E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 2015, 4, 57-67
Published Online December 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/etsn
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/etsn.2015.44006
How to cite this paper: Laureano-Cruces, A.L., Mora-Torres, M., Sánchez-Guerrero, L., Ramírez-Rodríguez, J., Montiel-
Bernal, I.I. and Allier-Pavia, E.B. (2015) Dynamic Interaction through a Reactive Interface in Patients with Dementia, by
Means of Cognitive Stimulation. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 4, 57-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/etsn.2015.44006
Dynamic Interaction through a Reactive
Interface in Patients with Dementia, by
Means of Cognitive Stimulation
Ana Lilia Laureano-Cruces1,2, Martha Mora-Torres2, Lourdes Sánchez-Guerrero1,
Javier Ramírez-Rodríguez1, Itzel Iraís Montiel-Bernal3, Eric Benjamín Allier-Pavia4
1Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, México City,
México
2Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de la Computación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City,
México
3Escuela Superior de Cómputo-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
4Posgrado en Diseño, Línea: Visualización de la Información, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco,
México City, Méxic o
Received 18 September 2015; accepted 14 November 2015; published 17 November 2015
Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome of chronic and progressive nature, characterized by the deterioration of
cognitive functions and behavior, which causes a disability and dependence on others. Alzheimers
Disease is a type of dementia that affects cognitive functioning, behavior, and overall functionality
of those who suffer from the irremediably progressive form, as it is a neurodegenerative disease.
For this reason, development of a reactive interface is proposed to be inserted in a cognitive sti-
mulation program. This program offers a series of exercises of mental functions, in order to delay
or slow down the progress of this illness. The reactive interface allows access to these exercises
and incorporates a user profile that predicts the possible emotions that may be experienced dur-
ing the work sessions. In order to accomplish this, a cognitive structure of emotions is developed
to be included in the reactive profile. This will allow enhancement of the interaction between the
system and the patient. The user’s emotional state may interfere, considering within the design
stage the phenomenon of altered consciousness during this degenerative process. The conscious-
ness represents the interface of human beings with our environment. This proposal allows us to
obtain information related to the user’s emotional state during the performance of specific cogni-
tive tasks, permitting us to optimize the proposed stimulation activities.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
58
Keywords
Dementia, Alzheimer, Cognitive Stimulation, Artificial Consciousness, Cognitive Structure of the
Emotions
1. Introduction
The brain is without a doubt the most fascinating organ of study, giving rise to a wide variety of forms of ap-
proaching its study, comprised under the rubric of neuroscience. On this occasion we solely make reference to
two topics in this field: 1) degenerative dementia, more often known as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and a broad
and complex topic termed 2) the consciousness, both of which represent constant questioning in diverse fields
such as, medicine, neurology, psychology, philosophy, affective computation and engineering, among others.
The global population has been aging at an accelerated rate since the last century due to advances that have
been made in health studies, translating into longer lives. However, this phenomenon has favored an increase in
the number of people with non-communicable diseases, including dementia.
Dementia is a syndrome of chronic and progressive nature, characterized by the deterioration of cognitive
functions and behavior, which causes a disability and dependence on others
It was estimated that in 2010 35.6 million people worldwide lived with dementia, and it was predicted that́
this figure would double every 20 years, reaching 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050. Annually, the
total number of new cases of dementia is nearly 7.7 million, which means one new case every four seconds.
In 2010, the total estimated cost of dementia worldwide was 604 billion dollars per year. In high-income
countries, informal health care, that is, services offered directly by relatives who take care of the ill, is estimated
for 45%, while it is estimated that 40% receive formal or specialized health care, which represents the majority
of the cost of the illness, and the remaining 15% is the corresponding estimate of the direct medical cost. In con-
trast, in low- and middle-income countries, the direct social costs are low because informal health care costs,
paid by family members, are predominant. With the next few decades, the demographic changes in these coun-
tries can lead to a decrease in immediate availability of family members in these populations who can provide
such type of care.
The most pressing key points addressed by the report Dementia: A Public Health Care Priority are:
People live for many years after the appearance of symptoms of dementia. With proper assistance, many can
and should have the opportunity to continue participating and contributing to society, and enjoy a good qual-
ity of life;
Dementia is tiring for caregivers who need adequate support by financial, legal, social and health care sys-
tems;
The countries should include dementia in their public health agendas... This requires coordination and sus-
tained action among the distinct levels, which includes the interested parties on the sector front: international,
regional, national and local.
Epidemiological Situation of Dementia in Mexico
It is commendable that health care advances in Mexico have resulted in data that yield constant overall aging
among the population, which shows that the living conditions have improved, along with health care and social
protection systems. This has favored an increase in the countrys average life expectancy, to 76 years.
Currently, there are more than 10 million adults in the world over 60 years of age; in Mexico, there are more
individuals over 60 years old than children under 5 years, and the projections indicate that the phenomenon of
demographic aging is irreversible. In considering this data, we must begin to be concerned with improving the
quality of life of the elderly.
Worldwide, 31.7% of the total years lived with a disability are attributed to neuropsychiatric conditions;
among the elderly, depression and dementia are the main factors that contribute to this phenomenon. Dementia
contributes 11.9% of the years lived with a disability caused by chronic illnesses, that of greatest proportion, as
opposed to those corresponding to: cerebrovascular events (10.1%), cardiovascular illness (5.3%) and cancer
(2.5%).
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
59
In Mexico epidemiological information now exists on the frequency of dementia and cognitive impairment no
dementia (CIND) in the elderly. In accordance with data presented on the prevalence of dementia in Mexico, it
is estimated that 800,000 affected individuals exist in the country.
The projection of the number of Mexicans affected by dementia will reach an alarming number of over 3 mil-
lion by the year 2050, due to which the impact of this illness on the economic, social and health care systems
will be severe. The estimated annual incidence is 27 new cases for each thousand individuals aged 65 years or
older (Figure 1).
The number of patients who suffer AD worldwide is on the rise. It was estimated in 2005 that 24.3 million
cases of individuals with dementia existed, by 2010 in a new consensus this number rose to 35.6 million, with an
increase of 7.7 million per year, and the same group estimated that by the year 2050, over 110 million individu-
als will be affected by this devastating illness [2]. Among these, approximately 70% - 75% suffers AD and the
rest are attributed to other less frequent types of dementia.
Dementia manifests due to progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning, to a degree that negatively im-
pacts the life of affected individuals and their families [3] as the capacity to perform daily activities indepen-
dently deteriorates, causing disability and dependence [4].
The most common symptoms of AD correspond to cognitive deterioration; nevertheless, behavioral altera-
tions are generally presented in this group of illnesses, which is a very diverse and complex array of manifesta-
tions [5]. In regard to cognitive alterations, diverse studies have been performed that propose a wide array of
exercises which attempt to preserve the cognitive abilities as long as possible in patients with dementia, and at
the same time help decrease the alterations and improve the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers [2]
[6].
The increasingly early onset of non-communicable chronic illnesses translates into more years of life with
complications, disability and, in some cases, dependence. On this continuum, dementia is one of the illnesses
with greatest impact. Recent studies indicate that in Mexico there is a prevalence of 7.9%, of which the majority
occurs in less educated women from rural populations. It is important to mention that the first symptoms of de-
mentia may be identified by non-specialized personnel, permitting early treatment focused on the preservation of
functionality and which impact the quality of life.
Based on this evidence, we can say that Mexico is in urgent need of a comprehensive and efficient approach
based on the development of a specific plan of action, in order to respond to the needs generated by this illness.
Figure 1. Projection of individuals affected by dementia in Mexico, 2010-2050 [1].
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
60
Our work contributes to the development of a reactive interface, to be inserted in a cognitive stimulation pro-
gram.
The deterioration observed in these patients also involves the deterioration of perception, which affects the
experience of the phenomenon of the consciousness. It is stressed that we are not speaking about ethical and
moral aspects but to the consciousness that refers to the experience of the phenomenon and its impact on ones
life as an organizer and controller of daily activities. For the purpose of simulating this phenomenon beginning
with engineering, different models have been proposed that involve the phenomenon of consciousness from an
emotional perspective [7] [8].
The consciousness is said to be extensively connected with the phenomenon of perception that according to
Potworowski and Ferrari, mentioned in [9], is an internal experience (not including the senses) of coherence or
accuracy, a feeling related to the judgment of something appropriate and a strong experience of oneness between
the object and the topic. There are at least two sentiments, correct or incorrect, that are connected with concepts
and values.
The emotional model we propose to use for this project emphasizes the phenomenon of consciousness, consi-
dered as the human interface for interaction with the surroundings. Based on the fact that emotions are one of
the internal sources of motivation that guides human behavior, and being that it is one of the implications of
perception of the environment, it proves to be a gateway to the phenomenon of the consciousness. It also sug-
gests that the emotions to which we refer are those that are handled cognitively, subsequently leading to the de-
sign of a cognitive structure of the emotions (CSE) [10]. This is a design tool that allows us to consider the
process of the consciousness through the emotions, connecting them to a determined behavior within a deter-
mined context that considers dynamic events.
2. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Alzheimers Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with distinctive clinical and pathological cha-
racteristics. It is typically characterized by loss of short-term memory and other mental capacities, as the nerve
cells (neurons), die and different zones of the brain atrophy. Currently, more than 800 thousand people suffer
dementia in Mexico, a figure that was estimated based on recent studies that have reported a frequency that
ranges from 8% - 9% of people over 60 years old [11].
Alzheimers Disease refers to a brain disorder of chronic and progressive nature, in which an alteration of
cortical brain functions exists, affecting memory, orientation, denomination, comprehension, calculation, vi-
suospatial functions, praxis and judgment. The deterioration of these cognitive functions is commonly accompa-
nied, and on occasion preceded by, a deterioration of emotional control, social behavior or motivation [12].
In patients with dementia, there is usually no warning of the coming cognitive, behavioral and functional de-
terioration [13]. This phenomenon has also been called anosognosia and is a condition that significantly com-
plicates the care of these patients and creates major issues for their relatives.
Given all of the complex and progressive forms of dementia, in addition to the condition of growing depen-
dence and loss of control of one’s own world and of the surroundings, situations of mistreatment also occur [14].
3. The Consciousness
According to Aleksander [15], the consciousness is the capacity to perceive the world and give it meaning
through the representations of same in our inner world. For each thing that exists in the external world, there is
an internal representation. The individual creates these representations over the years, and they carry expe-
riences that accumulate throughout life. In order to accomplish this, one must be able to place his or her ego in
the external world through: 1) the imagination, 2) focusing attention on significant events, 3) planning ahead and
4) feel emotions in regard to what could happen.
Homeostasis and the Emotions
According to Van Eersel [16], consciousness is the art of remaining in constant instability. This idea is valid for
a geranium as well as for a worm; in this case the consciousness refers to the spirit that corresponds to the will to
live and to the social capacity to distinguish the interior from the exterior. In other words, it is the art of regulat-
ing the chemical measurements of the body. This process is omnipresent and is known as homeostasis.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
61
When we speak about homeostasis, we are referring to the capacity of a system to self-regulate, in other
words, the ability to stabilize, taking into consideration the changes in ones interior in accordance with external
changes. The above considering a range of viable thresholds so permit; when stability is attained, this implies
death. I this manner, we can say that homeostasis implies life, and this reflection applies for bacteria as well as
for a human being. In the case of humans, this translates into living, feeling good and being happy. This reflec-
tion leads us to infer that sensations imply emotions.
4. The Phenomenon of Cartography or Description
Human beings are conscious because they know and think. Among their mental processes is the creation of car-
tographies, which allows them to integrate descriptions. This process is carried out continuously by our brain
and is developed based on tiny sensations perceived by the body, in this manner generating: 1) an internal model
of the self, 2) of the self in the world and thus 3) a model of the world. This development is also valid for a fly, a
snail and a bacteria.
In humans, this process allows us to go beyond any other known living being. This is due to our high capacity
to generate descriptions and integrate them as one. In addition, the human recognizes these descriptions inter-
nally as its own, giving rise to an occurrence called I am.
Cognitive Structure of the Emotions (CSE)
According to Rosalind Picard [17], if we attempt to develop systems capable of simulating intelligent behaviors
that are therefore adapted and related in a natural manner with humans, these shall have the following abilities: 1)
recognize, 2) express and 3) have emotions. This is, in essence, to have what we have come to know as emo-
tional intelligence [18 ].
The OCC theory [19] specifies a psychological structure of emotions according to personal and interpersonal
descriptions of diverse situations. In addition, it constitutes the base to model an affective structure that may be
formalized computationally. In other words, it is possible to create an affective-motivational cognitive model
that may be utilized in artificial intelligence systems and linked to the system of reasoning in order to enhance
the performance of the interaction of any software development, which in the case study is a reactive interface
with affective aspects [10].
Ortony, Clore and Collins [19] propose a general structure in which it is specified that three major categories
of emotions exist, if we focus on each of the three highlighted aspects of the world: 1) events and their conse-
quences, 2) agents and their actions and 3) pure and simple objects.
For this, it establishes assessment criteria: 1) targets for evaluating events, 2) standards for evaluating the ac-
tion of the agents, and 3) attitudes for evaluating the objects.
The three major categories of emotions are: 1) emotions based on events: these elaborate consequences of de-
sirable or undesirable events in relation to the targets, 2) emotions of attribution: these attribute responsibility to
agents for their actions according to standards, and 3) emotions of attraction: these are based on attitudes related
to objects. Based on these definitions, the following section develops a CSE considering the possible emotions
of the user during a therapy session containing exercises, focusing on the events presented during this cognitive
exercise and their relation to the axioms implied by the consciousness according to Aleksander [15].
The OCC theory proposes three local variables in accordance with the three classes of emotions, which are: 1)
desirability, 2) attribution and 3) attraction, and four global variables that could affect any of the 3 categories of
emotions: 1) the unexpected, 2) proximity, 3) sense of reality and 4) excitation, for the purpose of being able to
evaluate the surroundings and be able to nurture the distinct emotions.
5. Unification of the Models
According to Aleksanders five axioms, a relationship is established with the symptoms presented by Alzheimer
patients.
5.1. Axiom 1. I Feel I Belong, but Part of Me Is Separated from the Outside World
Results in a loss of identity (this happens in very advanced stages of the illness, first they stop recognizing
the world around them: 1) as it is, and 2) who is in it. This causes them to feel frightened.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
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They stop feeling part of something, of society or, for example, of the family (they identify the family in the
beginning and in the moderate stage of the illness, but cease to recognize them in advanced stages), they do
not know what their role is and as such, what it implies to perform within their surroundings. They no longer
recognize the world or the relationship they have with it.
5.2. Axiom 2. I Feel That My Perception of the World Is Mixed with Feelings of Past
Experiences
Upon losing the memory, one’s perception of the world is affected, because memories are gone or may be
distorted, disordered or incomplete.
Without memories of past experiences, one loses fears around dangerous actions.
However, the last memory to be lost is the affective memory. Patients may not remember their children as
they are, but they are located in their affective memory: they are part of an emotionally meaningful and close
group, even when they are mistakenly identified as brothers or parents. They generally feel safe and content
with them, especially if they had a good relationship was good in the past
5.3. Axiom 3. My Experience of the World Is Selective and Has a Purpose
Without experiences, they do not know what to base themselves on in order to determine the purpose of their
actions.
They do not know which decisions to make.
They do not have an alarm system that serves as an anchor or security net to avoid risks. For this reason,
they do not know how to act when they are in danger; in fact, they may not even know they are in danger.
They gradually forget their purposes in life and slowly lose the ability to decide, plan and execute.
They cease to recognize some but not all signs of danger.
5.4. Axiom 4. I Am Always Thinking Ahead, Trying to Decide What I Will Do Next
The prospective memory is altered, which is related to what we were going to do. Also, the symptom of
apathy may be experienced (lack of motivation), abulia (lack of will) and problems with planning and execu-
tion (executive functions).
Objectives are lost, and there is no purpose for deciding which actions to carry out.
5.5. Axiom 5. I Have Feelings, Emotions and Moods That Determine What I Will Do
They are given less notice regarding their emotions and the effect of same.
They inadvertently react to their emotions with no control over them.
They frequently feel frustration, impotence, anger and anguish, among other emotions, but are unable to fo-
rewarn and regulate them at will.
They may have disastrous reactions to threatening events.
New feelings arise, negative feelings as a result of not being able to remember.
The lack of memory makes it impossible to use previously acquired feelings and emotions.
6. Analysis and Design of the Interface
Based on the previous reflections, the CES is developed which implies the possible emotions presented upon: 1)
the inability to complete, 2) partially complete, or 3) complete; within the context of the performance of the ex-
ercise of the therapy and the type of response the system must give the user (see Figures 2-4).
Based on the mental model (Figure 2 and Figure 3) that represents the behavior of the reactive interface, this
of course incorporates the dynamic events within its reactivity that will be interpreted through the CES (Figure
4) as well as the response strategies that include the inferred emotions.
In this case the primary mental model implies completing a therapy; the final pursued objective is for the user
to be able to: perform activities, have a happy family and feel self-fulfillment.
In the case study we have decided that the variables which allow evaluation of the different events from the
environment that we will take into consideration and that will be evaluated from the point of view of the user are:
1) sense of reality and 2) excitation.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
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Figure 2. Mental model of the behavior of the reactive interface.
Figure 3. Secondary mental model of the behavior of the reactive interface.
Figure 4. Cognitive structure of emotions of the behavior in completing the therapy.
The Emotions that operate on one axis with the two extremes are:
Frustration-Triumph;
Despair-Tranquility;
Sadness-Happiness.
Depending on these, the necessary answers will be given in order for the user to complete the therapy.
Given that patients are in a relatively advanced stage of the illness, the type of exercises is related with songs
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
64
and refrains from their epoch and gives them a greater or lesser sense of reality, due to which if they are unable
to resolve the exercises, we know that these no longer form part of their consciousness and we infer the emotion
of sadness On the other hand, despair and frustration imply excitation, so the more errors they commit the more
excitation they will feel. The form of evaluating them will be by the number of times they have to be provided
with feedback, of which we find positive and negative excitation [19].
7. Specific Emotions in Three Exercises That Imply the Axioms of the Phenomenon
of the Consciousness
In this section we describe the use of the interface utilizing three specific exercises from the cognitive stimula-
tion program, with the possible emotions that may be presented based on the different Axioms. It is important to
mention that not all of the axioms will be involved, or where appropriate they will result in the same emotions in
different contexts. This will give us an idea for the distinct interventions by the reactive interface.
EXERCISE 1
Stimulated area: Memory and Attention;
Level of difficulty: Low;
Periodicity: Daily;
Instructions: Observe and memorize the sequence.
Axiom(s): Axiom 1. I feel I belong, but part of me is separated from the outside world.
Possible emotions and reaction of the system:
Despair
Actions:
Present the sequence again;
Present an easier exercise.
Frustration
Actions:
Give the correct sequence;
Change the activity.
EXERCISE 2
Stimulated area: Orientation and Memory;
Level of difficulty: Medium-Low;
Periodicity: Daily;
Instructions: Read the statement and select the option that completes the phrase.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
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Axiom(s):
Axiom 1. I feel I belong, but part of me is separated from the outside world.
Axiom 3. My experience of the world is selective and has a purpose.
Possible emotions and reaction of the system:
Despair
Actions:
Present an easier exercise;
Given hints or clues to indicate the correct answer(s).
Frustration
Actions:
Have the patient select another option;
Give the correct sequence;
Change the activity.
EXERCISE 3
Stimulated area: Orientation and Memory;
Level of difficulty: Medium;
Periodicity: 2 - 3 times per week;.
Instructions: Play the song and identify who sings it.
A. L. Laureano-Cruces et al.
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Axiom(s):
Axiom 1. I feel I belong, but part of me is separated from the outside world.
Axiom 2. I feel that my perception of the world is mixed with feelings of past experiences.
Axiom 5. I have feelings, emotions and moods that determine what I will do.
Possible emotions and reaction of the system:
Despair
Actions:
Allow the song to play again;
Present an easier exercise;
Give hints or clues to indicate the correct answer(s).
Sadness
Action s:
Give the correct answer;
Change the activity.
8. Conclusions
The development of this work allows us to consider the emotions as a link with the phenomenon of the con-
sciousness. In the case study, we consider this to be of utmost importance due to that the consciousness is the
interface through which humans are able to contend with the environment and find purpose for their existence,
and is what controls their activities.
In patients with AD, there is significant deterioration of these capacities or functions, hence the importance to
consider the emotions in the analysis and design phase of the reactive interface and in the case study, paired with
the phenomenon of the consciousness, the latter being the experience that is affected in AD patients. This per-
mits enhancement of the reactive interface, in making it more empathetic with the users.
This project finalizes the analysis and design stage, having developed the first prototype being tested by ex-
perts. The subsequent stages will work in refinement of the implementation, as well as in the application of a
pilot run to test its performance and make the necessary adjustments for efficient, effective and satisfactory use.
This proposal will serve as support in the application of cognitive stimulation in day centers for AD patients in
the mild to moderate stage of the illness.
Mexico needs more hard information on a national level in order to further the knowledge of the actual cur-
rent and future human, social and economic impact it represents for Mexico, and the burden that it, as an illness,
generates.
According to Zuñiga [6], solely two of the evaluated cognitive functions—attention and judgmentshowed
statistically significant changes. It is important to point out that few studies exist that evaluate the effects of in-
tervention with cognitive and physical stimulation programs, for the elderly with dementia, least of all in coun-
tries with middle- and low-income.
This last thought implies an awareness of the severity of the illness and the importance of economic inv es t-
ment in this type of application. Today we have the first prototype whose use can be seen in the next internet
link, showing a video of their basic operation.
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/ob9qkvyrn3okck3/AAA7kVkxuuZ4J-r9nJ65ulpIa?dl=0
Acknowledgements
This project forms part of the research developed by Itzel Iraís Montiel-Bernal to obtain an engineer B.Sc. in
Computer Systems Engineer from the Escuela Superior de mputo-IPN, and of Eric Allier-Pavia to obtain a
specialty Diploma in Diseño, Visualización de la Información from Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Az-
capotzalco, also it forms part of the research Project artificial consciousness and emotions from the same Uni-
versity.
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