ABSTRACT

Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction F_D in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that F_D force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force F_N. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.

Keywords:

Electrical Forces, Completed Coulomb’s Law, Electric Dipoles Interactions, Torsion Moment of Orientation, Attraction Force between Two Dipoles Is Gravitation

1. Observations about Actual Explanation for the Absence of Electrical Interactions at Long Distances

Today, it is largely admitted that at long distances, at astronomical scales, at planetary scale and even at building scales, the electrical forces F_C given by classical Coulomb’s law of electrical forces:

$F_C=\frac{q_1{q}_2}{4\text{π}{\epsilon }_0{r}^2}=\frac{k{q}_1{q}_2}{r^2}$ ; with k = 1/4πε₀; (1), (1’)

between two neutral bodies are negligible and should not be taken into account, as it happens today.

The only forces considered today at such long distances are the gravitational forces F_N given by classical Newton’s law.

$F_N=-G\frac{Mm}{r^2}$ (2)

This affirmation excludes the electromagnetic phenomena which consist of more complex combinations of electric and magnetic forces originated at atomic scales.

But it is unlikely that the interaction forces acting between two electrical charges q₁, q₂ may be perfectly described by mathematical simple laws as in (1), at any distances r, and of any scales, in the micro and macro universe.

At this point of our analysis, the above affirmation is justified by the reality complexity or its infinity and also by discrepancies between calculus results of actual simple laws from (1), (2) and some experimental measurements and observations concerning these forces, reported in the past.

Discrepancies concerning the Coulomb’s law are confirmed by modern experiments, which allow scientists to conclude that in the case of very short distances (such as between molecules, atoms, nuclei, particles) the law (1) is not precisely correct [1] , but also it has not yet been proven in the case of long distances [2] . In such circumstances, we can conclude that the Coulomb’s law in the current form (1) is not perfect and that it can be improved.

For a more accurate description of the infinite reality, including ether presence which will be considered throughout this paper, as we previously demonstrated [3] [4] [5] [6] , the most appropriate (but not singular mathematical) mode of electrical forces description, will be probable, a long or infinite series of successive powers of the 1/r distance.

In the present, it is accepted that macroscopic bodies have a random distribution of +q and -q charges, which will generate a random distribution of dipoles in any direction, and all coefficients k_i from (3) are canceled [7] .

${\varphi }_M=\frac{k_0}{{\epsilon }_{0}r}+\frac{k_1}{{\epsilon }_0{r}^2}+\frac{k_2}{{\epsilon }_0{r}^3}+\cdots$ (3)

This means that starting from small distances from any neutral body to infinite distances, the influence of the electric charges from that body is considered today to be null. But we will show below that this approach isn’t correctly justified.

2. Our New Hypothesis and Principles, Concerning the Dipole Interactions at Long Distances

2.1. Justification of Introducing the Two New Principles of Electric Dipoles Interaction, OR and AT

Despite the fact that bodies A, B…, are neutral, the +q and -q charges are in fact always separated in space at atomic and nuclear scale, and consequently every charge +q or -q will exert its electrical interaction force F_C to infinite distance according to (1) or to a corrected Coulomb law as in [8] [9] [10] [11] .

So in nature practically all the matter must be regarded as being organized always as electrical dipoles P1, P2, P3… as result of Coulomb law action even at smallest scales.

We will show next, that neglecting electrical forces and their potential even for distant bodies is not correct because we can admit and demonstrate the following two principles:

a) OR principle of the reciprocal orientation of distant dipoles.

b) AT principle of the permanent attraction of oriented distant dipoles.

2.2. Presentation and Justification of OR Principle

In order to demonstrate the OR principle, we can calculate the torsion moments +M (clockwise) and −M (counterclockwise) created by an oriented dipole P2 from body B upon an un-oriented dipole P1 (disposed at 90˚ in body A).

In this situation (Figure 1) we can distinguish two cases, depending on the variation mode with distance r, of interaction Coulomb’s forces F (reference frame xOy is attached to A body).

Case 1a). of decreasing F forces. Firstly, for this calculus, we suppose the interaction forces F_a (attraction for +q/−q charges when F_a < 0, according to (1)) and F_r (rejection for +q/+q or -q/−q charges, F_r > 0, according to (1)) between electrical charges +q and -q as being some vectors F of central orientation decreasing with the increasing distance $r\gg l$ , between body A and body B according to the law of the general type (4), generalizing (1), with n a natural number:

$F=\frac{q_1{q}_2}{4\text{π}{\epsilon }_0{r}^n}=\frac{k{q}_A{q}_B}{r^n}$ (4)

including the simple case n = 1:

$F=\frac{k{q}_A{q}_B}{r}$ (4a)

Product q_A.q_B from (4), (4a) comprises for simplicity, also coefficients k/4πε₀. Utilizing (4a), we obtained from Figure 1 the clockwise torsion moment +M and counterclockwise −M moment, given upon P1 dipole, by forces F from P2 dipole, as follows:

$M=F\frac{l}{2}=m\left(q_A{q}_B\right)$ (5)

where function m represents the components of total M moments, given by various pairs of q charges.

$\begin{array}{c}+M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\right)=k{q}^2\left[\left(\frac{1}{r+l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{r+l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =k{q}^2\frac{2}{r+l/2}.\frac{l}{2}=k{q}^2\frac{l}{r+l/2}\end{array}$ (6)

$\begin{array}{c}-M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{+}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\right)=k{q}^2\left[\left(\frac{1}{r-l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{r-l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =k{q}^2\frac{2}{r-l/2}.\frac{l}{2}=k{q}^2\frac{l}{r-l/2}\end{array}$ (7)

The ratio r_M of the two moments results from (6) and (7):

$r_M=\frac{+M}{-M}=\frac{k{q}^2\frac{l}{r+l/r}}{k{q}^2\frac{l}{r-l/r}}=\frac{r-l/2}{r+l/2}<1;\to \to -M>+M;$ (8)

This result of M moments ratio r_M indicates that the orientation of dipole P1 will be in the same sense/direction as dipole P2, in this case of the decreasing positive forces F.

Case 1b). of decreasing F forces and sign change. We now must calculate what happens in the hypothetical case when the forces F from (4) and (4a) will change the sign from positive +F to negative −F forces, including the simple case n = 1:

$F=-\frac{k{q}_A{q}_B}{r}$ (9)

In this modified Case 1b), we admit hypothetically, an inversion of the actual physical rule (attraction force -F_a between +q and -q charges), becoming repulsion force +F_r between +q and -q charges and attraction force -F_a between +q and +q or between -q and -q charges.

In this modified Case 1b) the Equations (6) and (7) becomes, considering the same senses of rotation of +M and -M moments, as in Figure 1:

$\begin{array}{c}+M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{+}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\right)=k{q}^2\left[\left(-\frac{1}{r-l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(-\frac{1}{r-l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =-k{q}^2\frac{2}{r-l/2}\cdot \frac{l}{2}=-k{q}^2\frac{l}{r-l/2}\end{array}$ (10)

$\begin{array}{c}-M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\right)=k{q}^2\left[\left(-\frac{1}{r+l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(-\frac{1}{r+l/2}\right).\left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =-k{q}^2\frac{2}{r+l/2}.\frac{l}{2}=-k{q}^2\frac{l}{r+l/2}\end{array}$ (11)

The ratio r_M of the two moments results:

$r_M=\frac{+M}{-M}=\frac{-k{q}^2\frac{l}{r+l/r}}{-k{q}^2\frac{l}{r-l/r}}=\frac{r-l/2}{r+l/2}<1;\to \to -M>+M;$ (12)

This result of the M moments ratio r_M indicates that the orientation of dipole P1 is in the same sense/direction as dipole P2, also in the case of inverse sign of decreasing forces F (as in Case 1a). of decreasing actual forces F).

So we conclude that changing the sign of F force, have no influence upon the orientation rule of dipoles P1 and P2.

Case 2a). of increasing F forces. Secondly, for this calculus, we suppose the interaction force F_a (attraction) and F_r (rejection) between electrical charges q as being some vectors of central orientation increasing with the distance $r\gg l$ , according to the laws of the general type (13), with n a natural number:

$F=k_1{q}_A\cdot q_B\cdot r^n$ (13)

including the simple case n = 1 or the limit power case of lnr, in both cases F force increasing with r:

$F=k_1{q}_A\cdot q_{B}r\text{or}F=k_1{q}_A\cdot q_B\ln r$ (13a),(13b)

Utilizing (13b) we obtain from Figure 1:

$\begin{array}{c}+M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\right)=k_1{q}^2\left[\left(r+\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(r+\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =k_1{q}^{2}2\left(r+\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \frac{l}{2}=k_1{q}^2\left(r+\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot l\end{array}$ (14)

$\begin{array}{c}-M=m\left(q_A^{+}{q}_B^{+}\right)+m\left(q_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\right)=k_1{q}^2\left[\left(r-\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)+\left(r-\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \left(\frac{l}{2}\right)\right]\\ =k_1{q}^{2}2\left(r-\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot \frac{l}{2}=k_1{q}^2\left(r-\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot l\end{array}$ (15)

The ratio r_M of the two moments results:

$r_M=\frac{+M}{-M}=\frac{k_1{q}^2\left(r+\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot l}{k_1{q}^2\left(r-\frac{l}{2}\right)\cdot l}=\frac{r+\frac{l}{2}}{r-\frac{l}{2}}>1;\to \to +M>-M;$ (16)

This result of M moments ratio r_M indicates that the orientation of dipole P1 is in the opposite sense/direction as dipole P2, in case of increasing positive forces.

In Case 2b), of increasing F forces and sign change, when the force F is also as increasing with r type, but of reversed sign, is similar to the Case 1b). And hence the result of the calculus of r_M ratio will be similar: indicating that the orientation of dipole P1 is in the opposite sense/direction as dipole P2. (as in Case 1b). in this case of increasing positive forces F.

And so at points Case 1) and Case 2), the OR principle was demonstrated.

The OR principle stipulate that in case of decreasing electrical forces F with r the orientation of dipole P1 is in the same sense/direction as dipole P2 irrespective of sign of F.

But in case of increasing electrical forces F with r, the orientation of dipole P1 is in the opposite sense/direction as dipole P2 irrespective of sign of F.

2.3. Presentation and Justification of AT Principle

In order to demonstrate the AT principle, will be calculated forwards the resultant force R, appearing between two oriented dipoles, P1A and P1B, according to OR principle, given by forces of attraction F_a and by forces of repulsion F_r existing between +q and -q charges, as in actual F_C or completed F, Coulomb’s law.

It must determine if the force R is the attraction or repulsion force, as a function of the form of the electric force law F.

The situation of two dipoles P1A and P1B originated in A body and in B body respectively, identically oriented and equal to each other, with polar moment value r = q∙l, is presented in Figure 2. The two possible cases of the F force variation with the distance r between two electric charges will be analyzed below: Case 1) the decreasing variation and Case 2) the increasing variation of F force with r.

But we must remind that first calculus concerning the attraction force F_a and the rejection force F_r between two farther electrical dipoles was performed by us in [8] [11] , but without presenting there the significance of the result of that calculus, consisting in the sign of resultant force R.

Also there in [8] [11] , was made a simplification of calculus by introducing a substitution: α = kq_Aq_B.

But here we will emphases that such result, will conduct at a new important principle, the AT principle of permanent attraction of electric dipole, described firstly here below.

In order to better understand the origin of AT principle we will resume here without the above substitution, the calculus of forces F_a and of F_r from [8] [11] performed in the two cases, Case 1 and Case 2, of the F force variation with the distance r.

Case 1). of decreasing F forces. Firstly, we suppose the interaction force F_a (attraction) and F_r (rejection) between electrical charges +q and -q as being some vectors of central orientation decreasing with the distance $r\gg l$ , according to the laws of the general type, from Equations (4) or (4a).

From Figure 2, we now can calculate directly by simple algebra, utilizing Equation (4b), the total force upon each dipole, exerted by the other dipole. Here in calculus, we consider the + sign for force values having the sense of real force as in Figure 2, which corresponds to the attraction force F_a (F_a < 0) and to repulsion force F_r (F_r > 0), forces exerted by the charges +q, −q, as in Coulomb law (4).

From Figure 2 notating $–q_A\to q_A^{-}$ and having $q_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}=q_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}$ , we consider first, the forces exerted upon P1A dipole by a P1B dipole. Utilizing the simple case (4b) the resultant forces F_a and F_r values results as follows:

$F_A=F_{a1}^A+F_{a2}^A=\frac{k{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}}{r}+\frac{k{q}_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}}{r+2l}=k{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\frac{2r+2l}{r\left(r+2l\right)}$ (17)

$F_R=F_{r1}^A+F_{r2}^A=\frac{k{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}}{r+l}+\frac{k{q}_A^{+}{q}_B^{+}}{r+l}=2k{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\frac{1}{\left(r+l\right)}$ (18)

If we rewrite the expression from the denominator from (17), one obtains:

$r\left(r+2l\right)={\left(r+l\right)}^2-l^2$ (19)

From (19) and admitting $r\gg l$ it results:

$r\left(r+2l\right)<{\left(r+l\right)}^2$ (20)

Introducing (20) in (17) and comparing with (18) it results:

$\left|F_a\right|=\left|k{q}_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}\frac{2r+2l}{r\left(r+2l\right)}\right|>\left|k{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\frac{2r+2l}{{\left(r+l\right)}^2}\right|=\left|F_r\right|$ (21)

$\left|F_a\right|>\left|F_r\right|$ (22)

From (22) it results that in the case of forces F of the type as in Equations (4), (4b) decreasing (n = +1) with the r distance, the attraction force F_a will be greater than the repulsion force F_r and finally an attraction force R_a = F_a − F_r > 0 between the two identically oriented dipoles P1A, P1B results. This result is correct even if the power of r is any n > 1, as can easily be demonstrated.

Case 2) of increasing F forces. Let’s suppose the force F increases with the distance r, including a law of the form (13b).

$F=k_1{q}_A\cdot q_B\ln r$ (23)

with coefficient k₁ being similar with coefficient k from Equation (4a) but having the appropriate measure units considering that the term lnr must be adimensional.

Again from Figure 2, for identically oriented dipoles P1A, P1B (Figure 2), the total forces upon P1A dipole utilizing (23) will be:

$F_a=F_{a1}^A+F_{a2}^A=k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\ln r+k_1{q}_A^{+}{q}_B^{-}\ln \left(r+2l\right)=k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\ln \left[r\left(r+2l\right)\right]$ (24)

$F_r=F_{r1}^A+F_{r2}^A=k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\ln \left(r+l\right)+k_1{q}_A^{+}{q}_B^{+}\ln \left(r+l\right)=k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\ln {\left(r+l\right)}^2$ (25)

Comparing F and F_r from Equations (24) and (25), and considering Equation (20) it results:

$\left|F_a\right|=\left|k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{+}\ln \left[r\left(r+2l\right)\right]\right|<\left|k_1{q}_A^{-}{q}_B^{-}\ln {\left(r+l\right)}^2\right|=\left|F_r\right|$ (26)

$\left|F_a\right|<\left|F_r\right|$ (27)

From (27) it results that in the case of increasing F forces of the type from (23), the repulsion force F_r between two identically oriented dipoles P1A, P1B, will be greater than the attractive force F_a and the resultant force R_r = F_r − F_a > 0, will be a repulsion force. This result is correct even if the increasing variation has the general form F = α'rⁿ with n > 1, as it can easily be demonstrated.

But in this Case 2 of increasing F forces (23), the natural orientation of two dipoles becomes reverted compared with those from Figure 2, according to the OR principle from Section 2.2., and the interaction force between the two dipoles P1A and P1B will be again an attraction force R_a = F_r − F_a < 0 as for decreasing forces.

So, the AT principle stipulate that in case of decreasing electrical forces F with r an attraction force R_a between the two identically naturally oriented dipoles P1A, P1B results.

Also in case of increasing electrical forces F with r, because the two dipoles P1A, P1B will be naturally inverse oriented accordingly to OR principle, AT principle stipulate that again an attraction force R_a between the two dipoles P1A, P1B results.

And so, the simultaneous action of OR principle and of AT principle, will give birth of a permanent attraction between two any electrical dipoles irrespective of F force type.

The above analytical calculus and its results, yields the above OR principle and AT principle, whose result must be real.

This effect of permanent attraction of electrical dipoles P1A, P1B can be observed also in case of a group in any number of usual magnets m_i as spheres of about 2 cm radius, which being separated initially, they will tend permanently to gather together as a clew, at a final natural free equilibrium position. Indeed they not separate or move away in space towards an alternate natural equilibrium position in our laboratory scale. Such magnets m_i may constitute a correct intuitive physical model of atomic or nuclear electric dipoles.

3. Conclusions and Consequences

This article is intended to complete our previous series of articles and conference presentations, concerning the gravitation and ether [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Consequently, this paper analysis considered the interactions of electrical charges from the matter, which may really appear at very long distances as terrestrial or astronomical ones, in fact in the range of common gravitational forces. These were logical and in accordance with Coulomb’s law (actual or corrected as in [11] ) that in the presence of the electrical distinct +q/−q charges acting at an infinite distance, anywhere in space will have some interactions between ever distinct electrical +q/−q charges because always electrical +q/−q charges will be grouped as electrical dipoles P1, P2, P3…

Based also on the above observations from Section 1, we have demonstrated in the current article that no matter the form of electrical force law F, and accordingly to OR principle and to AT principle, an attraction dipole force F_D will act always between any two distant dipoles, which we have proved in [11] to be even the so-called gravitation Newton force F_N.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Has, I., Miclaus, S. and Has, A. (2018) Analysis of Electrical Dipoles Interaction Forces as a Function of the Distance and of the Form of Electrical Force Law. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 6, 1886-1895. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2018.69160

References