Engineering
Vol. 3  No. 11 (2011) , Article ID: 8662 , 13 pages DOI:10.4236/eng.2011.311138

Generalized Porothermoelasticity of Asphaltic Material

Mohammad H. Alawi

Civil Engineering Department, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

E-mail: mhalawi@uqu.edu.sa

Received September 18, 2011; revised October 11, 2011; accepted October 20, 2011

Keywords: Porothermoelasticity, Asphaltic material, Thermal shock, Tod

ABSTRACT

In this work, a mathematical model of generalized porothermoelasticity with one rela-xation time for poroelastic half-space saturated with fluid will be constructed in the conte-xt of Youssef model (2007). We will obtain the general solution in the Laplace transform domain and apply it in a certain asphalt material which is thermally shocked on its bounding plane. The inversion of the Laplace transform will be obtained numerically and the numerical values of the temperature, stresses, strains and displacements will be illustrated graphically for the solid and the liquid.

1. Introduction

Due to many applications in the fields of geophysics, plasma physics and related topics, an increasing attention is being devoted to the interaction between fluid such as water and thermo elastic solid, which is the domain of the theory of porothermoelasticity. The field of porothermoelasticity has a wide range of applications especially in studying the effect of using the waste materials on disintegration of asphalt concrete mixture.

Porous materials make their appearance in a wide variety of settings, natural and artificial and in diverse technological applications. As a consequence, a variety of problems arise while dealing with static and strength, fluid flow, heat conduction and the dynamics of such materials. In connection with the later, we note that problems of this kind are encountered in the pre­diction of behavior of sound-absorbing materials and in the area of exploration geophysics, the steadily growing literature bearing witness to the importance of the subject [1]. The problem of a fluid-saturated porous material has been studied for many years. A short list of papers pertinent to the present study includes Biot [2,3], Gassmann [4], Biot and Willis [5], Biot [6], Deresiewicz and Skalak [7], Mandl [8], Nur and Byerlee [9], Brown and Korringa  [10], Rice and Cleary [11], Burridge and Keller [12], Zimmerman et al. [13,14], Berryman and Milton [15], Thompson and Willis [16], Pride et al. [17], Berryman and Wang [18], Tuncay and Corapcioglu [19], Alexander and Cheng [20], Charlez, P. A., and Heugas, O. [21], Abousleiman et al. [22], Ghassemi, A. [23] and Diek, A S. Tod [24].

The thermo-mechanical coupling in the poroelastic medium turns out to be of much greater complexity than that in the classical case of impermeable elastic solid. In addition to thermal and mechanical interaction within each phase, thermal and mechanical coupling occurs between the phases, thus, a mechanical or thermal change in one phase results in mechanical and thermal changes throughout the aggregate of asphaltic concrete mixtures. Following Biot, it takes one physical model to consist a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic matrix whose interstices are filled with a compressible ideal liquid both solid and liquid form continuous (and interacting) regions. While viscous stresses in the liquid are neglected, the liquid is assumed capable of exerting a velocity-  dependent friction force on the skeleton. The mathematical model consists of two superposed continuous phases each separately filling the entire space occupied by the aggregate. Thus, there are two distinct elements at every point of space, each one characterized by its own displacement, stress, and temperature. During a thermomechanical process they may interact with a consequent exchange of momentum and energy.

Our development Proceeds by obtaining, the stressstrain-temperature relationships using the theory of the generalized thermo elasticity with one relaxation time “Lord-Shulman” [25]. Moreover, to the usual isobaric coefficients of thermal expansion of the single-phase materials, two coefficients appear which represent measures of each phase caused by temperature changes in the other phase.

As a result of the presence of these “coupling” coefficients, it follows that coefficient of thermal expansion of the dry material which differs than that of the saturated ones and the expansion of the liquid in the bulk is not the same as of the liquid phase. Putting into consideration the applications of geophysical interest, it takes the coefficient of proportionality in the dissipation term to be independent of frequency, that is, we confine ourselves to low-frequency motions. The last constituent of the theory is the equations of energy flux. Because the two phases in general, will be at different temperatures in each point of the material, there is a rise of a heat-source term in the energy equations representing the heat flux between the phases. It has been taken this “interphase heat transfer” to be proportional to the temperature difference between the phases. Finally, by using the uniqueness theorem the proof has been done.

Recently, Youssef has constructed a new version of theory of porothermoelasticity, using the modified Fourier law of heat conduction. The most important advantage for this theory, is predicting the finite speed of the wave propagation of the stress and the displacement as well as the heat [26].

In this work, a mathematical model of generalized porothermoelasticity with one relaxation time for poroelastic half-space saturated with fluid will be constructed in the context of Youssef model. We will obtain the general solution in the Laplace transform domain and apply it in a certain asphalt material which is thermally shocked on its bounding plane. The inversion of the Laplace transform will be obtained numerically and the numerical values of the temperature, displacement and stress will be illustrated graphically.

2. Basic Formulations

Starting by Youssef model of generalized porothermoelasticity [26], the linear governing equations of isotropic, generalized porothermoelasticity in absence of body forces and heat sources, are

1) Equations of motion

(1)

. (2)

2) Heat equations

(3)

(4)

3) Constitutive equations

, (5)

. (6)

(7)

. (8)

3. Formulation the Problem

We will consider one dimensional half-space is filled with porous, isotropic and elastic material which is considered to be at rest initially. The displacement will be considered to be in one dimensional as follows:

, (9)

. (10)

Then the governing equations (1)-(8) will take the forms:

1) Equations of motion

(11)

. (12)

2) Equation of heat

(13)

(14)

3) The constitutive relations

(15)

. (16)

(17)

. (18)

Using the non-dimensional variables as follows:

where

.

Then, we get

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

, (23)

. (24)

In the above equation, we dropped the prime for convenient.

4. Formulation the Problem in Laplace Transform Domain

Applying the Laplace transform for the both sides of the equations (19)-(24) which is defined as follows:

then, we get

, (25)

, (26)

, (27)

, (28)

, (29)

, (30)

(31)

. (32)

where

,

,

,

.

By using equations (25)-(28), we get

, (33)

, (34)

, (35)

, (36)

where

and.

According to equations (33)-(36) and to bounded state of functions at infinity, we can consider the following forms

, (37)

, (38)

, (39)

, (40)

where are the roots of the characteristic equation of the system (33)-(36) which takes the form

, (41)

To get the relations between the parameters and, we will use equations (26)-(28) in the following forms

, (42)

, (43)

, (44)

Inserting the formulas in (37)-(40) into equations (42)-(44), we get

, (45)

, (46)

, (47)

By solving the system in (45)-(47), we obtain

,

,

where

Hence, we have

, (48)

, (49)

, (50)

To get the values of the parameters, we have to apply the boundary conditions as follows;

1) The thermal conditions We will consider the bounding plane surface of the medium at x = 0 has been thermally loaded by thermal shock as follows:

, (51)

and

, (52)

where H(t) is the Heaviside unite step function and is constant which gives after using the Laplace transform the following conditions

, (53)

and

, (54)

2) The mechanical conditions We will consider the bounding plane surface of the medium at x = 0 has been connected to a rigid surface which prevents any displacement to accrue on that surface, i.e.,

, (55)

and

, (56)

which gives after using the Laplace transform the following conditions

, (57)

and

. (58)

After using the boundary conditions in (53), (54), (57) and (58), we get the following system

, (59)

, (60)

, (61)

, (62)

Then we get

where

Those complete the solution in the Laplace transform domain.

5. Numerical Inversion of the Laplace Transforms

In order to invert the Laplace transforms, we adopt a numerical inversion method based on a Fourier series expansion [27].

By this method the inverse of the Laplace transform is approximated by

where N is a sufficiently large integer representing the number of terms in the truncated Fourier series, chosen such that

where e1 is a prescribed small positive number that corresponds to the degree of accuracy required. The parameter c is a positive free parameter that must be greater than the real part of all the singularities of. The optimal choice of c was obtained according to the criteria described in [27].

6. Numerical Results and Discussion

The Ferrari’s method has been constructed by using the FORTRAN program to solve Equation (41). The material properties of asphaltic material saturated by water have been taken as follow [28,29].

Figure 1. Asphalt temperature distribution.

Figure 2. Water temperature distribution.

Figure 3. Asphalt stress distribution.

Figure 4. Water stress distribution.

Figure 5. Asphalt strain distribution.

Figure 6. Water strain distribution.

Figure 7. Asphalt displacement distribution.

Figure 8. Water displacement distribution.

We will take the non-dimensional x variable to be in interval and all the results will be calculated at the same instance for two different values of the porosity of the material when and.

The temperature, the stress, the strain and the displacement for the solid and the liquid have been shown in figures 1-8 respectively. We can see that, the value of the porosity has a significant effect on all the studied fields.

7. Conclusions

This work was dealing with studying the effect of the porosity of isotropic and poroelastic one dimensional half-space which is saturated with fluid. The mathematical model of generalized porothermoelasticity with one relaxation time has been constructed in the context of Youssef model. The general solution has been obtained in the Laplace transform domain and applied it in a certain asphalt material which is thermally shocked on its bounding plane. The inversion of the Laplace transform has been obtained numerically and the numerical values of the temperature, stresses, strains and displacements have been presented graphically for the solid and the liquid and the graphs shown the significant effect of the porosity value.

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Nomenclature

The displacements of the skeleton and fluid phases

The poroelastic coefficients

The mixed and thermal coefficients

The temperature increment of the solid where is the solid

The temperature increment of the fluid where is the fluid

The reference temperature

The porosity of the material

The density of the solid and the liquid phases respectively

The density of the solid phase per unit volume of bulk

The density of the solid phase per unit volume of bulk

The mass coefficient of solid phase

The mass coefficient of fluid phase

The dynamics coupling coefficient

The thermal conductivity of the solid and the fluid phases

The thermal conductivity of the solid phase

The thermal conductivity of the fluid phase k The interface thermal conductivity

The relaxation time of the solid and the fluid phases

The stress components apply to the solid surface

The normal stress apply to the fluid surface

The strain component of the solid phase

The strain component of the fluid phase

The coefficients of the thermal expansion of the phases

The thermoelastic couplings between the phases

         The specific heat of the solid and the fluid phases

The specific heat couplings between the phases

The thermal viscosity of the solid

The thermal viscosity of the fluid

The thermal viscosity couplings between the phases