Journal of Modern Physics
Vol.3 No.11(2012), Article ID:24434,5 pages DOI:10.4236/jmp.2012.311213

Kinetical Inflation and Quintessence by F-Harmonic Map

Antonin Kanfon1, Dominique Lambert2

1Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin

2University of Namur, Namur, Belgium

Email: kanfon@yahoo.fr, d.lambert@fundp.ac.be

Received August 2, 2012; revised September 5, 2012; accepted September 15, 2012

Keywords: F-Harmonic Maps; Kinetical Inflation; Kinetical Quintessence

ABSTRACT

We were interested, along this work, in the phenomena of the quintessence and the inflation due to the F-harmonic maps, in other words, in the functions of the scalar field such as the exponential and trigo-harmonic maps. We showed that some F-harmonic map such as the trigonometric functions instead of the scalar field in the lagrangian, allow, in the absence of term of potential, reproduce the inflation. However, there are other F-harmonic maps such as exponential maps which can’t produce the inflation; the pressure and the density of this exponential harmonic field being both of the same sign. On the other hand, these exponential harmonic fields redraw well the phenomenon of the quintessence when the variation of these fields remains weak. The problem of coincidence, however remains.

1. Introduction

1.1. The Cosmological Constant and Its Application

The cosmological constant is the energy density associated to the vacuum. Its presence modifies the property of the space time and the matter. When we consider a homogenous universe, we can put the cosmological equation in the form

(1)

where, , , denote respectively the rate of the nonradiative energy, radiative energy, the curvature contribution, the cosmological constant contribution, is the scale factor and, the present Hubble constant. From this equation, one can deduce some remarks:

• The lenght scale associated to the cosmological scale [1]. This value is too small comparatively to fondamental interaction scale.

• By Equation (1), and vary in the same way; so if is large, is big too. But at the very earlier epoch of the universe, when how does behave?

• From different mesures, we can write .

• It follows from the previous remarks that is perhaps a dynamical quantity.

1.2. Inflation

The first theory in this domain is the standard hot universe. According to this theory, the universe has been expanding and gradually cooling from a state with infinite temperature and density. In this standard scenario, it is usually assumed, in the very early stages of evolution of the universe, that was very flat and the evolution law is given by

(2)

Despite the great phenomegical success of the standard hot universe scenario, this scenario was still somewhat incomplete. We give here some problems arising from this scenario.

• The flatness problem: The universe would be closed and it would have collapsed millions of years ago or the universe would be opened and the present energy density of the universe would be negligible;

• The singularity problem: From Equation (2) it follows that the scale factor of the universe vanishes at whereas the energy density becomes infinitely large;

• The homogeneity and isotropy problems: It was assumed that the universe was initially absolutely homogenous and isotropic. Meanwhile, even at present, the universe is not totally homogenous and isotropic, at least at a sufficiently small lenght scale;

• The galaxy formation problem: It was not quite clear what was the source which generates galaxies;

• The inflationnary universe: According to this, in the very earlier stages, the expansion of the universe was exponential from an instable vacuum state. At the end of this state, the energy of this state transforms itself in energy of hot universe. This theory suppose that, there was a time when the pressure was negative and the negative pressure happens due to a single new real scalar field. In this case the energy and the pressure densities can be written

(3)

If the potential energy V is a slowly varying function of the field and if the initial value of the time derivation of is not too large, the kinetic energy can be small compared to. If in addition is large enough to make a significant contribution to the stressenergy tensor, the pression can satisfy the inflation condition.

1.3. Quintessence

Quintessence has been proposed as the missing energy component that must be added to the baryonic and the matter density in order to reach the critical density [2], [3]. It is a dynamical, slowly-evolving, spatially, inhomogenous component with negative pressure. For quintessence, the equation of state, lies between 0 et –1. A key problem with quintessence proposal is explaining why and the matter energy density should be comparable today. One of the aspect to this problem is the coincidence problem [4]. To avoid this problem, Zlatev and al [5] introduce the so-called tracker field. Tracker field have an equation of motion rapidly converge to a common, cosmic evolutionnary track. The tracking solution to which general solutions converge has the property that is nearly constant and lies between and.

2. Kinetically Driven Inflation

We consider the following action of a single scalar field minimally coupled with gravity

(4)

where, , denote the background matter lagrangian and F the contribution of the scalar field. From the action (4), we get the Einstein equation

(5)

and the field equation

(6)

The kinetically driven inflation idea is based on the following: Suppose that during the inflationnary epoch, the density of the background matter is negligeable comparatively to the scalar density, and note that the energy and pression densities and repectively, one can combine the cosmological equations to obtain

(7)

To solve Equation (7), Armendariz-Picon and al [6] have looked at the graph of the curve. They observed that the energy density grows below the line and decreases above this line. They conclude that all the point lying on the line are attractors. These points correspond to exponentially inflation points:; thus inflation appears by the only kinetical term in the lagrangian; this motivates the term kinetically driven inflation. With this method, we analyse some model where the function is not a scalar field but a F-harmonic map. The F-harmonic maps are the critical points of l functional energy defined on the space of the regular maps enter riemanian varieties. Ara [7] tried to build a unifying theory for several types of harmonic maps. He has presented F-harmonic map, as a generalization of the harmonic, p-harmonic and exponential maps Ara [7-10]. Let us consider some particular example of.

2.1.

Let us consider in the action (4) the bacground matter lagrangian negligeable, the cosmological constant equal to 0 and; then we otain

(8)

where we derive equations

(9)

(10)

and

(11)

with,. Note that we use the metric

(12)

1) If we consider the parameter very small, we can do a limited developpement of the harmonic function, the physical quantities known, the energy and the pressure can be written

(13)

negative, the two physical quantities are negative; It is not physically.

positive, they are all positive and we obtain, acceptable only near the origin.

2) If does’t allow developpment and is positive then the two physical quantities are positive and grows as an exponentially function when the Hubble constant grows.

3) If does’t allow developpment and is negative, then we can pose to obtain

(14)

(15)

(16)

If, grows when and decrease to zero., if grows, decreases to when to. Eliminating in the expression of and we get the equation of state

(17)

By using the result of the previous section, we can first, say that there are inflation points: the point corresponding to and the point corresponding to very large values of, but now this model have no point of exponential inflation model because the point is never attained.

2.2. Kinetical Inflation and Trigonometric Function

We consider in the action (4) the bacground matter lagrangian negligeable, the cosmological constant equal to 0 and

(18)

The variation of the action with respect to gives:

(19)

The cosmological equations come from of the variation of the action with respect to the metric

(20)

(21)

Let us derive Equation (19) and insert it into (21), then we obtain the third order differential equation:

(22)

Let us define and, then this differential equation can be written as the following system

(23)

The state equation of this field can be written

(24)

where and

The system (23) is a dynamical system with fixed points

and

-points

The egeinvalues equation can be written as

.

But from (20), we must have

so must be even; and the egeinvalues can be written as: These points are instable fixed points. At these points, and the cosmological Equations (20) and (21) become:

(25)

It follows that, is negative, and decreases. Let us look now at the behaviour near the points where, very small. The system (23) becomes

(26)

from where we deduce

(27)

-points

By the same says that the points, we find that the acceptable values of are old. The egeinvalues read.These points are stable. Near these points:

with very small, the system (23) leads to

(28)

So here,; which implies and. The points correspond then to exponential inflation points. At these points. By the same, from the equation of state (24) when, we find. The points crrespond to a negative energy density, so it is not useful. The points corresponding to are acceptable only near the origin. The points correspond to the points of exponential inflation.

3. Kinetical Quintessence

Starting from, we look at the solutions of the cosmological which gives constant. These are the tracking solution [11]. For which can be written in the form, one poses an look at the solutions for which because in this case,

(29)

It is the kinetical quintessence. It is shown that the tracking behaviour arise in the following case [12]

1) and

2) and

3) and

Let us look now at cases where is a generalisation of exponentially harmonic function.

3.1.

The physical quantities and can be written

(30)

(31)

The field equation read

(32)

We now look at the solutions which leave as constant function of.

(33)

constant imply. With the assumption

The Hubble constant can be written. Putting of this value in the conserved equation of the energymomentum tensor we get a function and the field equation becomes:

(34)

In order to eliminate t, we do the following change of variable where is the solution of

(35)

Whith the condition constant and constant, we can think at the tracking solutions. Here

(36)

so Equation (35) has other solution than the origin if is positive. Two cases are possible:

1),. We deduce that there are tracking solutions. Let us note that here is exclude.

2), but does not verify the necessary condition. There is no tracking solutions. (34). Which the change of variables this can be read

(37)

(38)

The search of the fixed points of this system leads to the equation.

(39)

In conclusion, this form of yields have tracking solutions and these solutions are those which are acceptable to built the quintessence models ().

3.2.

In this case the field equation take the form

(40)

when the equation of state read

(41)

The condition constant, imply and are all constant. More precisely and. With the assumption, the conserved equation of matter leads to

(42)

and so if Hence we can not use this condition here. But we can search the function for which the equation of state varie weakly. For that, we need a relation between and its derivative; what we do not find yet. However if we known the potentiel we can look at the behaviour for other quantities by the study of the following dynamical system

(43)

where, and

4. Conclusion

Begun, there is just a few years, the use of lagrangians, not canonical, scalar fields for the description of the universe, continues to spread. It can avoid us the problems connected to the choice of the potential of the field, determining for the expected results. The problem of coincidence, however house. With the usual scalar fields, P. Steinhardt and his associates [5] were able to deduct equations of the field, the function which allows without an indepth study of knowledge if a model can allow to avoid the problem of coincidence by means of fields “trackers”. T. Chiba made the same thing (matter) with the lagrangians of the field of the shape. With the lagrangians of field exponential of the shape an independent relation was not able to be still found. We continue to look for a relation with the lagrangian of the shape.

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