Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2014, 2, 30-35
Published Online June 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jbm
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2014.24006
How to cite this paper: Querol-Audí, J., et al. (2014) Catalytically Important Residues in E. coli 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phos-
phate Synthase. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2, 30-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2014.24006
Catalytically Important Residues in E. coli
1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase
Jordi Querol-Audí, Albert Boronat, Josep J. Centelles, Santiago Imperial
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
Received March 2014
Abstract
1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) catalyzes the initial step of the 2-C-m ethyl-D-
erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway consisting in the condensation of (hydroxiethyl)thiamin
derived from pyruvate with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to yield 1-deoxy-D-xylulose
5-phosphate (DXP). The role of the conserved residues H49, E370, D427 and H431 of E. coli DXS
was examined by site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis of the purified recombinant en-
zyme mutants. Mutants at position H49 showed a severe reduction in their specific activities with
a decrease of the kcat/KM ratio by two orders of magnitude lower than the wild-type DXS. According
to available structural data residue H49 is perfectly positioned to abstract a proton from the do-
nor substrate. Mutations in DXS E370 showed that this residue is also essential for catalytic activi-
ty. Three-dimensional structure supports its involvement in cofactor deprotonation, the first step
in enzymatic thiamin catalysis. Results obtained with H431 mutant enzymes indicate that this re-
sidue plays a role contributing to transition state stabilization. Finally, mutants at position D427
also showed a severe specific activity decrease with a reduction of the kcat/KM ratio. A role in bind-
ing the substrate and selecting the stereoisomer is proposed for D427.
Keywords
Active Site, 1-Deoxy- D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Syn tha se, Isoprenoid Biosynthesi s, Kine tic
Param e ter s , MEP P a thway , Methylerythritol Phosphate, Mutagene sis
1. Introduction
Isoprenoids, the most diverse group of natural products with thousands of compounds identified [1] derive from
two common C5 units: isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In
most eubacteria IPP and DMAPP biosynthesis proceed exclusively through the methylerythritol 4-phosphate
(MEP) pathway [2] [3]. In the first reaction pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) are condensed
to yield deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP). This involves the decarboxylation of pyruvate and the transfer of the
resulting C2 unit to the aldehyde group of GAP (Figure 1) in a reaction dependent on thiamin diphosphate (TDP).
This reaction is catalyzed by DXP synthase (DXS) [4]-[6], an enzyme belonging to the superfamily of TDP-
dependent enzymes including transketolases and the E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Then, DXP is con-

J. Querol-Audí et al.
31
Figure 1. Reaction catalyzed by deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS).
verted by intramolecular rearrangement and reduction into 2-C-methyl-D -erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) in a
reaction catalyzed by DXP reductoisomerase (DXR) [7]. Since DXP is also the substrate for the synthesis of vi-
tamins B1 (thiamin) and B6 (pyridoxol) [8] [9], MEP is the first specific intermediate of the pathway and it is
accepted to name it as MEP pathway. Many pathogenic microorganisms, such as M. tuberculosis [10] and the
malaria parasite P. falciparum [11], synthesize IPP and DMAPP through the MEP pathway. Given the essential
role of isoprenoids in these organisms, and the fact that the MEP pathway is absent in mammals, where these
precursors are exclusively synthesized via the mevalonate pathway, all the enzymes participating in the MEP
pathway are potential targets for the design of inhibitors that could be used as antibiotic or antimalarial drugs
[10] [11]. In this context, DXS is one of the most attractive targets, because of its regulatory role in the biosyn-
thesis of isoprenoids in various systems [12] [13], indicating that this enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting step in
the MEP pathway. Identification of catalytically essential amino acid residues is necessary in order to design ef-
fective drugs. In the present work we analyzed the role of other conserved residues in DXS activity by site-di-
rected mutagenesis. Nine recombinant proteins (wild-type, H49Q, H49A, E370Q, E370A, D427N, D427A,
H431Q and H431A) were purified to apparent homogeneity using Ni2+-affinity chromatography and kinetic
analysis of the mutant enzymes were performed in order to examine their catalytic role in E. coli DXS.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Materials from commercial sources included NADPH, DL-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (DL-GAP) and TDP
from Sigma. Hi-Trap Chelating columns were from GE Healthcare. The protease inhibitors Pefabloc SC Plus
and the protease inhibitor cocktail Complete EDTA-free were obtained from Roche. All other reagents were of
analytical grade. Recombinant E. coli DXR was obtained as described in [14].
2.2. Construction of the E. coli DXS Expression Vector pET-23-DXS
The coding region of the E. coli DXS, cloned into the expression vector pT7-7 [15], was amplified by PCR us-
ing Pfu DNA polymerase and primers T7 (5’-TAATACGACT CACTATAGG-3’) and pET-23-XhoI
(5’-CGCTCG AGT CCT G CC AG C CAGG CCTT G ATTT T GGC-3’). After digestion with Nde I and XhoI, the am-
plified DNA fragment was ligated into the same sites of the expression vector pET-23(b). Strain DH5α (Prome-
ga) was used as the recipient during this transformation. Positive clones were identified by DNA sequencing.
The resulting plasmid, pET-23-DXS, produces a C-terminal histidine-tagged enzyme (DXS-cHi s) .
2.3. Site-Directed Mutagenesis
Point mutations H49Q, H49A, E370Q, E370A, D427N, D427A, H431Q and H431A were introduced into the E.
coli DXS coding sequence by site-directed mutagenesis using the QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit
(Stratagene) as described [15]. Primers used for introducing these point mutations are summarized in Table 1.
The underlined letters represent the substituted nucleotides. Presence of the desired mutations and absence of
other mutations that could be introduced during PCR were verified by DNA sequencing.
2.4. Overexpression and Purification of Cloned DXS Proteins
BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells carrying pET-23-DXS or the corresponding mutants were grown in LB medium sup-
plemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol at 22˚C to an absorbance at 600 nm of 0.3 -
0.4 and then induced with 0.3 mM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside for 18 - 20 h. Bacterial cells were recovered by

J. Querol-Audí et al.
32
Table 1. Primers used in this study for site-directed mutagenesisa.
name Sequence
H49Q 5’-CCAGCGGGCAGTTCGCCTCC-3’
H49A 5’-TCCAGCGGGGC CT TC GC C TC -3’
E370Q 5’-GC A ATT GCC CAGC A ACACGCG G-3’
E370A 5’-GC A ATT GCC GCGC A ACACGCG-3’
D427N 5’-TGTTGGTGCTAACGGTCAAACCC-3’
D427A 5’-GTTGGTGCTGC CGGTCAAAC CC-3’
H431Q 5’-GGTCAAACCCAGCAGGGTGCTT-3’
H431A 5’-GGTCAAACCGCTCAGGGTGCTT-3’
aThe underlined letters represent the substituted nucleotides.
centrifugation and the cell pellet was resuspended in Buffer 1 (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM
imidazole, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) containing 1 mM TDP, lysozyme (1 mg/ml), Pefabloc SC
Plus (1 mM) and one tablet of protease inhibitor cocktail Complete EDTA-free. After incubation at 4˚C for 30
min and brief sonication (3 pulses, 30 w, 20 s), lysate was centrifuged at 12,000 ×g for 45 min at 4˚C. Recom-
binant DXSs were purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography (1ml Hi-Trap Chelating column, GE Healthcare)
with a linear gradient of 10 to 500 mM imidazole. Fractions containing DXS were pooled, dialyzed by ultrafil-
tration (Ultrafree-0.5 and Ultrafree-4 centrifugal filter Biomax-5K, Millipore) against 50 mM glycylglycine
buffer (pH 7.8), 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM TDP, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and stored at −20˚C in 50% glycerol. Puri-
fied fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. After dialyzing the samples against (1) glycylglycine buffer 10 mM,
pH 7.8, 1 mM DTT, 50 mM EDTA and (2) glycylglycine buffer 10mM, pH 7.8, 1 mM DTT, protein concentra-
tion was determined by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm using an Abs 1% = 6.25.
2.5. DXS Activity Measurements and Determination of Kinetic Parameters
Specific activity for wild-type and mutant DXS proteins was monitored by a coupled system using purified E.
coli DXR [16]. All kinetic measurements were made at 37˚C in triplicate. The standard reaction mixture con-
sisted in 50 mM glycylglycine buffer pH 7.8, 1 mM TDP, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.05 mM MnCl2, 1 mM DTT, 0.15 mM
NADPH, 1 mM pyruvate, 50 μg DXR and variable amounts (10 μg to 160 μg) of DXS or the corresponding
mutants in a final volume of 1 ml. Mixtures were incubated at 37˚C for 10 min and the reaction was initiated by
adding 1 mM DL-GAP. Reactions were conducted at 37˚C and initial velocities were monitored at 340 nm due
to the oxidation of NADPH in a UNICAM UV-3 spectrophotometer. Specific activities were determined from
the slope of a plot of initial velocities versus the enzyme amount.
Steady-state kinetic parameters for the wild-type and mutant enzymes were determined at saturating concen-
trations of the second substrate, 0.05 mM to 1.6 mM pyruvate and 25 μM to 800 μM DL-GAP, by measuring in-
itial rates. KM values for pyruvate and GAP were calculated by fitting the data to the Michaelis-Menten equation
using the program GRAFIT. For mutants H49Q, H49A, D427N, D427A and H431Q, kcat/KM values for pyruvate
were calculated from initial velocities at unsaturating concentrations of this substrate (30 μM).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Expression of DXS-cHis Mutants in E. coli
The gene encoding E. coli DXS was cloned into the expression vector pET-23. Mutations at positions H49,
E370, D427 and H431 were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. DNA sequencing confirmed that undesired
mutations were not introduced during the course of mutagenesis. Over expression of the wild-type and mutant
enzymes was carried out in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Purification of the recombinant proteins, containing a
His-tag at the C-terminus, was performed in a single chromatographic step (Hi-Trap Chelating, GE Healthcare).
Wild-type and mutant DXS proteins were obtained in similar amounts (≥10 mg of pure DXS/litre) and purified
(>95%) as shown by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-blue staining (Figure 2(a)). The enzyme purity was compara-
ble for the wild-type and the mutant proteins.

J. Querol-Audí et al.
33
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) SDS-PAGE analysis of purified E. coli DXS mutants. Purified
DXS mutants obtained by using a Hi-Trap Chelating column were analyzed
by SDS-PAGE. Proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250.
Purified wild type and mutant proteins are indicated in the top of the gel; (b)
Pose of the mutated residues and the coenzyme TDP at the catalytic site of E.
coli DXS based on structural data reported at [17].
3.2. Kinetic Studies
E370Q and E370A mutations resulted in a completely inactive DXS and the H431A mutant showed only a
moderate decrease in its specific activity compared to the wild-type enzyme (0.84 and 1.46 μmol pyruvate/min
μg, respectively). The greatest decrease in activity levels were observed with the H49Q, H49A, D427N and
D427A mutants which showed only 2%, 6%, 3% and 10% of the activity of the wild-type DXS. H431Q also ex-
hibited a reduced catalytic activity (4% of the wild-type) while H431A mutant retained about 57% activity.
For mutants at positions H49, D427 and H431Q kcat values were obtained from the plot of initial velocities
versus the enzyme amount. kcat/KM values for pyruvate were determined by measuring the initial velocities at
subsaturating concentrations of pyruvate (Table 2).
We previously reported that mutation of residue H49 by glutamine in E. coli DXS resulted in a mutant en-
zyme with undetectable activity [15]. Here we have analyzed the effect of H49Q and H49A point mutations by
measuring their kinetic parameters kcat and kcat/KM. Both mutations result in severally impaired catalytic activi-
ties. kcat/KM values for mutant H49A was two orders of magnitude lower than the wild-type enzyme. No kinetic
parameters could be determined for mutant H49Q due to its reduced specific activity. The H431A mutant re-
tained 57% specific activity but increased KM for pyruvate (one order of magnitude compared to the wild-type).
No significant change in the KM for GAP was observed for this mutant. When residue H431 was replaced by
glutamine, kcat was reduced by two orders of magnitude. Kinetic analysis of the purified D427N and D427A
mutants showed reduced kcat values (3.3 min−1 and 10 min−1 respectively, compared to the value of 100.3 min−1
for the wild-type enzyme) (Table 2).
Site-directed mutagenesis was used to confirm the essential role of selected residues for E. coli DXS activity.
Kinetic parameters of the mutant enzymes H49Q and H49A obtained in this work corroborate that this residue is
essential for DXS activity. The structure of the catalytic center of E. coli DXS [17] confirms that residue H49 is
perfectly positioned to abstract a proton from the donor substrate.
Kinetic analysis of the purified DXS mutant enzymes at the corresponding positions (E370, D427 and H431)
were carried out to establish the role of these conserved residues for E. coli DXS catalytic activity. Residue
E418, equivalent to E370 in DXS, has been reported to be essential for TK catalytic activity since its implication
in cofactor deprotonation, the first step in enzymatic thiamin catalysis [18]. Analysis of mutations in DXS E370
demonstrated that this residue is also essential for catalytic activity. E. coli DXS 3D-structure [17] shows a di-
rect hydrogen bond to the pyrimidine of thiamin supporting the catalytic role suggested by Wikner et al. [19].
Site-directed mutagenesis studies of residue H481 in yeast transketolase indicate that this residue contributes
to transition state stabilization but is not absolutely required for catalysis [19]. When the E. coli DXS histidine
residue at position 431 was replaced by glutamine, a mutant DXS with a severe reduction in enzyme activity
(4% of the wild-type) was obtained. In contrast, moderated effects in terms of specific activity and kcat were ob-
served when H431 was replaced by alanine. Only KM for pyruvate was increased one order of magnitude (Table
2). Similar results have been obtained for mutants at residue H481 in yeast transketolase [19] or the correspond-

J. Querol-Audí et al.
34
Table 2. Comparison of kinetic parameters of wild-type (DXSwt) and mutant DXS enzymes.
Enzyme KMpyr (μM) KMGAP (μM ) kcat (min−1) kcat/KMpyr (min−1∙μM−1)
DXSwt 134±8 41±6 100.3 0.7480
H49Q n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
H49A n.d. n.d. 6.6 0.0091
D427N n.d. n.d. 3.3 0.0 022
D427A n.d. n.d. 10.0 0.0095
H431Q n.d. n.d. 4.4 0.1 600
H431A 1623±81 62±6 57.4 0.0350
E370Q n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
E370A n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
ing residue in human transketolase Q428 [20]. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of H481 in yeast transketolase
suggested that this residue contributes to transition state stabilization but is not required for catalysis [20]. Our
results would indicate that TK H481 and DXS H431 are conserved equivalent residues playing similar roles.
The fact that H431Q mutant shows a markedly reduced specific activity could be explained by considering that
the increase in side chain size may result in steric clashes with the substrate.
Substitution of aspartic acid residue at position 427 by glutamine or alanine yielded a DXS with highly de-
creased specific activity with kcat/KM ratio reduced by two orders of magnitude. The hydrogen at the side chain
of the corresponding residue, D477, in yeast TK is proposed to be the determinant of the enantioselectivity of
the enzyme [21].
In this study we describe the active site architecture of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, a target for
antimicrobial agents, herbicides, and antimalarial drugs [22] [23]. A role in catalysis has been assigned to con-
served amino acid residues and a model of the catalytic site has been generated which can be of great interest to
predict drug-enzyme interactions.
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