World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 2015, 5, 284-293
Published Online November 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjcmp
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2015.54029
How to cite this paper: Mbodji, S., Zoungrana, M., Zerbo, I., Dieng, B. and Sissoko, G. (2015) Modelling Study of Magnetic
Field’s Effects on Solar Cell’s Transient Decay. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 5, 284-293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2015.54029
Modelling Study of Magnetic Field’s Effects
on Solar Cell’s Transient Decay
Senghane Mbodji1, Martial Zoungrana2, Issa Zerbo2, Biram Dieng1, Gregoire Sissoko3
1Department of Physics, Alioune DIOP University of Bambey, Bambey, Seneg al
2Laboratoire d’Energies Thermiques et Renouvelables (L.E.T.RE), Departement de Physique, U.F.R-S.E.A,
Universite de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
3Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senega l
Received 19 October 2015; ac cep ted 15 November 2015; published 18 November 2015
Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativ ecommon s.org/l icens es/by/4.0/
Abstract
Experimental setup of transient decay which occurs between two steady state operating points is
recalled. The continuity equation is resolved using both the junction dynamic velocity (Sf) and
back side recombination velocity (Sb). The transient excess minority carriers density appears as
the sum of infinite terms. Influence of magnetic field on the transient excess minority carriers
density and transient photo voltage is studied and it is demonstrated that the use of this technique
is valid only when the magnetic field is lower than 0.001 T.
Keywords
Solar Cell, Recombination Par ameter s, Magnetic Field
1. Introduction
Recombination parameters of solar cells are often investigated considering the steady state [1]-[4] or one of the
many transient decay techniques [5]-[10]. As regards the transient states, we can cite the electroluminescence
emission measurements [11], the frequency modulation approach [12], the open circuit voltage decay (OCVD)
techn ique whic h is the mo st po pula r, t he pho toc urre nt de cay ( PCD) method [13], the ste pped light -ind uced tran-
sient measurements of photocurrent and voltage (SLIM-PCV) [14] , the microwave photocurrent decay (MW-
PCD) [15], the well-known transie nt state ope r a ting between two steady state rea l operating points [16], etc.
The OCVD is usually combined to PCD method for determining, simultaneously, the lifetime and the consid-
ered surface recombination velocity (S) of materials and photovoltaic structures [13]. T he SLIM -PCV is a valid
S. Mbodji et al.
285
method to measure electron diffusion coefficient (D) and electron lifetimes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DCS)
[14].
Respecting to the transient state operating between two steady state real operating points, it has been carried
out on a solar cell placed in a fast-switch-interrupted circuit and submitted to a co nstant multispectral ill umina-
tion. The transient decay occurs between two steady states through operating points depending on two variables
resistors; this technique allows obtaining a transient decay at any operating point of the solar cell I-V curve
(from the short circuit to the op en one) . By combi ning e xper imental and ca lculatio n re sults o f the phot o volta ge
transient decay response, the eigen value ω0 of the fundamental decay mode and the decay time constant, the
minority carrier lifetime (τ) is determined. The effective minority carrier diffusion len gth (Leff), the juncti on dy-
namic velocity (Sf) and the backside recombination velocity (Sb) are then deduced [10]-[17].
Solar cells have seen remarkable improvements despite of some internal and external factors affecting their
efficiency. Among internal factors, we can cite the grain boundary recombination velocity (Sgb) [1]-[3] [17] , t he
intrinsic junction recombination velocity (Sf0) [1]-[3] [8]-[10] [15] [17] related to the shunt resistance (Rsh)
[2]-[18] due to losses at the junction, the series resistance (Rs) [2] [16] [18], and the back side recombination
velocity (Sb) which quantifies the rate at which excess carriers are lost at the back surface of the solar cells
[1]-[3] [8]-[10] [16] [ 17].
One of the external factors affecting efficiency of the solar cell, is the magnetic field which has various ori-
gins [19]. Depend ing on the position of the solar cell and the emittin g source of the magn etic field, one can note
some effects on the solar cells devices. That is why some works concerning influence of magnetic field on solar
cells are done [12] [19] [20]. It is sho wn tha t, t he pea k po wer (Pm), the shor t-circ uit p hoto curr ent, the p hot o vol t-
age and the solar cell diffusion capacitance which is reduced to the Shockley’s depletion model decrease with
the magnetic field when the solar cells is operating in steady state [21]. It has been also proved that under fre-
quency mod ulation, the elec tron intri nsic mobilit y (µ), the d iffusion coe fficient (D), and t he d iff usio n le ngth ( L)
decrease when the silicon solar c e ll is both under applied magnetic field and frequency illumination mode [12].
In this present work, we are interesting of solar cell under magnetic field and in transient decay which occurs
between two steady state operating points. We examine magnetic field effects on the eige nva lue
ω
0 of the fun-
damental decay mode, the excess minority carriers and the photo voltage decay.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Working Principle of the Transient Decay Occurring
between Two Steady State Operating Points
The experimental setup (Figure 1) includes a square signal generator (BRI8500) which pilots a Mosfet transistor
type RFP50N06, two variables resistors R1 and R2, a silicon sola r cell submitted to a cons tant multispectral ill u-
mination, a digital oscilloscope, and a microcomputer.
The tra nsient decay occurs according to the following procedure, described below.
Figure 1 . E xperimental setup [ 10].
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286
At time t < 0 the solar cell is in parallel with the resistor R2 giving the pote ntial V2 co rr e spo ndi n g to the ste ady
state oper ating point F2. At time t = 0, the fast switch begins turning on a nd a t time t > 0 is completely turned on.
It then connects the resistor R2 in parallel with the solar cell and the resistor R1. T he vol tage V2 drops from V2 to
V1 corresponding to the new steady state operating point F1 as it can be seen on Figure 2.
This experience give an experimental photo voltage decay V(t) which occurs between F2 and F1. Thi s exp er i-
ence is innovative because not involving light pulse and also does not consider only the open circuit photo volt-
age or the short-circuit photo current conditions as usually done in the OCVD and both the OCDV and PCD
measurement techniq ues [13].
Figure 2 shows also ho w the I-V curves and then, the operating points are affected by the magnetic field as
sho wn in [21].
2.2. Theory
A schematic dia gram of the conside red silicon solar cell u nder a magnetic field with its different coor dinates is
given in Figure 3.
The illumination was assumed to be uniform, such that the carrier generation rate depended only on depth (z)
in the base and was expressed as:
( )
( )
3
1
exp
ii
i
G zabz
=
= ⋅−
(1)
Coefficients ai and bi are deduced from modelling of the generation rate considered for over all the solar ra-
diation spectr um [17].
Figure 2 . Illuminated I-V curve under constan t magnetic field ( B3 < B2 < B1) with two specific oper-
ating points [9] [10] .
Figure 3 . Illuminated silicon solar cell under magnetic field.
S. Mbodji et al.
287
Also, the contributions of emitter and space charge region were neglected, the injection level is constant and
the analysis wa s limited to the base region of t hick ness, H = 200 μm.
Hence, the transient excess minority carrier distribution
( )
,zt
δ
in the cell base was derived by solving the
1D continuit y equation [10] [16] :
( )()( )
2
*
2
,, ,zt ztzt
Dt
z
δδ δ
τ
∂∂
⋅ −=
(2)
whe re , the diffusion constant under magnetic field was expressed as [22]:
(3)
µ is the mobilit y of excess minority carriers in the base [22].
D and
τ
are respectively, solar cell minority carrier diffusion constant coefficient and carrier lifetime [10].
Equation (2) is resolved using below boundary conditions [1]-[3] [8]-[10] [ 16 ] [17]:
- At the j uncti on, z = 0 (n-p interface):
( )( )
0
,0, .
z
zt
DSf t
z
δδ
=
⋅=⋅
(4)
- And at the back side of the silicon solar cell, z = H [1]-[3] [8]-[10] [16] [17]
( )( )
,,.
xH
zt
DSbH t
z
δδ
=
⋅ =−⋅
(5)
Sf is define d as the J unc t io n d yna mi c vel oc it y [23]. It is the sum of two ter ms which tradu ce lo sses at junctio n
and the collected excess minority carriers. Sf was called junction recombination velocity in our previous papers
[1]-[3] [8]-[10] [16] [17] [22] . Sb is the back surface recombination velocity which traduces excess minority
carriers lost at rear side of the solar cell [1]-[3] [8]-[10] [16] [17].
Equations (4) and (5) form a STURM Liouville’s system of equations [9] whose solutions are separable vari-
ables of space and time. Thus, we can set:
()()( )
,.ztZzT t
δ
= ⋅
(6)
Z(z) is the space function and T(t), the time function are written, respectively:
( )
12
cos sin
zz
Zz AA
DD
ωω
∗∗
 
⋅⋅
=⋅ +⋅
 
 
(7)
and
( )()
21
0 expTt Tt
ωτ


=⋅− +⋅




(8)
with:
2
11
c
ω
ττ
= +
, the decay time constant and where
ω
> 0.
The bo undar y conditions give:
1
2
A
D
Sf A
ω
β
= =
(9)
and
( )
*
2
tg D SfSb
H
DSf Sb
D
ω
ω
ω

⋅+
=
 ⋅−⋅

(10)
with:
S. Mbodji et al.
288
π11
0, π;π.
2 22
Hnn
D
ω
⋅ 
 
∈ −+
  


 

(11)
n is a natural number and:
2
*
.
Sf Sb
D
ω
(12 )
Equation (10) is transcendental equation (of infinite number of positive roots), and was solved by Newton-
Raphson numerical method [24] to obtain the allowed solutions
ω
n. In other works which are based to OCDV
method, solution from the work of Rose and Weaver [6] are adopted.
ω
0 is the eigenvalue of the fundamental decay mode and
ω
n are the eigenvalues of the harmonic of order n
decay mode, when n > 0.
Hence, we can see that A and B have discrete values and were finally calculated by normalization and Fourier
transform [24]. Thus, the transient excess minority carriers density appears as the sum of infinite terms
δ
n(z;t).
Each term,
δ
n(z;t), is the contribution of order n to the transient excess minority carriers density.
When n is equal to zero, we have the first term,
δ
0(z;t), corresponding to fundamental mode which i s charac-
terized by
ω
0 and whe n n > 0,
δ
n(z;t) corresponds to harmonic of order n characterized by
ω
n.
δ
n(z;t) is expressed as:
()( )( )
,
1
,0 exp.
n nncn
ztZ zTt
δτ

= −



(13)
The transient excess minority carriers density is:
( )( )
,,
n
n
zt zt
δδ
=
(14)
2
,
11
n
cu
ω
ττ
= +
is discrete decay time constant.
The magnetic field effects on the eigenvalue of the fundamental decay mode and on the eigenvalues of the
harmonic of order n decay mode are given on Tables 1-3.
Tables 1 -3: ra nge va lue s of eigenvalue
ω
0 of the fu nda ment al d eca y mod e, e ige nval ues
ω
n (n > 0 ) of t he har-
monic of order n decay modes and corresponding decay time constant modes:
We can note that, the eigenvalue
ω
0 of the fundamental decay mode, the eigenvalues
ω
n (n > 0) of the har-
monic of order n decay mode decrease with the magnetic field, conversely, the different corresponding decay
time constants modes increase with the magnetic field.
Table 1. B = 0 T.
n 0 1 2 3 4
ω
n (s1/2) 691 1409 2154 2918 3694
τ
c,n (µs) 1.430 0.450 0.200 0.110 0.070
Table 2. B = 0.001 T.
n 0 1 2 3 4
ω
n (s1/2) 502 1016 1 544 2 084 2 630
τ
c,n (µs) 2.200 0.810 0.380 0.220 0.140
Table 3. B = 0.01 T.
n 0 1 2 3 4
ω
n (s1/2) 78 156 234 313 470
τ
c,n (µs) 4.380 4.050 3.610 3.120 2.250
S. Mbodji et al.
289
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Transient Excess Minority Carriers Density
For the simulation process, all the key equations were input into MathCAD software.
With base thickness and doping density fixed, the eigenvalues
ω
n were determined by numerical solution of
Equations (9) and (10) using Newton-Rap hson met hod [23]. Compared to both OCDV and PCD techniques [13],
where eigenvalues are calculated considering two operating points (open circuit and short-circuit), our method
does not related to any operating point [10]-[16].
For the simulated modeling analyses, the transient excess minority carriers density was expressed as a func-
tion of magnetic field B, the juncti on dyna mic velo city (Sf), the back side reco mbination velocity (Sb), the har-
monic of order n, and the ti me (t).
Figures 4-6 show plots of the excess minority carriers density versus both the time and the magnetic field B
which takes 0, 0.001 T and 0.01 T, respectively.
Figure 4. Excess minority carriers density versus the time t(s)
when the magnetic field B = 0 T with H = 200 µm, D* = 26
cm2s1,
τ
= 4.5 µs, µ = 1000 cm2V1s1, Sf = 4 × 105 cm∙ s1
and Sb = 8 × 103 c m∙s1.
Figure 5. Excess minority carriers density versus the time t(s)
when the magneti c field B = 0.001 T with H = 200 µm, D* = 13
cm2s1,
τ
= 4.5 µs, µ = 1000 cm2V1s1, Sf = 3 × 105 cm∙s1
and Sb = 5 × 103 c m∙s 1.
S. Mbodji et al.
290
Figure 6. Excess minority carriers density versus the time
t(s) when the magnetic field B = 0.01 T with H = 200 µm,
D* = 0.257 cm2s1,
τ
= 4.5 µs, µ = 1000 cm2V1s1, Sf =
2 × 103 cm∙s 1 and Sb = 700 cm∙s1.
Without magnetic field, it has been remarked that the excess minority carriers density is o btained by the fun-
damental mode. The contributions of the harmonic of order n is neglected as found by [9] [10]-[16] .
Figure 5 is the plot of the transient excess minor ity carriers density when B = 0.001 T.
When the applied magnetic field is B = 0.001 T, we noted two situatio ns. The first is when t < 2 µs, the har-
monics of order 1 and 2 aren’t null but would be neglected while the fundamental mode reaches to the transient
excess minority carriers density. When t > 2 µs, the transient excess minority carriers density is equal to the
contribution of fundamental’s mode.
In Figure 6, we show the variation of t he transient excess minority carriers as the function of time when B =
0.01 T.
For B = 0.01 T, the excess minority carriers density cannot be taken to be equal to the contribution of the
fundamental mode. The contribution of all terms are important.
Hence, for low magnetic field (B < 103 T) we concluded that the transient excess minority carriers density is
given by the contribution of the fundamental mode. Thus, the transient excess minority carriers density, at the
junction, is expr essed as:
()()( )( )
0 00,0
1
0,0exp.
c
ttZ zTt
δδ τ

= =−



(15)
For high val ues of ma gnet ic fi eld ( B > 103 T), the transient excess minority carriers density is calculated tak-
ing into account for all ter ms. So, both the OCDV and PCD method [13] which is used to deter mine the lifetime
and the surface recombination velocity and the transient decay technique which occurs between two steady state
operating cond itions [9] [10]-[15] developed for investigation of recombination parameters wouldn’t be valid in
this range values of magnetic field.
3.2. Transient Photo Voltage Decay
Since the excess minority carrier density and the charge carriers gap
( )
δφ
at the junct ion are kno wn, fro m the
Boltzmann relation we can derive the photo voltage transient decay across the junction as:
( )( )
0,
lnexp .
TT
tV
Vt VV
δ
δφ


= ⋅





(16)
S. Mbodji et al.
291
Figure 7. Ttransient photo voltage decay versus the time t(s)
with H = 200 µm,
τ
= 4.5 µs, µ = 1000 cm2V1s1, and V =
0.01 V.
δφ
is charge carriers gap at the junction [10] and VT is the thermal voltage.
The transient photo voltage decay was also simulated by analysing dependence on magnetic field. Figure 7
shows plot of the transient photo voltage decay, at H = 200 µm,
τ
= 4.6 µs and V = 0.01 V, with the magnetic
field taking 0 T, 0.001 T, 0.01 T and 0.1 T, respectively.
In Figure 7, it is shown that, t he transient photo volta ge decay increases with magnetic field. The increase of
magnetic field corresponds to low diffusion coefficient and diffusion length as demonstrated by [12]. Hence,
excess minority carriers don’t cross the j unction and so me of them are d eflected lead ing to lo w transient p hoto-
current delivered by the solar cell as shown by [9].
4. Conclusions
The transient photo voltage decay occurring between two steady state operating points of a solar cell under
magnetic field is studied. The corresponding experimental setup is recalled and the theoretical calculations of
both the transient excess minority carriers density which is the sum of an infinite terms and photo voltage decay
are made. Studies of effect of the magnetic field showed that eigenvalues decreased with magnetic field, con-
versely, to decay time constants which increased with mag netic field.
When the magnetic field B is lower than 0.001 T, the transient excess minority carriers density is equal to
the contribution of the fundamental mode. The transient photo voltage decay can be used for the determination
of recombination parameters. But for magnetic field greater than 0.001 T, the excess minority carriers density is
the sum of all terms and the transient decay method is not recommended for the characterization of the solar
cell.
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