sectetuer,lacuswisiultricestellus,quis lobor-
tisnibhloremquistortor.Donecegestas
ornarenulla.Maurismitellus,portafau-
cibus,dictumvel,nonummyin,est.Ali-
quameratvolutpat.Intellusmagna,port-
titorlacinia,molestievitae,pellentesqueeu,
justo.Classaptenttacitisociosquadlitora
torquentperconubianostra,perinceptoshy-
menaeos.Sedorcinibh,scelerisquesitamet,
suscipitsed,placeratvel,diam.Vestibulum
nonummy vulputate orci.Donec et velit ac ar-
cuinterdumsemper.Morbipedeorci,cursus
ac,elementumnon,vehiculaut,lacus.Cras
volutpat.Namvelwisiquisliberovenenatis
placerat.Aeneansedodio.Quisqueposuere
purusacorci.Vivamusodio.Vivamusvar-
ius,nullasitametsemperviverra,odiomau-
risconsequatlacus,atvestibulumnequearcu
eutortor.Doneciaculistincidunttellus.Ali-
quameratvolutpat.Curabiturmagnalorem,
dignissimvolutpat,viverraet,adipiscingnec,
dolor.Praesentlacusmauris,dapibusvitae,
sollicitudinsitamet,nonummyeget,ligula.
Crasegestasipsumanisl.Vivamus variusdo-
lorutdolor.Fuscevelenim.Pellentesque
accumsanligulaeteros.Crasidlacusnon
tortorfacilisisfacilisis.Etiamnislelit,cur-
sussed,fringillain,conguenec,urna.Cum
sociisnatoquepenatibusetmagnisdispar-
turientmontes,nasceturridiculusmus.In-
tegeratturpis.Cumsociisnatoquepenati-
busetmagnisdisparturientmontes,nascetur
ridiculusmus.Duisfringilla,ligulasedporta
fringilla,ligulawisicommodofelis,utadipisc-
ingfelisduiinenim.Suspendissemalesuada
ultricesante.Pellentesquescelerisqueaugue
sitameturna.Nullavolutpataliquettortor.
Crasaliquam,tellusataliquetpellentesque,
justosapiencommodoleo,idrhoncussapien
quamaterat.Nullacommodo,wisiegetsol-
licitudinpretium,orciorcialiquamorci,ut
cursusturpisjustoetlacus.Nullaveltor-
tor.Quisque eratelit, viverrasit amet, sagittis
eget,portasitamet,lacus.
In hac habitasse platea dictumst.Proin at est.
Curabitur tempusvulputate elit.Pellentesque
sem.Praesent eusapien.Duis elitmagna,ali-
quet at,tempus sed, vehicula non, enim.Mor-
biviverraarcunecpurus.Vivamusfringilla,
enimet commodomalesuada,tortormetusel-
ementumligula,necaliquetestsapienutlec-
tus.Aliquammi.Utnecelit.Fusceeuismod
luctustellus.Curabiturscelerisque.Nullam
purus.Namultriciesaccumsan magna.Morbi
pulvinarloremsitametipsum.Donecutjus-
tovitaenibhmolliscongue.Fuscequisdiam.
Praesent tempuserosutquam.
Donecinnisl.Fuscevitaeest.Vivamusante
ante,mattislaoreet,posuereeget,conguevel,
nunc.Fuscesem.Namvelorcieuerosviver-
raluctus.Pellentesquesitametaugue.Nunc
sitametipsumetlacusvariusnonummy.In-
teger rutrum sem egetwisi.Aenean eu sapien.
Quisqueornaredignissimmi.Duisaurnavel
risus pharetraimperdiet.Suspendisse potenti.
Morbijusto.Aeneannecdolor.Inhac
habitasseplateadictumst.Proinnonummy
porttitorvelit.Sedsitametleonecmetus
rhoncusvarius.Crasante.Vestibulumcom-
modosemtinciduntmassa.Namjusto.Ae-
neanluctus,felisetcondimentumlacinia,lec-
tusenimpulvinarpurus,nonportavelitnisl
sed eros.Suspendisse consequat.Mauris a dui
et tortormattispretium.Sednulla metus,vo-
lutpatid, aliquameget, ullamcorperut, ipsum.
Morbieununc.Praesentpretium.Duisali-
quampulvinarligula.Ut blanditegestasjusto.
Quisqueposueremetusviverrapede.
Vivamussodaleselementumneque.Viva-
musdignissimaccumsanneque.Sedatenim.
Vestibulumnonummyinterdumpurus.Mau-
ris ornarevelitid nibh pretiumultricies.Fusce
temporpellentesqueodio.Vivamus auguepu-
rus,laoreetin,scelerisquevel,commodoid,
wisi.Duisenim.Nullainterdum,nunceusem-
pereleifend,enimdolorpretiumelit,utcom-
modoligulanislaest.Vivamusante.Nulla
leomassa,posuerenec,volutpatvitae,rhon-
cuseu,magna.
Quisquefacilisisauctorsapien.Pellentesque
gravidahendreritlectus.Maurisrutrumso-
dalessapien.Fuscehendreritsemvellorem.
Integerpellentesquemassavelaugue.Integer
elit tortor, feugiat quis, sagittis et, ornare non,
lacus.Vestibulumposuerepellentesqueeros.
Quisquevenenatisipsumdictumnulla.Ali-
quam quis quam nonmetus eleifend interdum.
Nam eget sapien ac mauris malesuadaadipisc-
ing.Etiameleifendnequesedquam.Nulla
facilisi.Proinaligula.Sedidduieunibh
egestastincidunt.Suspendissearcu.
Maecenasdui.Aliquamvolutpatauctorlorem.
Crasplaceratestvitaelectus.Curabitur
massalectus,rutrumeuismod,dignissimut,
dapibus a, odio.Ut eros erat, vulputate ut, in-
terdumnon,portaeu,erat.Crasfermentum,
felis inportacongue, velit leofacilisis odio, vi-
taeconsectetuerloremquamvitaeorci.Sed
ultrices,pedeeuplaceratauctor,anteligula
rutrum tellus,velposuere nibh lacus necnibh.
Maecenaslaoreetdoloratenim.Donecmo-
lestie dolornec metus.Vestibulum libero.Sed
quiserat.Sedtristique.Duispedeleo,fer-
mentumquis,consectetuereget,vulputatesit
amet,erat.
Donecvitaevelit.Suspendisseportafermen-
tummauris.Utvelnuncnonmaurisphare-
travarius.Duisconsequatliberoquisurna.
Maecenasatante.Vivamusvarius,wisised
egestastristique,odiowisiluctusnulla,lobor-
tisdictumdolorligulainlacus.Vivamusali-
quam, urna sed interdum porttitor,metus orci
interdum odio,sitamet euismodlectus feliset
leo.Praesentacwisi.Namsuscipitvestibu-
lum sem.Praesent eu ipsumvitae pede cursus
venenatis.Duis sed odio.Vestibulum eleifend.
Nullautmassa.Proinrutrummattissapien.
Curabiturdictumgravidaante.
Phasellusplaceratvulputatequam.Maece-
nasattellus.Pellentesquenequediam,dig-
nissim ac, venenatisvitae, consequat ut, lacus.
Nam nibh.Vestibulum fringilla arcu mollis ar-
cu.Sedetturpis.Donecsemtellus,volut-
pat et,varius eu,commodo sed,lectus.Lorem
ipsumdolorsitamet,consectetueradipiscing
elit.Quisqueenimarcu,suscipitnec,tempus
at,imperdietvel,metus.Morbivolutpatpu-
rusaterat.Donecdignissim,semidsemper
tempus, nibh massa eleifendturpis,sed pellen-
tesquewisipurussedlibero.Nullamlobortis
tortorvelrisus.Pellentesqueconsequatnulla
eutellus.Donecvelit.Aliquamfermentum,
wisiacrhoncusiaculis,tellusnuncmalesuada
orci,quisvolutpatduimagnaidmi.Nuncvel
ante.Duisvitaelacus.Crasnecipsum.
Morbinunc.Aliquamconsectetuervariusnul-
la.Phaselluseros.Crasdapibusporttitorris-
us.Maecenasultricesmiseddiam.Praesent
gravida velit atelit vehicula porttitor.Phasel-
lusnislmi,sagittisac,pulvinar id,gravidasit
amet,erat.Vestibulumest.Loremipsumdo-
lorsitamet,consectetueradipiscing elit.Cur-
abitur idsem elementum leo rutrumhendrerit.
Utatmi.Donectinciduntfaucibusmassa.
Sed turpis quam, sollicitudin a, hendrerit eget,
pretiumut,nisl.Duishendreritligula.Nunc
pulvinarcongueurna.
Nuncvelit.Nullamelitsapien,eleifendeu,
commodo nec, semper sit amet, elit.Nulla lec-
tus risus,condimentum ut,laoreeteget,viver-
ra nec, odio.Proin lobortis.Curabitur dictum
arcuvelwisi.Crasidnullavenenatistortor
congueultrices.Pellentesqueegetpede.Sed
eleifendsagittiselit.Namsedtellussitamet
lectusullamcorper tristique.Maurisenim sem,
tristiqueeu,accumsanat,scelerisquevulpu-
tate, neque.Quisquelacus.Donec etipsum sit
amet elitnonummy aliquet.Sed viverra nisl at
sem.Namdiam.Maurisutdolor.Curabitur
ornaretortorcursusvelit.
Morbitinciduntposuerearcu.Crasvenenatis
estvitaedolor.Vivamusscelerisquesemper
mi.Donecipsumarcu,consequatscelerisque,
viverraid,dictumat,metus.Loremipsum
dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.Ut
pede sem, tempus ut, porttitor bibendum, mo-
lestieeu,elit.Suspendissepotenti.Sedidlec-
tus sitamet purus faucibusvehicula.Praesen-
tsedsemnonduipharetrainterdum.Nam
viverra ultricesmagna.
Aeneanlaoreetaliquamorci.Nuncinterdum
elementumurna.Quisqueerat.Nullamtem-
porneque.Maecenasvelitnibh,scelerisquea,
consequatut,viverrain,enim.Duismagna.
Donecodioneque,tristiqueet,tincidunteu,
rhoncusac, nunc.Maurismalesuadamalesua-
da elit.Etiam lacus mauris, pretium vel, blan-
ditin,ultricies id,libero.Phasellusbibendum
eratutdiam.Incongueimperdietlectus.
Aeneanscelerisque.Fuscepretiumporttitor
lorem.Inhachabitasseplatea dictumst.Nulla
sitametnislatsapienegestaspretium.Nunc
nontellus.Vivamusaliquet.Namadipiscing
euismoddolor.Aliquameratvolutpat.Nul-
lautipsum.Quisquetinciduntauctorau-
gue.Nuncimperdietipsumegetelit.Ali-
quamquamleo,consectetuernon,ornaresit
amet,tristiquequis,felis.Vestibulumante ip-
sumprimisinfaucibusorciluctusetultrices
posuerecubiliaCurae;Pellentesqueinterdum
quamsitametmi.Pellentesquemaurisdui,
dictuma,adipiscingac,fermentumsitamet,
lorem.
Utquiswisi.Praesentquismassa.Vivamus
egestasrisusegetlacus.Nunctincidunt,risus
quisbibendumfacilisis,lorempurusrutrum
neque,necportatortorurnaquisorci.Ae-
neanaliquet,liberosempervolutpatluctus,
pedeeratlaciniaaugue,quisrutrumsemip-
sumsitametpede.Vestibulumaliquet,nibh
sediaculissagittis,odiodolorblanditaugue,
egetmollisurnatellusidtellus.Aeneanali-
quetaliquamnunc.Nullaultriciesjustoeget
orci.Phasellustristiquefermentumleo.Sed
massametus,sagittisut,semperut,pharetra
vel,erat.Aliquamquamturpis,egestasvel,
elementumin,egestassitamet,lorem.Duis
convallis,wisisitametmollismolestie,libero
mauris porta dui,vitaealiquam arcuturpis ac
sem.Aliquamaliquetdapibusmetus.
Vivamuscommodoeroseleifenddui.Vestibu-
luminleoeuerattristiquemattis.Crasat
elit.Craspellentesque.Nullamidlacussit
ametliberoaliquethendrerit.Proinplacerat,
minonelementumlaoreet,eroselittincidun-
tmagna,arhoncussemarcuidodio.Nul-
laegetleoaleoegestasfacilisis.Curabitur
quisvelit.Phasellusaliquam,tortornecornare
rhoncus,purusurnaposuerevelit,etcommo-
dorisustellusquistellus.Vivamusleoturpis,
tempussitamet,tristiquevitae,laoreetquis,
odio.Proinscelerisquebibendumipsum.Eti-
amnisl.Praesentveldolor.Pellentesquevel
magna.Curabitururna.Vivamuscongueur-
na in velit.Etiam ullamcorper elementumdui.
Praesentnon urna.Sed placeratquam non mi.
Pellentesquediammagna,ultricieseget,ultri-
cesplacerat,adipiscingrutrum,sem.
Morbisem.Nullafacilisi.Vestibulumante
ipsumprimisinfaucibusorciluctusetultri-
cesposuerecubiliaCurae;Nullafacilisi.Mor-
bisagittisultriceslibero.Praesenteuligula
sedsapienauctorsagittis.Classaptenttaciti
sociosquadlitoratorquentperconubianos-
tra,perinceptoshymenaeos.Donecvelnunc.
Nuncfermentum,lacusidaliquamporta,dui
tortoreuismoderos,velmolestieipsumpurus
eulacus.Vivamuspedearcu, euismod ac,tem-
pusid,pretiumet,lacus.Curabitursodales
dapibusurna.Nunceusapien.Doneceget
nuncapededictumpretium.Proinmauris.
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Fuscetristiquerisusidwisi.Integermolestie
massaidsem.Vestibulumveldolor.Pel-
lentesquevelurnavelrisusultricieselemen-
tum.Quisquesapien urna,blandit nec,iaculis
ac,viverrain,odio.Inhachabitasseplatea
dictumst.Morbinequelacus,convallisvitae,
commodoac,fermentumeu,velit.Sedinor-
ci.Infringillaturpisnonarcu.Donecinante.
Phasellustemporfeugiatvelit.Aeneanvar-
iusmassanonturpis.Vestibulumanteipsum
primisinfaucibusorciluctusetultricespo-
suerecubiliaCurae;
Aliquamtortor.Morbiipsummassa,imperdi-
etnon,consectetuervel,feugiatvel,lorem.
Quisqueeget loremnec elitmalesuadavestibu-
lum.Quisquesollicitudinipsumvel sem.Nul-
laenim.Proinnonummy felisvitaefelis.Nul-
lampellentesque.Duisrutrumfeugiatfe-
lis.Maurisvelpedesedliberotinciduntmol-
lis.Phasellussedurnarhoncusdiameuismod
bibendum.Phasellussednisl.Integercondi-
mentumjusto id orciiaculis varius.Quisque et
lacus.Phaselluselementum, justoat dignissim
auctor,wisi odiolobortisarcu,sed sollicitudin
felisfeliseuneque.Praesentatlacus.
Vivamussitametpede.Duisinterdum,nunc
egetrutrumdignissim,nisldiamluctusleo,
ettinciduntvelitnislidtellus.Inloremtel-
lus,aliquetvitae,portain,aliquetsed,lectus.
Phasellussodales.Utvariusscelerisqueerat.
Invelnibheuerosimperdietrutrum.Donec
ac odio nec neque vulputatesuscipit.Nam nec
magna.Pellentesquehabitantmorbitristique
senectus et netus et malesuada fames acturpis
egestas.Nullamporta,odioetsagittisiaculis,
wisi neque fringilla sapien, vel commodo lorem
loremidelit.Utsemlectus,scelerisqueeget,
placeratet,tinciduntscelerisque,ligula.Pel-
lentesque nonorci.
Etiamvelipsum.Morbifacilisisvestibulum
nisl.Praesentcursuslaoreetfelis.Integer
adipiscingpretiumorci.Nullafacilisi.Quisque
posuerebibendumpurus.Nullaquammauris,
cursuseget,convallisac,molestienon,enim.
Aliquamcongue.Quisquesagittisnonummy
sapien.Proinmolestiesemvitaeurna.Mae-
cenas lorem.Vivamus viverra consequat enim.
Nuncsedpede.Praesentvitaelectus.Prae-
sentnequejusto,vehiculaeget,interdumid,
facilisiset,nibh.Phasellusatpurusetlibero
laciniadictum.Fuscealiquet.Nullaeuante
placeratleosemperdictum.Maurismetus.
Curabiturlobortis.Curabitursollicitudin hen-
dreritnunc.Donecultriceslacusidipsum.
Donecanibhutelitvestibulumtristique.In-
tegeratpede.Crasvolutpatvariusmagna.
Phaselluseuwisi.Praesentrisusjusto,lobor-
tis eget, scelerisqueac, aliquet in, dolor.Proin
idleo.Nunciaculis,mivitaeaccumsancom-
modo, nequesemlacinianulla,quisvestibulum
justosemineros.Quisquesedmassa.Morbi
lectus ipsum, vulputate a, mollis ut,accumsan
placerat,tellus.Nullaminwisi.Vivamuseu
ligulaanuncaccumsancongue.Suspendisse
aclibero.Aliquameratvolutpat.Donecau-
gue.Nuncvenenatisfringillanibh.Fusceac-
cumsan pulvinar justo.Nullam semper, dui ut
dignissim auctor, orcilibero fringillamassa, b-
landitpulvinarpedetortoridmagna.Nunc
adipiscing justo sed velit tinciduntfermentum.
Integerplacerat.Pellentesquehabitantmorbi
tristique senectuset netuset malesuada fames
acturpisegestas.Sedinmassa.Classaptent
tacitisociosquadlitoratorquentperconubi-
anostra,perinceptoshymenaeos.Phasellus
tempusaliquamrisus.Aliquamrutrumpurus
atmetus.Donecposuereodioaterat.Nam
nonnibh.Phasellusligula.Quisquevene-
natislectusinaugue.Sedvestibulum dapibus
neque.
Mauris tempus eros at nulla.Sed quisdui dig-
nissimmaurispretiumtincidunt.Maurisac
purus.Phasellusaclibero.Etiamdapibusia-
culisnunc.Inlectus wisi,elementumeu, sollic-
itudinnec,imperdietquis,dui.Nullaviverra
nequeaclibero.Maurisurnaleo,adipiscing
eu,ultricesnon,blanditeu,dui.Maecenas
duineque,suscipitsitamet,rutrum a,laoreet
in,eros.Uteunibh.Fuscenecerattempus
urnafringillatempus.Curabiturid enim.Sed
ante.Crassodalesenimsitametwisi.Nunc
fermentum consequatquam.
Utauctor,augueportadignissimvestibulum,
arcudiamlobortisvelit,velscelerisqueris-
usauguesagittisrisus.Maecenaseujusto.
Pellentesque habitant morbitristique senectus
etnetusetmalesuadafamesacturpiseges-
tas.Mauriscongueligulaegettortor.Nul-
lam laoreeturnasedenim.Donecegeteros ut
erosvolutpatconvallis.Praesentturpis.Inte-
germaurisdiam,elementumquis,egestasac,
rutrumvel,orci.Nullafacilisi.Quisqueadip-
iscing,nullavitaeelementumporta,semurna
volutpatleo,sedportaenimrisussedmassa.
Integeracenimquisdiamsodalesluctus.Ut
eget eros a ligula commodo ultricies.Donec eu
urnaviverradolorhendreritfeugiat.Aliquam
acorcivelerosconguepharetra.Quisque
rhoncus,justoeuvolutpatfaucibus,augueleo
posuerelacus,arhoncuspuruspedevelest.
Proinultricesenim.
Aenean tincidunt laoreetdui.Vestibulum ante
ipsumprimisinfaucibusorciluctusetultri-
cesposuerecubiliaCurae;Integeripsumlec-
tus,fermentumac,malesuadain,eleifendut,
lorem.Vivamusipsumturpis,elementumvel,
hendrerit ut,semperat, metus.Vivamus sapi-
entortor,eleifendid,dapibusin,egestaset,
pede.Pellentesquefaucibus.Praesentlorem
neque, dignissim in,facilisis nec, hendrerit vel,
odio.Namatdiamacnequealiquetviver-
ra.Morbidapibusligulasagittismagna.In
lobortis.Donecaliquetultricieslibero.Nunc
dictumvulputate purus.Morbivarius.Lorem
ipsumdolorsitamet,consectetueradipiscing
elit.Intempor.Phaselluscommodoporttitor
magna.Curabiturvehiculaodioveldolor.
Praesentfacilisis,augueaadipiscingvene-
natis,liberorisusmolestieodio,pulvinarcon-
sectetuerfeliseratacmauris.Namvestibu-
lumrhoncusquam.Sedveliturna,pharetra
eu,eleifendeu,viverraat,wisi.Maecenasul-
tricesnibhatturpis.Aeneanquam.Nulla
ipsum.Aliquamposuereluctuserat.Cur-
abiturmagnafelis,laciniaet,tristiqueid,ul-
tricesut,mauris.Suspendissefeugiat.Cras
eleifendwisivitaetortor.Phasellusleopurus,
mattissitamet,auctorin,rutrumin,magna.
Inhachabitasseplateadictumst.Phasellus
imperdietmetusinsem.Vestibulumacenim
nonsemultriciessagittis.Sedveldiam.
Integervelenimsedturpisadipiscingbiben-
dum.Vestibulumpededolor,laoreetnec,po-
suerein,nonummyin,sem.Donecimperdiet
sapienplaceraterat.Donecviverra.Aliquam
eros.Nunc consequat massaid leo.Sed ullam-
corper,loreminsodalesdapibus,risusmetus
sagittislorem,nonporttitorpurusodioneco-
dio.Sedtinciduntposuereelit.Quisqueeu
enim.Donecliberorisus,feugiatac,dapibus
eget, posuere a,felis.Quisque vel lectusut me-
tustincidunteleifend.Duis utpede.Duis velit
erat,venenatis vitae,vulputatea,pharetrasit
amet,est.Etiamfringillafaucibusaugue.
Aeneanvelitsem,viverraeu,tempusid,
rutrumid,mi.Nullamnecnibh.Proinullam-
corper,dolorincursustristique,erosaugue
tempornibh,atgravidadiamwisiatpurus.
Donec mattis ullamcorper tellus.Phasellus vel
nulla.Praesentinterdum,erosinsodalessol-
licitudin,nuncnulla pulvinarjusto, aeuismod
erossemnecnibh.Nullamsagittisdapibus
lectus.Nullamegetipsumeutortorlobortis
sodales.Etiampurusleo,pretiumnec,feu-
giatnon,ullamcorpervel,nibh.Sedvelelit
etquamaccumsanfacilisis.Nuncleo.Sus-
pendissefaucibuslacus.
Pellentesqueinterdumsapiensednulla.Proin
tincidunt.Aliquamvolutpatestvelmassa.
Seddolorlacus,imperdietnon,ornarenon,
commodoeu,neque.Integerpretiumsem-
perjusto.Proinrisus.Nullamidquam.
Namneque.Duisvitaewisiullamcorperdi-
amcongueultricies.Quisqueligula.Mauris
vehicula.
Curabiturnuncmagna,posuereeget,vene-
natiseu,vehiculaac,velit.Aeneanornare,
massaaaccumsanpulvinar,quamlorem
laoreetpurus, eusodalesmagna risusmolestie
lorem.Nunceratvelit,hendreritquis,male-
suadaut,aliquamvitae,wisi.Sedposuere.
Suspendisseipsumarcu,scelerisquenec,ali-
quameu,molestietincidunt,justo.Phasellus
iaculis.Sedposuereloremnonipsum.Pel-
lentesquedapibus.Suspendissequamlibero,
laoreeta,tincidunteget,consequatat,est.
Nullamutlectusnonenimconsequatfacili-
sis.Maurisleo.Quisquepedeligula,auctor
vel,pellentesquevel,posuereid,turpis.Cras
ipsumsem,cursuset,facilisisut,tempuseu-
ismod,quam.Suspendissetristiquedoloreu
orci.Maurismattis.Aeneansemper.Viva-
mustortormagna,facilisisid,variusmattis,
hendreritin,justo.Integerpurus.
Vivamusadipiscing.Curabitur imperdiettem-
pusturpis.Vivamussapiendolor,congueve-
nenatis,euismodeget,portarhoncus,magna.
Proincondimentumpretiumenim.Fusce
fringilla,liberoetvenenatisfacilisis,erosen-
imcursusarcu,vitaefacilisisodioauguevitae
orci.Aliquamvariusnibhutodio.Sedcondi-
mentumcondimentumnunc.Pellentesque
egetmassa.Pellentesquequismauris.Donec
utligulaacpedepulvinarlobortis.Pellen-
tesqueeuismod.Classaptenttacitisociosqu
adlitoratorquentperconubianostra,perin-
ceptoshymenaeos.Praesentelit.Utlaoreet
ornareest.Phasellusgravidavulputatenulla.
Donecsitametarcuutsemtempormalesua-
da.Praesenthendreritaugueinurna.Proin
enimante,ornarevel,consequatut,blandit
in,justo.Donecfeliselit,dignissimsed,sagit-
tisut,ullamcorpera,nulla.Aeneanpharetra
vulputateodio.
Quisqueenim.Proinvelitneque,tristiqueeu,
eleifendeget,vestibulumnec,lacus.Vivamus
odio.Duisodiourna,vehiculain,elementum
aliquam,aliquetlaoreet,tellus.Sedvelit.Sed
velmiacelitaliquetinterdum.Etiamsapi-
enneque,convalliset,aliquetvel,auctornon,
arcu.Aliquamsuscipitaliquamlectus.Proin
tinciduntmagnasedwisi.Integerblanditla-
cusutlorem.Sedluctusjustosedenim.
Morbimalesuadahendreritdui.Nuncmauris
leo, dapibus sitamet, vestibulum et, commodo
id,est.Pellentesquepurus.Pellentesquetris-
tique,nuncacpulvinaradipiscing,justoeros
consequatlectus, sitamet posuerelectusneque
velaugue.Cras consectetuerlibero aceros.Ut
egetmassa.Fuscesitametenimeleifendsem
dictum auctor.In eget risusluctus wisi conva-
llis pulvinar.Vivamus sapien risus,tempor in,
viverra in, aliquetpellentesque,eros.Aliquam
euismodliberoasem.
Nunc velit augue,scelerisquedignissim,lobor-
tiset,aliquamin,risus.Ineueros.Vestibu-
lumanteipsumprimisinfaucibusorciluctus
etultricesposuerecubiliaCurae;Curabitur
vulputateelitviverraaugue.Maurisfringilla,
tortorsitametmalesuadamollis,sapienmi
dapibusodio,acimperdietligulaenimeget
nisl.Quisquevitaepedeapedealiquetsus-
cipit.Phasellustelluspede,viverravestibu-
lum,gravidaid,laoreetin,justo.Cumsoci-
isnatoquepenatibusetmagnisdisparturient
montes,nasceturridiculusmus.Integercom-
modoluctuslectus.Maurisjusto.Duisvar-
iuseros.Sedquam.Craslacuseros,rutrum
eget,variusquis,convallisiaculis,velit.Mau-
ris imperdiet, metus at tristique venenatis, pu-
rusnequepellentesquemauris,aultriceselit
lacusnectortor.Classaptenttacitisociosqu
adlitoratorquentperconubianostra,perin-
ceptoshymenaeos.Praesentmalesuada.Nam
lacuslectus,auctorsitamet,malesuadavel,
elementumeget,metus.Duisnequepede,fa-
cilisiseget,egestaselementum,nonummyid,
neque.
Proinnonsem.Donecnecerat.Proinlibero.
Aliquamviverraarcu.Donecvitaepurus.
Donecfelismi,semperid,scelerisqueporta,
sollicitudinsed,turpis.Nullainurna.Integer
variuswisinonelit.Etiamnecsem.Mau-
risconsequat,risusnecconguecondimentum,
ligulaligulasuscipiturna,vitaeportaodioer-
at quissapien.Proinluctusleo iderat.Etiam
massametus,accumsanpellentesque,sagittis
sitamet,venenatisnec,mauris.Praesentur-
na eros, ornarenec, vulputate eget, cursussed,
justo.Phasellus nec lorem.Nullam ligula ligu-
la,mollissitamet,faucibusvel,eleifendac,
dui.Aliquameratvolutpat.
Fusce vehicula, tortor etgravidaporttitor, me-
tusnibhconguelorem,uttempuspurusmau-
risapede.Integertinciduntorcisitamet
turpis.Aeneanametus.Aliquamvestibulum
lobortisfelis.Donecgravida.Sedsedurna.
Maurisetorci.Integerultricesfeugiatligu-
la.Seddignissimnibhamassa.Donecorci
dui,temporsed,tinciduntnonummy,viverra
sit amet, turpis.Quisque lobortis.Proin vene-
natistortornecwisi.Vestibulumplacerat.In
hachabitasseplateadictumst.Aliquampor-
tamiquisrisus.Donecsagittisluctusdiam.
Nam ipsumelit, imperdiet vitae,faucibusnec,
fringillaeget,leo.Etiamquisdolorinsapien
porttitorimperdiet.
Craspretium.Nullamalesuadaipsumut
libero.Suspendissegravidahendrerittellus.
Maecenas quislacus.Morbi fringilla.Vestibu-
lumodioturpis,temporvitae,scelerisquea,
dictumnon,massa.Praesenteratfelis,por-
tasitamet,condimentumsitamet,placer-
atet,turpis.Praesentplaceratlacusaen-
im.Vestibulumnoneros.Utcongue.Donec
tristiquevariustortor.Pellentesquehabitant
morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada
famesacturpisegestas.Namdictumdictum
urna.
Phasellusvestibulumorcivelmauris.Fusce
quamleo,adipiscingac,pulvinareget,mo-
lestiesitamet,erat.Seddiam.Suspendisse
erosleo,tempuseget,dapibussitamet,tem-
puseu,arcu.Vestibulumwisimetus,dapibus
vel,luctussitamet,condimentumquis,leo.
Suspendissemolestie.Duisinante.Utso-
dales sem sit amet mauris.Suspendisse ornare
pretiumorci.Fuscetristiqueenimegetmi.
Vestibulumeroselit,gravida ac,pharetrased,
lobortisin,massa.Proinatdolor.Duisac-
cumsanaccumsanpede.Nullamblanditelit
inmagnalaciniahendrerit.Utnonummyluc-
tuseros.Fusceegettortor.
Utsitametmagna.Crasaligulaeuurna
dignissimviverra.Nullamtemporleoporta
ipsum.Praesentpurus.Nullamconsequat.
Maurisdictumsagittisdui.Vestibulumsol-
licitudinconsectetuerwisi.Insitametdiam.
Nullammalesuadapharetrarisus.Proinlacus
arcu, eleifendsed, vehicula at,congue sitamet,
sem.Sedsagittispedeanisl.Sed tincidunto-
dioapede.Seddui.Nameuenim.Aliquam
sagittislacusegetlibero.Pellentesquediam
sem,sagittismolestie,tristiqueet,fermentum
ornare,nibh.Nullaet tellusnonfelis imperdi-
etmattis.Aliquameratvolutpat.
Vestibulumsodalesipsumidaugue.Integer
ipsumpede,convallissitamet,tristiquevi-
tae,temporut,nunc.Namnonligulanon
lorem convallis hendrerit.Maecenas hendrerit.
Sedmagnaodio,aliquamimperdiet,portaac,
aliqueteget,mi.Cumsociisnatoquepenati-
busetmagnisdisparturientmontes,nascetur
ridiculusmus.Vestibulumnislsem,dignissim
vel,euismodquis,egestasut,orci.Nuncvi-
taerisusvelmetuseuismodlaoreet.Crassit
ametnequeaturpislobortisauctor.Sedali-
quamsemacelit.Crasvelitlectus,facilisis
id,dictumsed,portarutrum,nisl.Namhen-
dreritipsumsedaugue.Nullamscelerisque
hendreritwisi.Vivamusegestasarcusedpu-
rus.Utornarelectussederos.Suspendisse
potenti.Maurissollicitudinpedevelvelit.In
hachabitasseplateadictumst.
Suspendisseeratmauris,nonummyeget,
pretiumeget,consequatvel,justo.Pellen-
tesqueconsectetuereratsedlacus.Nullam
egestasnullaacdui.Doneccursusrhoncus
ipsum.Nuncetsemeumagnaegestasmale-
suada.Vivamusdictummassaatdolor.Mor-
biestnulla,faucibusac,posuerein,interdum
ut,sapien.Proinconsectetuerpretiumurna.
Donecsitamet nibhnecpurusdignissimmat-
tis.Phasellusvehiculaelitatlacus.Nullafa-
cilisi.Crasutarcu.Sedconsectetuer.Integer
tristiqueelitquisfelisconsectetuereleifend.
Crasetlectus.
Utcongue malesuadajusto.Curabiturcongue,
felisathendreritfaucibus,maurislacusport-
titor pede, nec aliquam turpis diam feugiatar-
cu.Nullamrhoncusipsumatrisus.Vestibu-
lumadolorseddolorfermentumvulputate.
Sednecipsumdapibusurnabibendumlobor-
tis.Vestibulum elit.Nam ligulaarcu, volutpat
eget,laciniaeu,lobortisac,urna.Nammol-
lisultricesnulla.Crasvulputate.Suspendisse
atrisusat metuspulvinarmalesuada.Nullam
lacus.Aliquamtempusmagna.Aliquamut
purus.Prointellus.
Vestibulumante ipsumprimisinfaucibusorci
luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Donec
scelerisquemetus.Maecenasnonmiutmetus
portahendrerit.Nuncsemper.Crasquiswisi
utloremposueretristique.Nuncvestibulum
scelerisquenulla.Suspendissepharetrasollic-
itudinante.Praesentatauguesitametante
interdum porta.Nunc bibendum augueluctus
diam.Etiam nec sem.Sed eros turpis, facilisis
nec,vehiculavitae,aliquamsed,nulla.Cur-
abiturjustoleo,vestibulumeget,tristiqueut,
tempusat,nisl.
Nullavenenatisloremidarcu.Morbicur-
susurnaaipsum.Donecporttitor.Integer
eleifend,estnonmattismalesuada,minulla
convallismi,etauctorlectussapienutpu-
rus.Aliquamnullaaugue,pharetrasitamet,
faucibussemper,molestievel,nibh.Pellen-
tesquevestibulummagnaetmi.Sedfringilla
dolorveltellus.Nuncliberonunc,venenatis
eget,convallishendrerit,iaculiselementum,
mi.Nullamaliquam,felisetaccumsanvehic-
ula,magnajustovehiculadiam,eucondimen-
tumnislfelisetnunc.Quisquevolutpatmauris
avelit.Pellentesquemassa.Integeratlorem.
Nammetuserat,laciniaid,convallisut,pul-
vinarnon,wisi.Crasiaculismaurisutneque.
Crassodales,semvitaeimperdietconsequat,
pede purussollicitudin urna,ac aliquammetus
orciinleo.Utmolestieultricesmauris.Viva-
musvitaesem.Aliquameratvolutpat.Prae-
sentcommodo,nislacdapibusaliquet,tortor
orci sodales lorem, non ornare nulla lorem quis
nisl.
Sedatsemvitaepurusultricesvestibulum.
Vestibulumtinciduntlacusetligula.Pel-
lentesquevitaeelit.Vestibulumanteipsum
primisinfaucibusorciluctusetultricespo-
suerecubiliaCurae;Duisornare,erateget
laoreetvulputate,lacusipsumsuscipitturpis,
etbibendumnislorcinonlectus.Vestibu-
lumnecrisusnecliberofermentumfringilla.
Morbinonvelitinmagnagravidahendrerit.
Pellentesquequislectus.Vestibulumeleifend
lobortisleo.Vestibulumnonaugue.Vivamus
dictumtempordui.Maecenasatligulaidfe-
liscongueporttitor.Nullaleomagna,egestas
quis,vulputatesitamet,viverraid,velit.
Utlectuslectus,ultriciessitamet,semper
eget,laoreetnon,ante.Proinatmassaquis
nuncrhoncusmattis.Aliquamlorem.Cur-
abiturpharetraduiatneque.Aliquameutel-
lus.Aeneantempus,felisvitaevulputateia-
culis,estdolorfaucibusurna,inviverrawisi
nequenonrisus.Fusceveldolornecsapien
pretiumnonummy.Integerfaucibusmassaac
nulla ornarevenenatis.Nullaquissapien.Sed
tortor.Phasellusegetmi.Crasnunc.Crasa
enim.
Quisque nisl.In dignissim dapibus massa.Ae-
neansemmagna,scelerisquenec,ullamcorper
quis,porttitorut,lectus.Fuscedignissimfa-
cilisistortor.Vivamusgravidafelissitamet
nunc.Nampulvinarodiovelenim.Pellen-
tesquesitametest.Vivamuspulvinarleonon
sapien.Aliquameratvolutpat.Ut elementum
auctormetus.Maurisvestibulumnequevitae
eros.Pellentesquealiquamquam.Donecve-
nenatistristiquepurus.Innisl.Nullavelit
libero,fermentumat,portaa,feugiatvitae,
urna.Etiamaliquetornareipsum.Proinnon
dolor.Aeneannuncligula,venenatissuscipit,
porttitorsit amet,mattis suscipit, magna.Vi-
vamusegestasviverraest.Morbiatrisussed
sapiensodalespretium.
Morbicongueconguemetus.Aeneansedpu-
rus.Nampedemagna,tristiquenec,porta
id,sollicitudinquis,sapien.Vestibulumblan-
dit.Suspendisse ut augue ac nibh ullamcorper
posuere.Integereuismod,nequeateleifend
fringilla,augueelitornaredolor,veltincidunt
purusest idlacus.Vivamuslorem dui,commo-
doquis,scelerisqueeu,tinciduntnon,magna.
Cras sodales.Quisque vestibulum pulvinar di-
am.Phasellustincidunt, leovitaetristiquefa-
cilisis,ipsum wisiinterdum sem,dapibussem-
pernulla velit vel lectus.Cras dapibusmauris
etaugue.Quisquecursusnullainlibero.Sus-
pendisseetloremsitametmaurismalesuada
mollis.Nullamidjusto.Maecenasvenenatis.
Doneclacusarcu,egestasac,fermentumcon-
sectetuer,tempuseu,metus.Proinsodales,
seminpretiumfermentum,arcusapiencom-
modomauris,venenatisconsequataugueur-
nainwisi.Quisquesapiennunc,variuseget,
condimentumquis,laciniain,est.Fuscefacil-
isis.Praesentnecipsum.
Suspendisseadolor.Namerateros,congue
eget,sagittisa,laciniain,pede.Maecenas
inelit.Proinmolestievariusnibh.Vivamus
tristiquepurussedaugue.Proinegestassem-
pertortor.Vestibulumanteipsumprimisin
faucibusorciluctusetultricesposuerecubil-
iaCurae;Classaptenttacitisociosquadl-
itoratorquentperconubianostra,perincep-
toshymenaeos.Vestibulumorcienim,sagittis
ornare,eleifendut,mattisat,ligula.Nulla
molestieconvallisarcu.Uterostellus,condi-
mentum at,sodalesin,ultricesvel,nulla.
Duismagnaante,bibendumeget,eleifend
eget,suscipitsed,neque.Vestibuluminmi
sedmassacursuscursus.Pellentesquepulv-
inarmollisneque.Fusceutenimvitaemauris
malesuadatincidunt.Vivamusaneque.Mau-
rispulvinar,sapienidcondimentumdictum,
quamarcurhoncusdui,idtemporlacusjusto
etjusto.Proinsitametorcieudiameleifend
blandit.Nunceratmassa,luctusac,fermen-
tumlacinia,tinciduntultrices,sapien.Prae-
sentsed orci vitae dolorsollicitudin adipiscing.
Crasaneque.Ut risusdui,interdumat,plac-
eratid,tristiqueeu,enim.Vestibulumante
ipsum primisin faucibusorci luctuset ultrices
posuerecubiliaCurae;Etiamadipiscingeros
vestibulumdolor.Pellentesquealiquam,diam
eget eleifendposuere, augueerosporttitorlec-
tus,acdignissimduimetusnecfelis.Quisque
lacinia.Vestibulumtellus.Suspendissenec
wisi.Aeneanacfelis.Aliquamultricesmetus
etnulla.
Praesentsedestnonnibhtempusvenenatis.
Praesentrhoncus.Curabitursagittisestsit
ametneque.Sedcommodomalesuadalectus.
Phasellusenimtellus,temporut,tristiqueeu,
aliquameu,quam.Aeneanquisquamquis
wisigravidavehicula.Pellentesqueamassa
aleopretiumrhoncus.Suspendisseultrices.
Doneclaciniamalesuadamassa.Classapten-
ttacitisociosquadlitoratorquentperconu-
bianostra,perinceptoshymenaeos.Donec
pretiumornaremauris.Phasellusauctorer-
ategetenim.Integerscelerisque,feliseucon-
sequatfringilla,loremwisiultriciesvelit,id
vehiculapurusnullaegetodio.Nullammat-
tis,diamarutrumfermentum,odiosapien
tristiquequam,idmollistellusquaminodi-
o.Mauriseusapien.Donecaliquamloremsit
ametlorempharetralobortis.
Donecacvelit.Sedconvallisvestibulumsapi-
en.Vivamustemporlacussedlacus.Nunc
utlorem.Utettortor.Nullamvariuswisiat
diam.Etiamultricies,dolorsitametfermen-
tumvulputate,nequeliberovestibulumorci,
vitaefringillanequearcualiquetante.Lorem
ipsumdolorsitamet,consectetueradipiscing
elit.Quisquevenenatislobortisaugue.Sed
tempor,tellusiaculispellentesquepharetra,
pededuimalesuadamauris,velultricesurna
maurisacnibh.Etiamnibhodio,ultriciesve-
hicula,vestibulumvitae,feugiateleifend,fe-
lis.Vivamus pulvinar.Aliquam eratvolutpat.
Nullaegestasvenenatismetus.Namfeugiat
nuncquiselitegestassagittis.Sedvitaefe-
lis.Inliberoarcu,rhoncusin,commodoeget,
auctorin,enim.Vivamussuscipitest.Nul-
ladapibus,magnavelaliquetegestas,massa
massahendreritlacus,acrutrumtellustellus
sitametfelis.Crasviverra.
Suspendisseeununc.Aliquamdignissimurna
sit ametmauris.Cras commodo, urna ut port-
titor venenatis, arcu metussodalesrisus, vitae
gravidasapienligulainest.Donecvulputate
sollicitudinwisi.Donecvehicula,estidinter-
dumornare,nibhtellusconsectetuerjusto,a
ultrices felis erat at lectus.In est massa, male-
suadanon,suscipitat,ullamcorpereu,elit.
Namnullalacus,bibendumsitamet,sagit-
tissed,temporeget,libero.Praesentligula.
Suspendissenulla.Etiamdiam.Nullaante
diam,vestibulumet,aliquetac,imperdietvi-
tae,urna.Fuscetinciduntlacusvelelit.Mae-
cenasdictum,tortornoneuismodbibendum,
pedenibhpretiumtellus, atdignissimleoeros
egetpede.Nullavenenatiseleifenderos.Ae-
nean ut odio dignissim augue rutrum faucibus.
Fusceposuere,tellusegetviverramattis,er-
attellusportami,atfacilisissemnibhnon
urna.Phasellusquisturpisquismaurissus-
cipitvulputate.Sedinterdumlacusnonvelit.
Vestibulumante ipsumprimisinfaucibusorci
luctusetultricesposuerecubiliaCurae;
Vivamus vehicula leoa justo.Quisque necau-
gue.Morbimauriswisi,aliquetvitae,dignis-
simeget,sollicitudinmolestie,ligula.Indic-
tumenimsit ametrisus.Curabitur vitaevelit
eudiamrhoncushendrerit.Vivamusutelit.
Praesentmattisipsumquisturpis.Curabitur
rhoncusnequeeudui.Etiamvitaemagna.
Namullamcorper.Praesentinterdumbiben-
dummagna.Quisqueauctoraliquamdolor.
Morbieuloremetestporttitorfermentum.
Nuncegestasarcuattortorvariusviverra.
Fusceeu nulla utnulla interdum consectetuer.
Vestibulumgravida.Morbimattisliberosed
est.
Abstract
Inthisarticlewereviewsomeofthemostimportantandrelevant
literatureonthepropertiesofice.Wefocusonthreeofitssurface
properties, namely, theslipperinessofice, thephenomena ofastring
underload passingthroughablockoficewithoutcutting theblock
in half,and pressure melting andadhesion of blocks of ice.We then
provideanargumentforthemostplausiblefactorresponsiblefor
eachoftheseeffects.
Keywords
IceRegelation,PressureMelting,Quasi-Liquid
1.Introduction
Perhapsthemostinterestingsolidthatweencounterinoureveryday
lifeisice.Iceisoneofthefewmaterialsinnaturewiththeproperty
ofexpansionwhenitsliquidformfreezes.Thecauseofthisexpan-
sionistheformationofahexagonalringstructure.However,noneof
theothermaterialswiththisproperty(suchasbismuth)arenearly
asimportantinlifeaswateris.Anotherinterestingpropertyofice
isitsunusualslipperiness.Atthemacroscopiclevel,thecoefficientof
frictionon iceisaboutoneorderof magnitudelowerthan othersolid-
s;however,itisnotconstantandvarieswithfactorssuchassliding
speed,temperature,andthenormalforce[1].Thissmallcoefficien-
toffrictionmakesiceevenmoredistinctfromothermaterialssince
generally thecoefficientof kineticfriction increaseswith temperature,
whereasthecoefficientofkineticfrictionoficedecreaseswithanin-
creaseintemperature[2].Therefore,oneshouldreallycomparethe
coefficientoffrictionoficeata fewdegreesbelow itsmeltingpointto
thatofothermaterialswhentheyarealsoafewdegreesbelowtheir
meltingpoints.Thedifferencewouldcertainlybegreaterthanjust
oneorderofmagnitude.
Yetanother uncommonpropertythat makes icedistinct fromother
materialsisregelation,wheretwopiecesoficebondwhenpushed
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.611183Nov.7,20182181JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
together with a fairly small force,and when a string under loadpasses
throughaniceblockwithoutcuttingitinhalf[3–8].
Thequestionishowtheuniquebehaviorsoficecanbeexplained
basedon whatwe know aboutthis solidanditssurface properties.In
whatfollows,wedescribe various behaviorsthatarespecificto iceand,
ineachcase,discussthereasonsthathavebeengivenintheexisting
literature.Wethenprovide,tothebestofourjudgment,whatseems
tobethemostlogicalreasonforthebehavior.Butfirst,letussee
what is responsible for the formation of the so called quasi-liquid layer
onice.
2.TheQuasi-LiquidLayer
Beginning in1842, Michael Faradaycarriedout aseries ofexperiments
whichin1859ledhimtosuggesttheexistenceofa“liquid-like”layer
onthesurfaceoficethatcontinuestoexistwellbelowitsfreezing
temperature.AlthoughFaraday’sideawasignoredformanyyears,
advancedexperimentaltechniques,inrecentyears,haveshownthat
in factsuch liquid-like layer,also known asa “quasi-liquid”layer does
indeedexist.Perhapsthemostconvincingevidencefortheexistence
of such layerareX-raydiffractionstudies thatshow aliquid-likelayer
ondifferentcrystallographicsurfacesoficeinthetemperaturerange
of13.5
Cto0
C[9].Furthermore,atomicforcemicroscopyhas
shownthatthethicknessofthislayerat24
Cisabout12nm,and
thatsurfacemeltingstartsatabout33
C[9,10].ButPetrenko[11]
suggeststhatpressuremeltingvanishesat22
C.
Whetherthispremeltingquasi-liquidlayeronthesurfaceoficeisa
liquidorsomedisorderedphaseoficeisnotyetcompletelyunderstood.
Thisdisorderstructurehasbeenverifiedbymoleculardynamicssim-
ulations[9].However,itsphysicalpropertiesarequitedifferentfrom
thatofliquidwater.Forexample,theatomicforcemicroscopyex-
perimentshaveindicatedthattheviscosityofthisquasi-liquidlayer
mustbetwo ordersofmagnitude greaterthanthat ofbulksupercooled
water[1,12–14].Nevertheless,thispremeltinglayerisnotuniqueto
ice[1].Usingionbackscatteringfromleadcrystal,Frenkenandvan
derVeenhaveconcludedthatleadhasameltingtransitionof20
C
below itsbulk meltingtemperature of327
C, andthat thethickness of
the premeltinglayerincreases logarithmicallywith temperature [9,15].
On theother hand,low energy electrondiffraction studiesof bismuth,
which,similarlytoice,undergoesanegativevolumechangeonmelt-
ing,indicatednopremelting[16].
Thephenomenonofsurfacepremeltingisnotlimitedtoice[17].In
manysolidsasthebulkmeltingtemperatureisapproached,thesurface
ofthesolidbecomesdisorderedduetolargeamplitudesofthermal
atomic vibrations.For example, at 1.8
C the mean amplitude of the
vibrations of near-surface oxygen atoms in ice exceeds that of the bulk
byafactorof3.3[9,18].Becauseofthis,GoleckiandJaccardhave
suggested thattheterm “liquid-like” shouldnot even beused [18–20].
Inadditiontothesimpleinterpretationofdisorderofthesurface
structurenear meltingpoint, severalotherexplanations havebeen giv-
enbyinvestigatorstoexplaintheliquid-likelayerontheicesurface.
Ikeda-Fukazawaand Kawamura have suggested thatthe dangling mo-
tionof thefreeO-Hbondsatthesurface oficeisone ofthedominant
factorsforthesurfacemelting[21].Anotherexplanationisbasedon
theminimizationofsurfacefreeenergyasaresultofformationofa
liquidlayer[22–25].Theideaoffree-energyminimization,however,
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832182JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
appliestoothersurfacesaswell.
Makkonen,ontheotherhand,hasarguedthatbasedontheexper-
imentalevidencefree-energyminimizationisnotpossibleinthecase
ofice[26].Hethenproposesanothermechanismfortheformationof
the liquid-like layer,which is uniquefor ice.Makkonen’s suggestion is
basedonaconceptaccordingtowhichthesurfacephaseequilibrium
temperaturediffersfromthatofthebulk.Basedonthistheory,the
imbalanceofthemolecularforcesonthesurfacemoleculesresultsin
apressuredifferenceof180MPabetweenthebulkandthesurface
ofice,beinghigheronthesurface.Thispressuredifferencelowers
themeltingpointofthesurfaceoficeto13
C.Therefore,atany
temperature higher that13
C, thesurface ofice is aboveits melting
pointasexplainedinthenextsection.
3.PressureMeltingofIce
Iceisoneofthefewsolidsthatundergoesanegativevolumechange
uponmelting.Figure1showsthepressure-temperaturephase diagram
forthewatersystem,showingthecoexistencecurvesforeachpair
ofthephases.Theslopeofeachcoexistencecurveisgivenbythe
Clausius-Clapeyronequation[27]
dP
dT
=
H
TV
(1)
where ∆Hand ∆Varethe changes of the enthalpyand volume during
thetransformation,respectively.Because∆HandTarebothposi-
tive, anegative volume changeduring melting ofice gives dP/dT<0,
ascanbeseeninFigure1fortheice-watercoexistencecurve.There-
fore,anincreaseofpressurewilldecreasethemeltingtemperature
ofice,andadecreaseofpressure(tension)willincreaseitsmelting
temperature[6],inaccordwiththeLeChatelier’sprinciple.
Asicemelts,theenthalpychangeis∆H=333.5kJ/kg,andthe
densitiesoficeandwaterat0
Care,respectively,916.8kg/m
3
and
999.8kg/m
3
[28].Therefore,
V=
1
999.8
1
916.8
= 9.055×10
5
m
3
kg
(2)
ThenfromEquation(1),wefind
dP
dT
=
333.5×10
3
273.16(9.055×10
5
)
= 1.348×10
7
Pa
K
= 133
atm
K
(3)
Therefore, the melting point of ice decreasesby 1 K (or 1
C) for every
133 atmincrease ofpressure.Note that sincethe ice-water coexistence
curveinFigure 1isnearlyastraight line,thevariationofthe melting
pointwithpressureisfairlyconstantoverawiderangeofpressures
andtemperatures.
4.TheSlipperinessofIce
The slipperiness ofice, particularlyin connectionwith iceskatingand
skiing, has been a subjectof debate over a very long period of time.In
1886, Jolycalculated apressure of466 atm anda corresponding melt-
ingpointof3.5
Cforice.Jolysuggestedthatpressuremeltingwas
makingiceskatingpossible[9].Buttheproblemisthattheoptimum
temperatureforanysportinvolvingiceskatingisconsiderablylower
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832183JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
Figure1.ThePTphasediagramofwatersystemnearitstriplepoint
(TP).Notethattheliquid-vaporcoexistencecurveterminatesatthecritical
point(CP).
than 3.5
C, andthat objects aslight asahockeypuck canslidejust
as well [29].In fact, skating and skiing are possible at temperatures as
lowas 35
C.Therefore,Joly’s ideawas notsupportedbytheexper-
imentalevidence.Nonetheless,pressuremeltingremainedthemain
explanationfortheslipperinessoficefornearlyacentury[9].
Yearslater,itwasarguedthatpressuremeltingcouldnotbere-
sponsibleforthelowfrictionofice[30].Becausethecoefficientsof
frictionofmetalskisoniceturnedouttobehigherthanthosefor
woodskis,scientistsconcludedthatfrictionmeltingwasthemain
reasonfortheslipperinessoficeatlowtemperatures,althoughpres-
suremeltingcouldremainafactorattemperaturesnearthemelting
point.Areviewofrelativecontributionsofeachofthemechanisms
totheslipperinessofice,aswellasthesurfacepremeltingisgiven by
Dashetal.[31].
Thereis,however, amajorlogicalissuewiththeconceptoffriction
melting.Forheatfromthefrictiontomelttheice,theobjectmust
firstslideontheice.Icedoesnotmeltin anticipationofreceivingsome
heatlater!Therefore,frictionmeltingasareasonfortheslipperiness
oficeisnotalogicalexplanation.Consequently,atlowtemperatures
theslipperinessoficemustbemainlyduetothepremeltingquasi-
liquidlayer[1],oracombinationofthepremeltinglayerandpressure
meltingwhenthetemperaturesareclosetothebulkmeltingpoint.
Infact,other solids,such aslead.zinc,tin,andcadmium alsoexhibit
lowerfrictionneartheirbulkmeltingpoints[9].
5.StringPassingthroughtheIce
Itisawell-knownexperimentthatiftwoheavymassesareattached
totheendofastring,andthestringisplacedoverablockofice,as
shown in Figure 2, thestring gradually passes through the ice without
cuttingitinhalf.Thisisasituationwherepressuremeltingisthe
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832184JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
solecauseoftheprocess.
Figure2.Aloadedstringgraduallypassesthroughtheicewithoutcutting
itinhalf.
Let usconsider a wireof lengthl= 5 cm anddiameter d= 0.5mm,
withhangingmassesofm= 2kgeach.Thenthepressureunderthe
wirewillbe[7]
P=
F
A
=
2mg
ld
=
2(2)(9.80)
0.05(0.0005)
= 1.57×10
6
Pa = 15.5atm(4)
Since thispressure isin addition tothe existingatmospheric pressure,
andforevery133atmincreaseofpressure,thebulkmeltingpointof
icedecreasesby1
C,asexplainedabove,themeltingpointoftheice
under thestring decreasesto about0.12
C. Admittedly,this change
ofthemeltingpointisverysmall.However,sincethisexperimentis
normallycarriedoutinanopenareaunderroomtemperaturewhere
the ice is gradually melting,the temperatureof the block of ice isvery
close to0
C andthe pressureunder thestringlowers themelting point
enoughtocausepressuremelting.
Astheiceunderthestringmelts,thestringmovesdownslightly,
andtheliquidwatermovestothetopofthestringwherethehigh
pressurenolongerexists,anditfreezes.Asthesestepsarecontin-
uouslyrepeated,thestringpassesthroughtheicewithoutcuttingit
inhalf.However,duringtheprocessheattransfershouldtakeplace
acrossthediameterofthewire.Asicemeltsunderthestring,itab-
sorbsheat(∆H=79.7cal/g)[5].Thenwhenitrefreezesatthetop
ofthestring,itreleasestheheat.Thisheatmustnowbetransferred
acrossthediameterofthestringtoitslowerpart.Therefore,ather-
mallyconductingstring(suchascopper)shouldpassthroughtheice
faster thana nonconducting string(such asnylon)assuming thesame
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832185JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
diametersandhangingmasses.This,infact,hasbeenveryclearly
demonstratedexperimentally[4,32].Intheseexperiments,however,
theoutsidesectionsofthewireshouldbewell insulatedtoavoidheat
transferintotheicefromoutside[7].
6.AdhesivePropertiesofIce
The firstsystematic investigation into adhesion of blocksof ice togeth-
erstartedin1842byMichaelFaraday.Faradayobservedthatwhen
two moist blocks of iceare placed into contact evenwith a small force,
theywould sticktogether[33].Heattributedthisphenomenontothe
existenceofaliquid-likelayeronthesurfaceofice.In1848,James
Thomson explainedFaraday’s experiment using pressuremelting.His
ideawasthaticewouldmeltunderexternalpressureduetolowering
ofthe equilibriummeltingpoint andthenrefreezeswhen thepressure
isremoved[33].Despitethefactthatsomereferencesclaimpressure
meltingcannotberesponsibleforregelationoficeblocks[26,33,34],
in what follows we argue that in fact both Faraday and Thomson were
correctandthatpressuremeltingandthequasi-liquidlayerareboth
responsibleforthephenomenondependingonthetemperature.
Theargumentagainstpressuremeltingwhentwoblockoficestick
togetherunderasmallforceisthatevenatatemperatureslightly
belowthemeltingpoint,verylargepressuresareneededtopremelt
theice.To disputethis argument, considertwomoist blocksof icethat
arebroughtincontactwith asmall force, say 1N,and lettheapparent
areaofcontactbetweenthembe1cm
2
.Likeanyothermaterial,the
surfaceof iceisveryroughdueto asperities,asdeterminedbyatomic
forcemicroscopy(AFM)[10]andscanningforcemicroscopy(SFM)
andforce curves (FC) [11].Infact,itis known thattheactual areaof
contactduetoasperitiescanbe10
4
timessmallerthantheapparent
areaofcontact[35].Thiscangenerateapressureofabout100MPa
or987atmatthecontactarea,whichlowersthemeltingpointof
iceto7.4
C.Butsincethereismoistureonthesurfaceoftheice
cubes,theyareinthawingstateandtheirtemperaturesareslightly
below0
C.Asaresult,theicepremeltsunderthispressureatthe
contactpointandrefreezeswhenthepressureisremoved.Therefore,
Thomson’sexplanationwascorrect.
Aquestionthatonemightaskisdoesthemoistureonthesurface
oficeplayanyroleotherthanensuringthatthesurfacetemperature
of theiceis closetothawing conditions?Forexample, isthemoisture
required because whenice undergoes pressuremelting atthe asperities
andabsorbs heatfromthe surroundingmoistureit causesthemoisture
tofreeze?Toanswerthesequestions,weperformedtwoexperiments.
Inoneexperiment,wesubmergedtwoblocksoficethatwereatthe
thawingstageinasaturatedsalinesolution(freezingpoint21
C),
andintheotherexperimentwesubmergedtheminisopropylalcohol
(freezingpoint 89
C).Wethen stirredthe liquidsfor about aminute,
andthenbroughttheiceblockstogetherwithasmallforce.Ineach
casethe blocksadhered together.Therefore, therole ofthemoisture is
to ensure thatthe temperature is only slightly belowthe bulk freezing
pointoftheice.
Thesecondfactorfortheadhesivenessoficeistheexistenceofthe
premeltingquasi-liquidlayeronitssurface,which persiststotemper-
aturesfarbelowitsbulkmeltingpoint.Asstatedearlier,according
to Makkonen [26] theformation ofthis layeris dueto ahigher surface
pressureofabout180MPacomparedtothebulkand,therefore,the
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832186JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
surfacephaseequilibriumtemperatureoficediffersfromthatofits
bulk.This pressuredifference is causedbyimbalance of themolecular
forcesonthe surfacemoleculesand,consequently,thesurfacemelting
temperatureisreducedto13
C.
Nowsupposethattwoblocksoficearebroughtintoslightcontact,
asshowninFigure3.Thequasi-liquidlayeroneachblockisunder
apressureof180MPahigherthanthebulk.Thesepressuresareal-
soshowninthefigure.Whenthetwoblocksmakecontact,atthe
contactpointthesepressurescancelout,hencethemolecularforces
becomebalancedandthequasi-liquidlayerfreezes.Therefore,Fara-
day’sreasoningthattheliquid-likelayerisresponsibleforregelation
oficewasalsocorrect.Tothisend,wementionthatseveralresult-
spredictedbytheMakkonen’stheoryareinquantitativeagreement
withexperimentaldata.
Figure3.Aschematicdiagramshowingcancellationofsurfacepressures
onquasi-liquidlayerswhentwopiecesoficearebroughttogether.
Finally,outofcuriosityweplacedtwoblocksoficeinliquidnitro-
gen.Afterthermal equilibration,we pushedthemtogether forseveral
minuteswithlargeenoughforcetocausetheiceblockscrumble.We
observedthattheblocks oficedidnotadheretogether.This isbecause
attheliquidnitrogentemperature(196
C)thereisnoquasi-liquid
layeroniceandthepressuresrequiredforitspressuremeltingisu-
nimaginable.
7.Summary
Icehastwouniqueproperties.First,itistheonlysolidthatweordi-
narilyencounterinoureverydaylifethatisonlyafewdegreesbelow
itsmeltingpoint.Undernormalconditions,othersolidsareusually
veryfarfromtheirmeltingpoints.Second,iceisoneofthefewsolids
thatcontractsonmelting,therefore,canundergopressuremelting.
Thesecharacteristicsoficeareresponsibleformanyofitsinteresting
properties.
Thefirstand,perhaps,themostimportantpropertyoficeisits
slipperinessorlowcoefficientoffriction.Althoughvariousreasons
havebeensuggestedtoexplainthiseffect,eachhastheirstrengths
DOI:10.4236/jamp.2018.6111832187JournalofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics
C.T.Calderon,P.Mohazzabi
andweaknesses.However,itseemsthatexistenceofthequasi-liquid
layer on the surface of ice isthe most plausible reason, especially since
someother solidsexhibitlowcoefficients offrictionneartheir melting
pointsaswell.
Thephenomenoninwhichaloadedstringpassesthroughablock
of icewithout cuttingit in halfis solelydue topressure meltingof the
ice.Thepressurecausedbythestringlowersthebulkmeltingpoint
of theiceand,as aresult,if thetemperature oftheice isonlyslightly
below itsfreezing point,it melts.The water thus formed moves tothe
topofthestringandrefreezes.
Finally, when two moistblocks of iceare brought together even with
asmallforce,theyadheretogether.Thisphenomenonwasoriginally
explainedbyFaradayandThomsonusingtwodifferentfactors:exis-
tenceofthequasi-liquidlayerandpressuremelting,respectively.As
wehavearguedinthisarticle,bothmechanismsarecorrectandcan
contributetotheprocess.
Acknowledgements
ThisworkwassupportedbyaURAPgrantfromtheUniversityof
Wisconsin-Parkside.
ConflictsofInterest
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterestregardingthepublication
ofthispaper.
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