Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2011, 1, 189-196
doi:10.4236/acs.2011.14021 Published Online October 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/acs)
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
Human Discharge and Phytoplankton Takeup for the
Atmospheric Carbon Balance*
Dongfang Yang1,2,3, Zhenqing Miao1, Yu Chen2, Qiang Shi3, Huanzhi Xu1
1Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
2Information College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
3North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Qingdao, China
E-mail: dfyang@shou.edu .cn
Received July 19, 2011; revised August 25, 2011; accepted September 11, 2011
Abstract
By the data of the Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong, China) from May 1991 to February 1994 and those of Hawaii from
March 1958 to December 2007, with the statistics and differential equations analyzed were the seasonal varia-
tions in atmospheric carbon in the Northern Pacific Ocean (NPO), and in phytoplankton primary production in
the Jiaozhou Bay, and its relationship in the study regions. The study unveiled that the seasonal change of the
atmosphere carbon and primary production has the same period. In a year, the primary production and atmos-
phere carbon had two balance points: the points of May and October, during which the amount of atmosphere
carbon decreased. As phytoplankton absorbed atmosphere carbon, When primary production in spring > 181.60
(mg/m2 d) - 297.57 (mg/m2 d) or 754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) -
890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October, the atmosphere carbon fell. Therefore, it is considered that from May to October
every year, phytoplankton growing in bloom controlled the increase of atmosphere carbon. From December to
next April, human discharging the carbon controlled its increase. The results supported the viewpoint shown by
Yang (2010): the variation in atmospheric carbon was determined by human discharge and phytoplankton
growth. The result in this paper showed that the earth ecosystem kept the percentage of the decrease amount of
atmospheric carbon to its amount taken up by phytoplankton as 1.60% - 0.34% and maintained the dynamic
balance of carbon by emitted by human being into the atmosphere and absorption of phytoplankton to atmos-
phere carbon. Therefore, the ecosystem was considered to be of the great power and accuracy.
Keywords: Atmospheric Carbon, Human, Phytoplankton, Dynamic Balance, Jiaozhou Bay, Hawaii
1. Introduction
Since industry revolution, the atmosphere carbon con-
centration rises obviously every year, which leads to
global warming and affects the climate and environment
of the earth. 95% of the carbon in ecological circle lies in
ocean, which is the largest carbon store of the earth. It
contains the CO2 not only from atmosphere but also from
mankind within river water, that is, the recycling mecha-
nism and the physical, chemical and biological process,
where oceans absorb and transfer CO2 in atmosphere and
ocean will change with season, area and space. Therefore,
ocean is of great meaning to adjust the CO2 in atmos-
phere.
In central area of the North Pacific, Hawaii Mauna
Loa Monitoring Station found that atmosphere carbon is
not affected by partial carbon emission and the data of
the carbon reflects the change of atmosphere carbon in
north Pacific. Along the coast line of the north Pacific,
the Jiaozhou bay with suitable location [1-9] is chosen to
observe the effect of phytoplankton growth on atmos-
phere carbon. The data from Mauna Loa Monitoring Sta-
tion were valid and reliable, which were used by many
researchers [10-13].
This paper showed the seasonal change of phyto-
plankton primary production in the Jiaozhou Bay from
1992 to 1994, that of atmospheric carbon from 1958 to
2007 in Mauna Loa in NOAA Earth System Research
laboratory in Hawaii that of the atmosphere in the North
Pacific ocean. By the equations, calculated were monthly
*Funded by Key Laboratory of Marine Spill Oil Identification and
Damage Assessment Technology, SOA, the Director’s Foundation o
f
the Beihai Monitoring Center, the State Oceanic Administration; and a
Project of Chinese Academy of Science (KZCX 2-207).
D. F. YANG ET AL.
190
average value of primary production, their balance points
and balance amounts, making us fully understand the
phytoplankton growth role in atmospheric carbon elimi-
nation.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. The Jiaozhou Bay and the Phytoplankton
Data
Jiaozhou Bay is semi-closed at 35˚55' N -36˚18' N, 120˚
04' E - 120˚23' E, its area is 390 km2 with 7 m in average
depth in the eastern China. The observation data of pri-
mary production (14C-monitoring) from May 1991 to
February 1994 are provided by the Ecological Station of
Jiaozhou Bay, and obtained by Wu et al. [14]. Each time
monitoring was taken in 2 days. On-site the investiga-
tions were made in February, May, August, and Novem-
ber during the years, representing winter, spring, summer,
and autumn, respectively. There were 12 voyages in 10
stations (except Station 3) (Figure 1). The water Sam-
ples of standard water layer were collected at 0, 5, 10,…,
to the bottom).
2.2 Mauna Loa and Source of Atmospheric
Carbon Data in Hawaii
Mauna Loa is located at 19.539 N/155.578 W in Hawaii
(Figure 2), its altitude is 4170 m high and its area is 97
km in length and 48 km in width. The observation data
on atmospheric carbon in 1958-2007 are from Mauna
Loa in NOAA Earth System Research laboratory in Ha-
waii.
Figure 1. Station locations in Jiaozhou Bay.
The change of atmosphere carbon is a curve of fluctu-
ating rise. This change is produced by the combination of
trending increase and periodic fluctuation [9]. The thesis
researches the change of curve period and makes com-
parison analysis according to the curve period change
calculated by monthly average value to discuss the effect
of primary productivity to seasonal change of atmos-
phere carbon.
Variation in atmospheric carbon shows cycle oscilla-
tion in curved shape, resulted jointly from the increasing
trend and periodic oscillations [9]. The seasonal varia-
tions in atmospheric carbon and primary production were
compared and analyzed by the calculated monthly aver-
age (Figures 3-4), by which their balance points and bal-
ance amounts were obtained.
Figure 2. Geographic feature of Mauna Loa monitoring
station (from NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory,
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.ht
ml, seen on the 20th February in 2008).
Figure 3. The va riati on in atmospheric carbon with a monthly
average fr om Mar ch 1958 to Decemb er 2007.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
D. F. YANG ET AL.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
191
3.2. Seasonal Variation in Primary Production
In Jiaozhou bay, the seasonal change tendency of pri-
mary production is obvious. The primary production is
the highest in summer. In the same station, the primary
production peak value of every year is different. The
peak value in the same station is not the same in different
years. The peak value is in the range of 1600 mgC/m2 d -
2500 mgC/m2 d. The bottom value of primary production
is in winter with the range of 35 mgC/m2 d - 104 mg
C/m2 d. Primary production from February to May rises
slowly and rises fast after May till peak period. It will
then fall sharply till November and then falls slowly
from November to February and slides to bottom value.
The primary production remains low from November to
the next May. Then the cycle continues, such as Stations
1 and 4 (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Seasonal variations of primary production a t St at ions
1 and 4 (mgCm-2d-1).
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal Variation in Atmospheric Carbon Primary production and atmospheric carbon have the
clear seasonal variation and the same cycle.
According to the monthly average value of atmospheric
carbon concentration from 1958 to 2007, the seasonal
variation in it reaches the peak in spring, higher than in
other three seasons, while it arrives to the bottom in au-
tumn. The average atmospheric carbon from November
to next May all the times rises, and reaches the highest
value 347 ppm in May in a year, and then begins to go
down in May and falls all the time from May to October
for five months. In August it falls faster, then in Sep-
tember it falls slowly and reaches the lowest value
341.41 ppm in September, then kept the lowest value
341.42 ppm in October. Moreover, it begins to rise in
November and reaches again the peak until the next May
for seven months, in April, it rises faster and reaches the
peak of 347˚ppm in May again. Then, a new cycle ap-
peared again (Figure 3).
3.3. Monthly Average Value of Primary
Production
By the primary production data of May, August and No-
vember in 91, 92, 93, approximate formula is set up with
parabola formula least squares. The variable is time t
with the unit of month. The month is 30 days and func-
tion is primary production (Table 1).
Y(t) = at 2 + bt + c (1)
Function Y(t) was obtained by carrying out integral to
primary production function Y(t) and the average value
of primary production for every month was calculated.
Y(t) = y(t) dt(2).
From (2), the primary production average value of May,
September and October can be worked out (Table 2).
Table 1. Values of the parameters a, b, c in Equation (1).
S
P 1 4 6 7 8 9
a –85.04 –99.07 –69.87 –61.00 –114.04 –85.65
b 1479.81 1724.32 1192.24 1045.63 1926.34 1465.68
c –5306.05 –6283.54 –4256.25 –3667.57 –6837.91 –5239.47
r2 0.54 0.41 0.51 0.49 0.54 0.24
S: Station, P: Parameter.
Table 2. Month average values of the primary production (mg/m2 d).
S
M 1 4 6 7 8 9
May 253.24 194.99 181.60 232.79 297.57 223.65
Sep. 1069.86 1147.84 758.16 754.74 1160.13 947.19
Oct. 848.79 890.69 552.94 580.18 805.54 699.81
S: Station, M: Month.
D. F. YANG ET AL.
192
The monthly average value of primary production in
May was in the range of 181.60 (mg/m2 d) - 297.57
(mg/m2 d), in September in the range of 754.74 (mg/m2 d)
- 1160.13 (mg/m2), and in October in the range of 552.94
(mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d).
3.4. The Balance Point of Primary Production
and Atmosphere Carbon
The atmosphere carbon increases before May and de-
creases after May. In May, the atmosphere carbon reaches
the peak value of 347 ppm. At the same time, primary
production increases from February to August, during
which primary production decreases atmosphere carbon.
In May, atmosphere carbon and primary production
reaches the balance, that is, the absorption amount of
phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon is equal to the in-
crease amount of atmosphere carbon. This result shows
that in spring, the primary production rises, and that its
month average value exceeds 181.60(mg/m2 d) - 297.57
(mg/m2 d), atmospheric carbon begins to fall.
Atmosphere carbon decreases before September and
October, and increases after September and October. In
September and October, atmosphere carbon reaches the
lowest values 341.41 ppm and 341.42 ppm, and then pri-
mary production falls to the bottom value from August to
next February, during which, primary production makes
the atmospheric carbon decreasing, but as primary
Production falls, the atmospheric carbon correspond-
ingly increases. So, In September and October, atmos-
pheric carbon and primary production reaches the bal-
ance, that is, the absorption amount of phytoplankton for
atmosphere carbon is equal to the increase amount of at-
mosphere carbon. This result shows that in autumn, the
primary production falls, and that its month average value
reaches lower than 754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d)
in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d) in
October, atmospheric carbon begins to rise.
3.5. The Balance Amount of Primary Production
and Atmosphere Carbon
Primary production and atmosphere carbon have two
balance points. The accumulation amount between them
is called balance amount of primary production and at-
mosphere carbon. So, the accumulation amount of pri-
mary production is defined the balance amount of at-
mospheric carbon between primary production and at-
mosphere carbon by authors, in this way the accumula-
tion amount of atmospheric carbon is called the balance
amount of atmospheric carbon between primary produc-
tion and atmosphere carbon.
From Formula 2 obtained was the average value of
primary production 600.18 - 931.71 (mg/m2 d) from May
to October.
There is six months in all from May to October; every
month is 30 days, namely 180 days. Then there the accu-
mulation amount of primary production for six months,
that is, the balance amount of primary production between
primary production and atmosphere carbon for six months
(Table 3), its range is 108031.95 - 167707.62 (mg/m2).
By calculating the data of primary production in the
Jiaozhou Bay and atmospheric carbon in Hawaii, set up
was the Equation (3): c(t) = –kp(t) + b (3)
In (3), parameter k is the amount of atmospheric car-
bon absorbed by unit primary production as 0.00321
(ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) - 0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1),
that is, a unit primary production can absorb 0.003˚21
ppm - 0.00974 ppm of the atmospheric carbon (Yang, et
al., 2010). With (3) the atmospheric carbon average from
May to October is calculated, the range of low value is
1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and that of high value is 5.85 ppm -
9.07 ppm. The whole range is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm.
There is six months in all from May to October; every
month is 30 days, namely 180 days. Then there the ac-
cumulation amount of atmospheric carbon for six months,
that is, the balance amount of atmospheric carbon be-
tween primary production and atmosphere carbon for six
months (Table 4), its low range is 346.78 ppm - 538.34
ppm; its high range1052.23 ppm - 1633.47 ppm; The
whole range is346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm.
Table 3. Average value (mg/m2 d) and balance amount (mg/m2)of the primary production between the primary production
and the atmospheric carbon for six months.
Primary production PP1 PP4 PP6 PP7 PP8 PP9
Average value of six months 834.50 873.09 600.18 609.85 931.71 747.24
Balance amount 150209.17 157155.71 108031.95 109773.85 167707.62 134503.24
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
193
D. F. YANG ET AL.
Table 4. Average value and balance amount of the atmospheric carbon between the primary production and the atmospheric
carbon for six months (ppm).
Atmosphere carbon amount ab-
sorbed by primary production unit Atmosphere carbon 1 4 6 7 8 9
0.00321 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Average value of 6 months 2.68 2.80 1.93 1.96 2.99 2.40
0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Average value of 6 months 8.13 8.50 5.85 5.94 9.07 7.28
0.00321 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Balance amount 482.17 504.47 346.78 352.37 538.34 431.76
0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Balance amount 1463.04 1530.70 1052.23 1069.20 1633.47 1310.06
4. Discussion
4.1. Rise of CO2 in Atmosphere
Human beings by burning oil emitted a huge amount of
CO2 into the atmosphere, so CO2 concentration has been
rising from 270 ppm of the industrial revolution to
315.24 ppm in 1958, 318.46 ppm in 1962 after 5 years,
322.18 ppm in 1967 after 10 years, and 383.71 ppm in
2007 after 50 years [9]. Therefore, because of human
beings, the CO2 in the atmosphere increases faster and
faster. During the period of 1958-2007, by virtue of
monthly average value, the equation of atmosphere car-
bon curve was set up [9], by which it can be calculated
that the acceleration of atmospheric CO2 is 0.0244 since
1958, and in the future, the its increasing speed would
look faster. Therefore, the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere
is faster and faster.
4.2. Absorption of Primary Production for
Atmosphere Carbon
Oceans are the largest absorbing body of CO2 as CO2 can
be solved in sea water; a large amount of atmosphere
carbon is in sea water. Phytoplankton absorbs carbon and
settles it at the bottom of ocean. The phytoplankton in
the ocean transfers the carbon into the sea bottom
[15-18]. One of two functions of phytoplankton growth
is the basis of food chain and the core of ecosystem, the
other one is the elimination of the atmospheric CO2 by
phytoplankton photosynthesis. Therefore, phytoplankton
growth would keep the ocean ecosystem to sustain and
decrease the atmospheric CO2 emitted by the humans [9].
Atmospheric carbon has a close relationship with
phytoplankton primary production. Jiaozhou Bay phyto-
plankton is relevant to Hawaii atmosphere carbon. A
good correlation between phytoplankton in Jiaozhou Bay
and atmospheric carbon in Hawaii showed the process of
phytoplankton taking up carbon from atmosphere and
sinking to the ocean bottom.
The carbon-phytoplankton model [9,16] showed that if
the primary production rises, the atmospheric carbon will
fall; if the primary production falling, the result on the
contrary. In addition, under the effect of phytoplankton,
atmospheric carbon has the same period of phytoplank-
ton, which means the phytoplankton growth determined
the cyclic fluctuation and the amplitude of atmosphere
carbon.
From the carbon-phytoplankton model [9,16], 0.00321 -
0.00974 ppm of the atmospheric carbon is absorbed by
every primary production unit. In the way, 0.28963 ppm
- 0.87884 ppm of the atmospheric carbon is absorbed in
winter, 6.88689 ppm - 20.89668 ppm in summer, which
unveiled that the amount of atmospheric carbon is very
different in the absorption of phytoplankton between
winter and summer. Therefore, phytoplankton growth in
bloom and decline determines the fall and rise variation
in atmospheric carbon.
4.3. Balance Point of May
The atmosphere carbon increases from February to May
continuously, then primary production increases from
February to August continuously. During this period, the
increase amount of primary production becomes large,
the corresponding increase amount of atmospheric car-
bon becomes smaller. In this way, primary production
increased fast and the corresponding atmospheric carbon
increased slowly. So, in May, the balance of atmosphere
carbon and primary production appears, that is, the ab-
sorption amount of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon
and the increase amount of atmosphere carbon reaches
the balance, and then the atmosphere carbon reaches the
peak value of 347 ppm. This result indicated that in
spring, the primary production rises, and that when the
monthly average value of primary production exceeds
181.60(mg/m2 d) - 297.57(mg/m2 d), atmospheric car-
bon begins to decrease. Therefore, the bloom of phyto-
plankton growth might control the rise of atmospheric
carbon.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
D. F. YANG ET AL.
194
The largest increase rate of primary production is in
May [1-3,19], That is, it is time that the phytoplankton
begins to grow in bloom, the absorption amount of
phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and the increase
amount of atmosphere carbon is identical, resulting in
rise of atmosphere carbon as zero.
4.4. Balance Point of October
Atmosphere carbon decreases all along from May to
September and October, then atmospheric carbon in-
creases all along, but decreases from August to Novem-
ber, during this period the increase amount of primary
production becomes smaller, the corresponding increase
amount becomes larger. In this way, since August, the
primary production rises slowly, the corresponding at-
mospheric carbon rises fast. So in September and Octo-
ber the second balance point appears, that is, the absorp-
tion amount of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and
the increase amount of atmosphere carbon reaches the
balance in September and October, and then the atmos-
phere carbon reaches separately the bottom values of
341.41 ppm and 341.42 ppm in September and October.
This result indicated that in autumn, the primary produc-
tion falls, and that when the monthly average value of
primary production is lower than 754.74 (mg/m2 d) -
1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) -
890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October, atmospheric carbon begins
to rise. Therefore, the decline of phytoplankton growth
might not control the rise of atmospheric carbon.
The largest decrease rate of primary production is in
November [1-3,19], That is, it is before that the phyto-
plankton begins to grow in weak, the absorption amount
of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and the increase
amount of atmosphere carbon is identical, resulting in
rise of atmosphere carbon as zero.
Therefore, in one year, from May to October, phyto-
plankton growth all along controls the rise of atmos-
pheric carbon.
4.5. Average Value of Primary Production and
Atmospheric Carbon
From May to October, the average primary production is
600.18 (mg/m2 d) - 931.71 (mg/m2 d) and the primary
production growth controls the rise of atmosphere carbon.
During this period, the atmospheric carbon amount ab-
sorbed by the primary production has the low range of
1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and high range of 5.85 ppm - 9.07
ppm. So, the total range is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm. This
result represents that from May to October, phytoplank-
ton growth every day absorbed the low range of atmos-
phere carbon: 1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and high range: 5.85
ppm - 9.07 ppm. Therefore, no matter what low range or
high, phytoplankton plays an important role in absorbing
atmosphere carbon from time to time.
4.6. Balance Amount of Primary Production and
Atmospheric Carbon
In one year, primary production and atmosphere carbon
have two balance points: two points of May and October.
Between two ones, the balance amount of primary pro-
duction between primary production and atmosphere
carbon is 108031.95 (mg/m2) - 167707.62 (mg/m2), The
balance amount of atmosphere carbon between them is
346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm. From May to October, the
atmosphere carbon decreases by 347 – 341.41 = 5.59 ppm
or 347 – 341.42 = 5.58 ppm, which unveils that the carbon
discharged by human into atmosphere should be 346.78
ppm - 5.58 ppm ~ 1633.47 ppm - 5.58 ppm, namely
341.20 ppm - 1627.89 ppm or 346.78 ppm - 5.59 ppm ~
1633.47 ppm - 5.59 ppmnamely 341.19 ppm - 1627.88
ppm.
From every May to October every year, human dis-
charged 341.20 - 1627.89 ppm or 341.19 - 1627.88 ppm.
Therefore, the earth ecosystem every year not only
eliminates the carbon emitted by humans into atmos-
phere and but also reduces the carbon in atmosphere by
5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm, and the falling amount of atmos-
pheric carbon in proportion to the absorption amount of
phytoplankton for atmospheric carbon is 0.0160 - 0.0034,
or 1.60% - 0.34%. The earth ecosystem every year could
keep the atmospheric carbon falling 1.60% - 0.34%, it is
of so great precision.
As humans continuously has been increasing amount
of carbon into atmosphere, the earth ecosystem would
make the primary production of phytoplankton continu-
ously increase every year in order to reduce atmospheric
carbon by 5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm from May to October.
In this way, the earth ecosystem would settle the large
amount of carbon in atmosphere to bottom of the sea by
phytoplankton to eliminate the carbon discharged by
human beings to keep the dynamic balance of carbon
emission and absorption of phytoplankton to atmosphere
carbon. Therefore, the earth ecosystem is of so great
power.
In recent years, phytoplankton has been blooming, re-
sult in the global red tides increasing, their frequency,
strength, area and scale rapidly enlarging [16,18,20],
which strengthen that the earth ecosystem controls at-
mospheric carbon from May to October to adapt to the
increase amount of atmospheric carbon. On the basis of
the three complementary mechanism: the complementary
mechanism of silicon in the Earth's ecosystem, the com-
plementary mechanism of air temperature and water
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACS
195
D. F. YANG ET AL.
temperature in the Earth’s ecosystem, the complementary
mechanism of carbon in the Earth's ecosystem by Yang,
et al. [16,18,21], air temperature and water temperature
reaches the dynamic balance by phytoplankton.
5. Conclusions
Atmosphere carbon has obvious season change and one
spring peak and one fall bottom. While the primary pro-
duction has seasonal change with a summer peak and a
winter bottom. Atmosphere carbon and primary produc-
tion has the same seasonal change period. In one year,
primary production and atmosphere carbon have two
balance points: the balance points of May and October.
Atmosphere carbon changes from balance point of May
to that of October. During this period, atmosphere carbon
all along keeps falling. The atmosphere carbon began to
fall at the one balance point of May till it finished at the
other balance point of October. As phytoplankton ab-
sorbs atmosphere carbon, primary production exceeds
181.60 (mg/m2 d) - 297.57 (mg/m2 d) in spring and
754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or
552.94 (mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October. the
atmosphere carbon all the time falls from May to Octo-
ber. Therefore, it is considered that phytoplankton growth
in bloom might control the rise of atmosphere carbon.
From May to October, the average primary production
is 600.18 (mg/m2 d) - 931.71 (mg/m2 d), the average
carbon of whose absorption is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm. So,
blooming phytoplankton growth all the time controls the
rise of atmospheric carbon. From May to October, the
balance amount of primary production between primary
production and atmosphere carbon has its range
108031.95 (mg/m2) - 167707.62 (mg/m2), the balance
amount of atmospheric carbon between them has its
range 346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm. So, phytoplankton
plays an important role in absorbing atmosphere carbon.
Every year from May to October, the carbon discharged
by humans into atmosphere should reach 341.20 ppm -
1627.89 ppm or 341.19 ppm - 1627.88 ppm. Moreover,
the earth ecosystem every year not only eliminates the
carbon emitted by humans into atmosphere and but also
reduces the carbon in atmosphere by 5.59 ppm or 5.58
ppm, and the falling amount of atmospheric carbon in
proportion to the absorption amount of phytoplankton for
atmospheric carbon is 0.0160 - 0.0034, or 1.60% - 0.34%,
it is of so great precision.
As humans continuously has been increasing amount
of carbon into atmosphere, the earth ecosystem would
make the primary production of phytoplankton continu-
ously increase every year in order to reduce atmospheric
carbon by 5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm from May to October.
In this way, the earth ecosystem would keep the dynamic
balance of carbon emission and absorption of phyto-
plankton to atmosphere carbon. Therefore, the earth
ecosystem is of so great power.
The results showed that from May to October phyto-
plankton growth blooming controls the rise of atmos-
phere carbon, and phytoplankton could make the atmos-
pheric carbon fall in spite of humans’ emission; in other
months in every year phytoplankton growth declining
could not control the rise of atmosphere carbon, so under
the humans’ emission the atmosphere carbon increases.
Therefore, the bloom and decline period of phytoplank-
ton growth determines the cycle and amplitude of at-
mospheric carbon variation.
By virtue of the results above, author considered that
every year from May to October the phytoplankton
growth blooming controls the atmospheric carbon, while
from November to next April, the human’s emission
controls the atmosphere carbon increase, which further
supported the viewpoint [9]: both the increase of carbon
and its cyclic variation, respectively determined by hu-
man discharge and phytoplankton growth, synthetically
and harmoniously showed a dynamic process of the at-
mospheric carbon variation.
Authors considered that the earth ecosystem would not
only keep 1.60% - 0.34% of the falling amount of at-
mospheric carbon in proportion to the absorption amount
of phytoplankton for atmospheric carbon and but also
maintain the dynamic balance of the carbon of humans
emission into atmosphere and the phytoplankton absorp-
tion to atmosphere carbon. Therefore, the earth ecosys-
tem is certain of so great accuracy and power.
Authors deeply exclaimed that the earth is so perfect,
while I am so tiny!
6. Acknowledgements
Thanks Prof. Pieter Tans at NOAA Earth System Re-
search Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Labo-
ratory and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii for warm help
and large support.
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D. F. YANG ET AL.
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196
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