Open Journal of Blood Diseases
Vol.07 No.01(2017), Article ID:75045,13 pages
10.4236/ojbd.2017.71006

Fetal RBCs Potential in Obstetric Protocols to Minimize Fetomaternal Hemorrhage

Hasnaa A. Abo-Elwafa, Salah A. Ismail, Ibrahim M. A. Hassanin, Rania M. Ahmed

Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Received: January 16, 2017; Accepted: March 28, 2017; Published: March 31, 2017

ABSTRACT

Background: During pregnancy a small number of fetal RBCs (Red Blood Cells) enter maternal blood without risk, and incidence of significant fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) and isoimmunization depends on how much fetal blood enters maternal circulation; the use of flow cytometer (FCM) in FMH detection is considered the best laboratory technique. Aims: To evaluate role of FCM in FMH estimation to optimize delivery protocols and decrease isoimmunization. Subject and Method: 100 pregnant women at labor were included, equally classified into early cord clamping (ECC) and delayed cord clamping (DCC) groups, each including 25 women delivered vaginally and 25 with caesarian section; the control groups included 20 non-pregnant females, 20 at 3rd trimester and 20 neonates. Fetal RBCs were done on Becton Dickinson (B.D) FCM, and the reagents used were 5-Glutaraldehyde 0.5% Sigma cat. G5882, flouroscine isothiocyanite (FITC) anti-hemoglobin F (Hb-F) cat. 555748, anti-carbonic anhydrase, Triton-X100 solution and Alsever’s solution cat. HFH-11, 0.1% phosphate buffer saline/bovine serum albumin (PBS/BSA). Statistical Analysis: Mann Whitney’s U-test, Chi-squared, Fischer’s Exact tests, and SPSS for windows version 15.0. Results: There was a significant increase in the volume of the FMH in the ECC compared to DCC groups (p < 0.0001), also in the vaginal delivery comparing to caesarian section subgroups within the DCC group (p < 0.01), and in the ECC compared to DCC within caesarian section subgroup (p < 0.02). Conclusion: Fetal RBCs estimation by FCM is good; perinatal laboratory test should be done in routine investigations, as a guide for obstetric techniques that can alter FMH volume and decrease subsequent isoimmunization.

Keywords:

Fetomaternal Hemorrhage, Obstetric Protocols, Flow-Cytometer

1. Introduction

The entry of fetal RBCs into the maternal blood occurs so commonly during pregnancy which is clinically insignificant with volume <0.5 mL [1] . Maternal and fetal RBCs differ in their hemoglobin F content, while fetal RBCs mainly contain hemoglobin F, and the maternal RBCs contain a small percent of hemoglobin F 2% in the background of adult hemoglobin [2] . It has been suggested that volume of fetal RBCs in maternal blood increases as pregnancy progresses, particularly in the third trimester. Different fetal cell types can be detected in the maternal circulation, such as fetal RBCs, fetal leukocytes, stem cells of fetal origin and free fetal DNA [3] [4] . The most adverse effect of FMH is maternal isoimmunization, which occurred as a result of 0.5 ml of fetal blood introduced into maternal circulation [5] . FMH may also trigger platelet isoimmunization, which can potentiate other autoimmune diseases and also lead to preeclampsia [6] .

FCM is a new and precise method to quantify fetal red cells in the maternal blood [2] . The first FCM methods for detection of FMH were based on anti-D antibodies [7] [8] . The methods that used monoclonal antibodies to (Hb F) were developed later [9] , in which the percent of RBCs containing Hb F in the maternal blood was used to calculate the volume of Rh positive cells [10] . One of the unique features of FCM is that it can measure fluorescence per one cell [11] [12] . Other method for FMH detection is the Kleihauer-Betke (K-B) acid-elution, which has been considered the cornerstone for detection of FMH for many years ago. The clinical usefulness of the K-B assay is out of discussion, but it was subjected to high interlaboratory difference and individual variations, because it depends on observer discrimination between fetal and adult RBCs [13] [14] [15] . Therefore, Hb F based FCM methods decrease false positive results in patients with increased F-cells due to other hematologic diseases [16] [17] .

The World Health Organization states the optimum time for cord clamping occurring when the circulation in the cord has been ceased, and the cord is flat and pulseless [18] [19] . In cord clamping time protocols, DCC is defined as the cord which has been clamped after the onset of respiration, one minute by vaginal delivery and 40 seconds by caesarian section so the vascular bed expansion may facilitate placental transfusion to the baby and decrease the FMH [20] . But ECC is defined as the umbilical cord which is usually clamped shortly in the first 20 seconds after birth [21] . So ECC time protocol disrupts physiology of birth, as it prevents baby from still-functioning placenta, so most of blood returns back to the maternal circulation, ignoring benefits of extra blood volume to the baby [22] [23] . The benefit of DCC time protocol is that it allows enough time for fetal blood in the placenta drawn to the infant at birth, so placental transfusion provides the infant with additional 30% more blood volume [24] .

2. Subjects and Methods

The study was conducted in Clinical Pathology Department and Emergency Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Sohag University Hospital from February 2014 to January 2015.

2.1. Ethical Consideration

The Medical Ethical Review Board of Sohag University Faculty of Medicine approved the protocol for collecting maternal blood samples for research purposes. All recruited women had given a written informed consent. The medical records of all women were reviewed. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration.

2.2. Study Design

Our study included one hundred pregnant women at labor, 20 non pregnant control females, 20 pregnant females in the late pregnancy and 20 neonates classify as follow:

Group I: fifty pregnant women had ECC time protocol, divided into:

Subgroup A: twenty five pregnant women were delivered vaginally.

Subgroup B: twenty five pregnant women were delivered by caesarian section.

Group II: fifty pregnant women had DCC time protocol, divided into:

Subgroup C: twenty five pregnant women were delivered vaginally.

Subgroup D: twenty five pregnant women were delivered by caesarian section.

Group III: control groups: includes:

Subgroup E: negative control for FMH 20 non pregnant females.

Subgroup F: 20 women at 3rd trimester for physiologic FMH values during pregnancy.

Subgroup G: positive auto-control 20 neonates from delivery outcome for fetal Hb.

2.3. Inclusion Criteria

Single live fetus, full term pregnancy, spontaneous onset of labor, by cesarean section or vaginal delivery route.

2.4. Exclusion Criteria

Multiple fetuses, dead fetus, preterm pregnancy, antepartum hemorrhage, hemoglobinpathies (sickle cell anemia and thalassemia), preeclampsia and diabetes mellitus.

All cases included in this study were subjected to the following:

Complete medical and obstetric history.

Complete physical and obstetrical examination.

Ultrasonography to assess the gestational age and the fetal biophysical profile.

2.5. The Obstetric Techniques

Including the route of delivery vaginal or cesarean delivery and the cord clamping time protocol:

DCC: the umbilical cord clamped after one minute in vaginal delivery and forty seconds in caesarian section.

ECC: the umbilical cord clamped within 20 second of delivery of the fetus whiles the fetus at or below the level of the placenta.

2.6. Laboratory Investigations

Sampling: 3 ml of venous blood were withdrawn from the mothers into K- EDTA tubes (B.D) after first 12 hours of delivery used for complete blood picture, blood group, and FCM assay for fetal RBCs. As regard neonates one ml of blood from foot puncture or minute superficial vein delivered on pediatric K-EDTA tubes in the 1st 24 hours after birth for complete blood picture, blood grouping and FCM assay.

FCM assay of fetal RBCs: B.D, FCM four colors FACS caliber (USA) equipped with Cell Quest software used for the estimation of fetal red blood cells in maternal blood.

The following materials were used:

Falcon tubes (B.D Biosciences) Ref. 352,052, fetal cell count kit by IQ products containing: FITC (mouse IgG1, k-isotype control cat. No. 555748) directed towards Hb F, and anti-carbonic anhydrase antibody directed towards maternal RBCs, Triton-X-100, 0.1 working solution is prepared in 0.1% PBS/BSA, Alsever’s solution cat. HFH-11, glutaraldehyde 0.05%: provided by sigma cat. No G5882, formaldehyde obtained from polyscienece cat. No. 04018 PH7.4.

Procedure: The EDTA blood samples were fixated in 0.5% glutaraldehyde solution (3 volume + 1 volume) for ten minutes at room temperature. The fixated cells were washed in 2 ml PBS/BSA (0.1%) and centrifuged at 600 g for five minutes. This was done three times and some RBCs were lysed. The supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was permeablized by adding Triton-X-100, it is a non-ionic class A detergent. It is a fast-acting permeabilzing agent; however, it may induce dramatic modifications in the FSC/SSC parameters, and then incubating for three to five minutes at room temperature [25] .

Triton-X-100 treated cells were washed by centrifuging for five minutes at 600 g with 2 ml PBS/BSA at room temperature (18˚C - 20˚C). This process enabled monoclonal antibodies to penetrate the cellular membranes. Then the supernatant was removed and the re-suspended cell pellet was mixed in 0.5 ml of PBS/BSA, before FTIC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies were added and incubated for fifteen minutes at room temperature and in the dark. After that the antibody stained cells were washed in 2 ml PBS/BSA and centrifuged at 600 g for five minutes. The supernatant was removed and the re-suspended cell pellet was mixed with 0.5 ml of 1% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA and stored in the dark prior to analysis.

Determination of total fetal RBCs volume:

The total number of fetal RBCs was counted by FCM.

The total number of maternal RBCs was approximated to 50,000 (normal reference rate for adult females 42,000 to 55,000). The percentage of fetal RBCs in total RBCs was calculated. The total volume of fetal RBCs in maternal circulation was determined through the percentage of fetal RBCs in the total RBCs, assuming a total maternal circulatory volume.

3. Statistical Analysis

Demographic data, primary and secondary outcomes of the main two groups were compared using the t-test, Mann-Whitney’s U-test (for non-parametric variables), Chi-squared and Fischer’s Exact tests (for categorical measures), and SPSS® for windows® version 15.0 were used.

4. Results

One hundred women at delivery were assessed for eligibility, 20 non pregnant negative control, 20 pregnant females in third trimester as pregnancy base line value of Hb F control and 20 neonates as positive control. We therefore had 50 women who underwent ECC time protocol and 50 women who underwent DCC time protocol for the final analysis. In each group, 25 women were delivered vaginally and 25 women were delivered by caesarian section.

Table 1 represents the demographic data of the studied females, there is insignificant difference in the mean age, parity and gestational age in ECC time protocol group compared to DCC time protocol group (28.14 ± 6.40 and 29.98 ± 6.56, respectively; p > 0.16).

Table 1. Clinical characterization of the studied population.

ECC (Early Cord Clamping group), DCC (Delayed Cord Clamping group), A (ECC caesarian section subgroup), B (ECC vaginal delivery subgroup), DCC (Caesarian section subgroup), D (DCC vaginaldelivery subgroup), E (Late pregnancy control subgroup), F (Non-pregnant control subgroup), G (Neonates control subgroup), FCM (Flow cytometer), FMH (Fetomaternal hemorrhage), No. (number), *Significant, **Highly Significant, NS Non-significant.

The difference in the FMH volume according to the cord clamping time protocol, demonstrated statistically significant increase in the ECC time group of females when compared to the DCC time one (11.86 ± 2.09 and 3.97 ± 2.82, respectively; p < 0.0001).

Within the DCC time protocol, as regard the effect of delivery route on FMH volume, a statistically significant increase in FMH volume was found in the women group who had been perform vaginal delivery when compared to those women with caesarian section (p < 0.01). On other hand, the caesarian section protocol of delivery showed statistically increase in the FMH volume in the women subjected to ECC time protocol in comparing to those with DCC protocol (B vs. D (9.56 ± 5.69); (2.64 ±1.28) respectively, p < 0.05).

Also we noticed that within the vaginal delivery route, a significant increase in the FMH volume was found in the women group who were proceeded with ECC time protocol comparing to those with DCC (A vs. C (14.15 ± 5.97); (5.30 ± 3.29), respectively; p < 0.02). There was a statistically significantly difference in the mean volume of FMH between the four mentioned subgroups A, B, C, D (14.15 ± 5.97, 9.56 ± 5.69, 5.30 ± 3.29 and 2.64 ± 1.28, respectively; p < 0.0001). Most cases there were small FMH, while large incidence is about 3 in 100 cases.

Figures 1-4 showed the FCM analysis of fetal RBCs by FTIC in all the studied populations. Figure 1: non-pregnant female from total 20 women to know the normal percent of fetal RBCs in non-pregnant woman (No. of events 34% of gated RBCs 1.11), this is negative control for the studied populations. Figure 2 showed pregnant females in the 3rd trimester from total 20 women as base line value for FMH that happen physiologically during pregnancy (No. of events 89% of gated RBCs 2.92). Figure 3 one neonates from 20 neonates as positive auto-control for fetal RBCs (No. of events 1041% of gated RBCs 34.11). Both positive and negative controls serve to adjust the set of work. The pregnant women

Figure 1. Non-pregnant female from total 20 women (No. of events 34% of gated RBCs 1.11).

Figure 2. Pregnant female in the 3rd trimester from total 20 women (No. of events 89% of gated RBCs 2.92).

Figure 3. One neonate from 20 neonates as positive auto-control for fetal RBCs (No. of events 1041% of gated RBCs 34.11).

auto-control for FMH volume that is occurred normally regardless the type of delivery and time of cord clamping. Figure 4 showed one case with caesarian section from the delivered 100 women (No. of events 261% of gated RBCs 8.55).

5. Discussion

An accurate and reliable estimation of FMH is necessary, especially after certain conditions constitute inevitable risk of isoimmunization, such as abdominal trauma, invasive techniques like chorionic villous biopsy, amniocentesis [26] . In

Figure 4. One case with caesarian section from the delivered 100 women (No. of events 261% of gated RBCs 8.55).

our study we use FCM method to determine FMH volume that occurred during labor and prefer it than other techniques as it has better precision, can prevent false-positive results in patients with increased F-cell counts due to other conditions [9] [10] [11] . Because maternal F cells have been reported to increase during the second trimester of pregnancy and misidentification of these F cells as fetal RBCs may occur especially in pregnant women with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or a hematologic malignancy [27] [28] [29] . Formally (KBT) was based on the microscopic counting of fetal RBCs within the maternal blood on blood film, under acid conditions, it is inaccurate, leading to inappropriate dose of anti-Rh D immunoglobulin [13] - [30] . The value of FCM in detection of FMH is non-invasive technique used to adjust the dose of anti D, also can detect fetal genetic diseases as it detects fetal cells, so PCR and DNA studies can be done [31] . FCM at first used surface antigen to detect FMH, nowadays FCM approaches use intra-cytoplasmic Ag detection of Hb F [32] [33] [34] . Recently monoclonal anti-Hb F antibody allows discrimination of three different populations: fetal RBCs, F cells, and adult RBCs [11] - [34] . As the time proceed, comparison of different reagents on FCM was done by Fong et al., (2013), who had used 2 kits, Trillium FMH Quick Quant a new kit including anti-Hb F antibody and propidium iodide (PI) which is a specific marker for nucleated cells to discriminate fetal cells from fetal RBCs [35] . The guidelines were done to improve inter-laboratory variations with FMH techniques based on gating strategies, Wong et al., (2013) had studied the automated analysis of fetal RBCs, was found strongly correlates with expert traditional manual analysis [36] . Also Gielezynska (2014) found that an increase population of Hb F positive cells can be detect in a healthy women [37] . For this reason we used non-pregnant women as negative control for FMH whom contained normal percent of Hb F and women in the third trimester to determine reference ranges of fetal RBCs in maternal blood during the last trimester of an uncomplicated pregnancy as reported by de Wite et al., (2011) [26] . In this study we use both positive and negative control that serve to adjust the set of work. Women in late pregnancy are considered physiologic control for FMH volume that is occurred normally regardless the type of delivery and time of cord clamping so give idea about base line data of FMH.

Our results denote that the obstetric protocol of delivery affect much more FMH volume, so we find that DCC time protocol delivery decreases the volume of FMH, this effect can be strengthen by deciding caesarian section route of delivery. Our data is partially in accordance with Heike et al. (2012), who studied the effect of DCC time on FMH volume, who said that, cord clamping protocol was the only parameter can induce a significant difference in FMH [38] . These findings clearly agree with the results of Parul et al. (2015) and Faucher et al. (2016) [39] [40] . The result of this study also agree with the results of Colleen et al. (2016), who found that the incidence of FMH, was significantly lower in females who subjected to DCC protocol [41] . From other mentioned studies one can conclude that beneficial effects of DCC on maternal and neonatal outcomes, a significant increase in endogenous stem cells in umbilical cord samples following DCC, so more neonatal benefits can achieved [42] [43] . Finally we can advise the obstetricians to decide caesarian section delivery combined with DCC protocol especially in vulnerable females to develop isoimmunization like Rh negative or women who exposed to invasive procedures. It is important to perform FCM assay of fetal RBCs as a routine investigation in perinatal care program especially to the critical category of women to provide a decision for delivery route and how the postpartum period care achieved.

6. Conclusion

FCM is considered the best applicable, rapid and economic method for detection the degree of FMH severity and can be used as perinatal routine test providing suitable obstetric techniques to decrease the possibility of isoimmunization. DCC time and caesarian section protocols decrease much more FMH.

Recommendation

Late pregnancy and postpartum fetal RBCs estimation by FCM especially in Rh negative women and those exposed to trauma or invasive techniques should be done as a routine investigation to decrease FMH and minimize isoimmunization.

Conflict of Interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards, written informed consent was obtained from all women participate in the research, they informed that the blood samples for research purpose.

Cite this paper

Abo-Elwafa, H.A., Ismail, S.A., Hassanin, I.M.A. and Ahmed, R.M. (2017) Fetal RBCs Potential in Obstetric Protocols to Minimize Fetomaternal Hemorrhage. Open Journal of Blood Diseases, 7, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbd.2017.71006

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