Journal of Water Resource and Protection
Vol.4 No.4(2012), Article ID:18421,10 pages DOI:10.4236/jwarp.2012.44023

Zinc and Lead Biosorption by Delftia tsuruhatensis: A Bacterial Strain Resistant to Metals Isolated from Mine Tailings

Dorian A. Bautista-Hernández1, Landy I. Ramírez-Burgos2, Enrique Duran-Páramo3, Luis Fernández-Linares3

1Rearch Centre for Environmental Quality, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Estado de México, Atizapán de Zaragoza, México

2Faculty of Chemistry, Programa de Ingeniería Química Ambiental y Química Ambiental (PIQAyQA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México

3Laboratory of Bioprocesses, Department of Bioprocesses, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología UPIBI-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México

Email: bautistadorian@yahoo.com.mx

Received December 13, 2011; revised January 27, 2012; accepted February 23, 2012

Keywords: Biosorption; Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms; Delftia Tsuruhatensis; Pb(II); Zn(II)

ABSTRACT

A bacterial strain capable of Zinc and Lead biosorption was isolated from mine tailings. This strain showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of metals among other isolates in metal-resistance tests. Sorption tests were conducted placing 0.015 g of dry biomass in 10 ml of metallic solution at fixed pH. Contact was analyzed at different times (kinetics) and different initial concentrations (isotherm). The biomass was separated by centrifugation and the concentration of non-absorbed metal was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The strain was identified by 16S sequencing as Delftia tsuruhatensis. The order of toxicity of the metals to the bacterium was Zn > Pb > Se > Ni > Cu = Al. Zinc and Lead absorption kinetics were adjusted to the pseudo second order equation (r2 = 0.99), showing that equilibrium was reached at 40 and 20 min, respectively. Maximal absorption of Pb and Zn was 0.216 and 0.207 mmol∙g1, respectively; which can be considered a median magnitude capacity when compared to other biosorbents described in the literature.

1. Introduction

Heavy metals are among the more harmful pollutants that can be found in water. Potential damage to the public health in human population and other ecotoxicologial effects in living organism can be expected if contaminated water is consumed [1]. Several methods have been applied to remove these elements from water. However each of them is limited by specific technical and economic factors. Specifically when metals are found at low concentrations the removal from solutions using biomasses offers advantages over physico-chemical methods [2]. Thus the biosorption is a cost effective method for reach levels below of the permissible standards when contaminated water has metal content not far of this limits. The extent will depend on the capacity of the biological material.

Bacterial biomass has shown important potential for bioadsorption [3]. The search for bacterial strains with specialized capacities of adsorption is an important requisite for their potential use in practical methods [4].

The capacity and selectivity for biosorption of any given biological material cannot be determined a priori and can only be established experimentally. The great number of both possible bioadsorbent materials and materials to be adsorbed involves an enormous amount of experimental work to identify excellent bioadsorbents. Experiments on bioadsorption can be very demanding in terms of time and economic resources, rendering the delimitation of study objects (biosorbents-sorbates) very important [5].

The criteria most often used for selection of biosorbent materials have been economic as the low cost and the presence of the residue or biomass in abundant amount in nature [6]. The principal limitations with this approach are that the finding of good biosorbents (High capacity and selectivity) has a random nature and that the results are not reproducible when biomass residues of unknown and variable nature are applied. Although many biosorption studies have been reported until now there is not available knowledge that links a priori any biological criteria of the biosorbent with its biosorption performance. Therefore, it is important to test and compare the biosorption capacity of certain types of organisms. Thus it becomes valuable in order to trace potentials biosorbents with which carry out more specific studies.

Recent studies have shown that some microorganisms isolated from sites polluted with metals (i.e. resistant bacteria) are capable of absorbing metals [7-10]; but the advantages over other non-resistant strains have not been defined. There are special considerations for this group of biosorbing materials given by the interactions between the metals and either heavy metal-tolerant or resistant organisms [4]. In order to do a more extensive assessment of the capacity for biosorption of these microorganisms the principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the metallic sorption by a resistant bacterial strain isolated from a polluted site. The constants and biosorption capacity for metals (with which were showed the more resistance) were established. Finally a comparison with other biosorbents reported in literature was done.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Isolation and Resistance Test

We took samples from mine tailings in El Oro de Hidalgo and Zacualpan, State of México, México. Enrichments were done in nutritive broth additioned with 3 mM of the six salts metal used (ZnSO4∙7H2O, NiCl2∙6H2O, CuCl2∙2H2O, Na2SeO3∙5H2O, Pb(NO3)2 and Al2(SO4)3∙18H2O). 1 g of the mine tailings sample was inoculated in each of the six flask used and incubated at 35˚C for 48 h.

We isolated the microorganisms from the enriched media by dilution in a nutritive agar plate enriched with the aforementioned metals at a 0.5 mM concentration. Cultures were incubated at 27˚C. The minimum inhibittory concentration (MIC) of the metal at which the bacteria showed growth was determined by reseeding by puncture in nutritive agar with different metal concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mM). The strain with the highest MIC was selected.

2.2. Biosorption Test

Sorption tests were conducted with biomass grown in a nutritive broth centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 min (ColeParmer Model 752400) and washed with sterile saline solution; the cellular pellet was dried at 80˚C for 24 h. Dry biomass (0.015 g) was placed in contact with 10 mL of a zinc and lead solution at different time intervals (kinetics) and different initial concentrations (isotherm). The pH at initial contact was measured. The biomass was subsequently separated by centrifugation (3500 rpm for 15 min, Cole-Parmer Model 752400) and the non-absorbed metal was determined in the supernatant by atomic absorption (AA). The procedure was done in triplicate. The indicator q, which represents the metallic capture per unit of weight of the biosorbent, was calculated by the simple difference method [5] according to the following equation:

(1)

where: q = Sorption capacity (mg∙g1); Vi = Initial volume (L); Ci = Initial concentration (mg∙L1); Cf = Final or equilibrium concentration (mg∙L1); S = Biomass weight (g).

Using the mean and the standard error of the three series, the pseudo second-order equation was adjusted to the sorption kinetics [11]:

(2)

where: t = Time (min); Ks = Sorption constant; qeq = Sorption capacity in equilibrium (mg∙g1). Linearization of t/q vs. t was used to estimate the value of the sorption constant (Ks) and the sorption capacity in equilibrium (qeq).

Both commonly used models in literature, Langmuir y Freundlich, were used to represent the sorption phenomenon. The first is mathematically represented as:

(3)

where: qmax = Maximal sorption capacity (mg∙g–1); b = Affinity related coefficient. Linearization of Cf/q vs. Cf was used for estimating parameters.

Freundlich’s isotherm is represented as:

(4)

where: Kf and n are constants that indicate sorption capacity and sorption intensity, respectively. Linearization of Ln q vs. Ln Cf was used in this case.

2.3. Molecular Strain Identification

To determine the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain, cells were lysed according to Hiraishi et al. [12]. The 16S rDNA fragment was amplified by PCR using the following universal primers: forward, 59-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCGA-39; and reverse, 59-GGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-39 (positions 1510 - 1492). The sequence of the amplified 16S rDNA fragment (1400 bp) was analyzed using the Codon Code Aligner software (V.3.6.1) and compared with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization and Resistance of Isolated Strains

A total of 12 bacterial strains were isolated and tested for their resistance against different metals ions. The bacterial strain with the highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of metals was selected for biosorption studies. This was a gram-negative bacilli, which form irregular, cream-colored colonies, of viscous consistency and soft brilliant elevated surface. Compared to the NCBI GenBank sequences, the strain’s sequence showed a 99% homology to Delftia tsuruhantensis. This strain was isolated by Shigematsu et al. [13] from activated sludge in Tsuruhata, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, and identified as sp. nov. The strain belongs to the Pseudomonas III group, is a gram-negative bacillus and is considered a bacterium found in soil and water.

The strain exhibited the highest MIC with Zinc (25 mM), being this metal in which it showed the best growth and represented the enrichment from which it was isolated. The MICs observed for other metals were 6 mM, 3 mM, <1 mM, <1 mM, <0.5 mM for Lead, Selenium, Cupper, Aluminum, and Nickel, respectively.

The MIC of Zinc for Delftia tsuruhatensis was slightly higher than the MIC for Bacillus circulans (22 mM) reported by Yilmaz [10]. Also the last two concentrations are higher than the MIC for an unidentified strain (3 mM) reported by Ansari & Malik [7]. These authors also report the MIC of lead as 5.57 mM, which is similar to the value shown by Delftia tsuruhatensis (6 mM). These results were obtained in solid agar medium.

There are other reports of microbial resistance to metals, however the methodologies differ considerably from the one used in the present study. For example, some used an aqueous medium [14,15] or even a solid medium, but adding the metallic solution once the medium had been solidified [16]. Therefore a direct comparison with our results is not appropriate. In general, the MICs showed by the isolates of the present study are higher than the reported in the literature using aqueous medium. It is generally considered that heavy metals are more toxic in liquid than in solid media due to a more dispersion in the culture [17].

Bacterial survival can vary according to different experimental conditions, as culture medium, metallic salt, stage at which the metallic solution is added, incubation periods, etc. Even metal toxicity may also vary according to the age of cultures used for testing resistance [16]. Also different survival indicators can be analyzed. In spite of the lack of a standardized methodology for testing microbial resistance to metals, the results of metal resistance in solid media of the present study can be considered in agreement with those reported in other works [7,10].

The presence of metals in the culture produced changes in color and consistency in every colony of the isolated strains, including Delftia tsuruhatensis. It has been suggested that this represents a bioaccumulation process of the metal to which the bacterial colony is exposed [18]. Another finding associated to the presence of metals in the culture medium was a diminished growth rate. This has been explained stating that the microorganism submitted to stress by metals deviate energy from growth to maintenance of other functions, as there is a greater demand of energy to resist metal toxicity [19].

3.2. Sorption Kinetics

The kinetic equation of pseudo second order (r2 > 0.99) was adjusted to the sorption of Zn and Pb, indicating the usefulness of this equation to estimate the amount of metal adsorbed in a given time period. Other studies have proven the usefulness of this method in the biosorption phenomenon [20,21].

Sorption kinetics of Zn and Pb show that equilibrium was reached at 40 and 20 min, respectively (Figure 1), indicating that Pb was absorbed more rapidly. Different results were reported by Puranik & Paknikar [22] in the sorption kinetics for these metal ions using other bacterial biosorbent (Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum), where Zn was absorbed more rapidly than Pb reaching equilibrium at 15 and 30 min, respectively. This difference suggests that a biosorbent can show special affinities in the sorption kinetics of certain metallic ions. However in other work Puranik et al. [23] showed that three bacterial species (Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Citrobacter sp.) were capable of absorbing lead and zinc, with equilibrium reached at 30 min, independently from the strain, the metal, or the initial concentration used. Thus, it becomes evident the need to establish some basic guidelines to the sorption kinetics test in order to give support to the comparison of different results reported in the literature.

In general terms, sorption is a relatively rapid process, in which equilibrium is reached within minutes and, in most cases, within an hour at most. Salehi et al. [24] using Punica geranatum leaves reported the equilibrium at 30 min in the biosorption of Pb. Hawari & Mulligan [25] studied the sorption of lead into aerobic granules and observed that maximal sorption was reached at 30 min. Fourest & Roux [26] observed that 90% sorption of zinc occurred at 20 min at an optimal pH of 6 by R. arrhizus. Tunali et al. [27] observed maximal absorption of lead in 15 min with Bacillus sp. An extraordinary low rate in the kinetics of lead sorption was reported by Mustafiz et al. [28] using fish scales, reached equilibrium at 120 hours.

This range in the rates biosorption can be found with other metals and biosorbents. For instance, using Pantoea sp. equilibrium for Cr, Cd, and Cu sorption was reached at 15 min [29]. Using Chryseomonas luteola TEM 05 in sorption of Al and Cr, equilibrium was reached at 60 and 90 minutes, respectively [30]. Tsezos et al. [31] used five non-identified bacterial strains for Ag and Ni sorption with equilibrium being reached at 60 min.

A constant diminishing of metal concentration in the solution is not always present in sorption kinetics, in most cases, as equilibrium is reached; there are fluctuations in metal concentrations. Delftia tsuruhatensis showed this behavior (Figure 1). It is assumed that as soon as the adsorption process proceeds, the adsorbed sorbate tends to be released and eventually the rates of adsorption and desorption adjust in a state of equilibrium. Thus, a static equilibrium is reached in a relatively longer period than a dynamic equilibrium [28]. Once this equilibrium has been reached, adsorption becomes irreversible since very little metal will be released even if the solution remains under constant agitation [31].

3.3. Adsorption Isotherms

The determination of the equilibrium sorption isotherm is the most widely accepted way to test the sorption capacity of any biological material. This approach is based on the fact that the metal uptake mechanism is dependent on the initial metal ion concentration. Thus, increasing the initial metal ion concentration causes an increase in biosorption capacity of the biosorbent due to the probability of collution between metal ion and biosorbent increase in this condition which enhance the biosorption ability [5].

Regarding our results, the experimental data on Pb and Zn sorption fitted the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The affinity coefficients in both models (b Langmuir and n Freundlich) were greater for Pb than for Zn, generating a greater slope in the Pb isotherm. This means that the resistance to mass transfer in the

Figure 1. Zinc (●) and lead (○) adsorption kinetics of Delftia tsuruhatensis; adjustment with the pseudo second order equation ().

process of adsorption is overcome at lower initial concentrations for Pb than for Zn [32].

The maximal sorption capacity coefficients were also greater for Pb in both models (qmax Langmuir and Kf Freundlich) (Figures 2 and 3, Table 1). However the differences in maximal adsorption capacities between Pb and Zn determined by the Langmuir model are in the same order as their differences in atomic weight. Therefore, when the adsorption capacity is expressed in mmol/g, the values for maximal adsorption capacity for the two metals show greater resemblance (Pb 0.216 mmol∙g–1 and Zn 0.207 mmol∙g–1). Puranik [23] in a study with these two metals found that adsorptions of Pb and Zn by S. cinnamoneum (57.7 and 21.3 mg∙g–1, respectively) were similar in their molar expression of capture (0.28 mM∙g–1 for Pb and 0.33 mM∙g–1 for Zn). This suggest that the number of available binding sites in the biomass is similar to the adsorbed moles and this in turn similar to both metals.

Figure 2. Metallic adsorption capacity (q) of Delftia tsuruhatensis at different final concentrations of Zinc. Adjustment with the Langmuir () and Freundlich (---) adsorption isotherms.

Figure 3. Metallic adsorption capacity (q) of Delftia tsuruhatensis at different final concentrations of Lead. Adjustment with the Langmuir () and Freundlich (---) adsorption isotherms.

Table 1. Parameters and adjustment of adsorption isotherms, Langmuir, Freundlich, and pseudo second order model, in zinc and lead adsorption by Delftia tsuruhatensis biomass.

Two main variables have been suggested to explain the difference in adsorption for different metal ions by the same bioadsorbent. Thus a greater absorption of the metallic ion with lower charge/mass ratio [33] and smalller ionic radius [7] can be expected. However, these criteria do not explain the absorption of Zn and Pb by Delftia tsuruhatensis, since, in this case, greater adsorption of Pb than of Zn was achieved, i.e., greater adsorption of the element with larger ionic radius and lower charge/mass ratio (Table 2).

A greater Pb capture could be attributed to its ability to form more stable compounds, compared to Zn, which is reflected in its covalent index [34-36].

Table 2. Atomic characteristics of Zn and Pb.

In comparison with other biosorbents reported in the literature the maximum adsorption capacity for Zn and Pb showed by Delftia tsuruhatensis is not among the highest. Table 3 shows the maximum capacity of lead biosorption of some biosorbents reported along with its principal operational conditions. Maximum adsorption capacity of Delftia tsuruhatensis (44.4 mg∙g1) is only almost half of that reported for other metal-resistant bacteria Bacillus sp. (92.3 mg∙g1). However these both indicators are far from the highest reported (769 - 255 mg∙g1). On the other hand according to the Table 4 where there is the maximum adsorption capacity of Zinc by different biosorbents, Delftia tsuruhatensis showed a modest performance (14 mg∙g1). While other metal resistant bacteria reported a maximum capacity of 172.4 mg∙g1 [9]. In this Table the highest capacity reported for Zinc is 641 mg∙g1 [72].

Table 3. Lead adsorption capacity with different types of biological materials.

Table 4. Zinc adsorption capacity with different types of biological materials.

Since the experimental protocols in the biosorption studies can vary the reported results are not always comparable in detail. However these can be important points of reference when the principal operational conditions as pH, temperature and weight of biomass used are indicated.

The biosorption capacity of Delftia tsuruhatensis is important when it is compared with other kinds of materiales. As for example, Matheikal & Yu [37] reported the sorption capacities for Pb of non-biological materials: Australian natural zeolite, 0.08 mmol∙g1; pulverized activated carbon, 0.10 mmol∙g1; granular activated carbon F-400, 0.15 mmol∙g1; and ionic exchange polymer (Duolite GT-73) 1.37 mmol∙g1. The capacity for lead biosorption (0.216 mmol∙g1) shown by Delftia tsuruhatensis is superior to that of the aforementioned materials with the exception of Duolite GT-73.

The last data show the reasons for which the biosorption is considered as a promising technology. When a good biosorbent is found a more specific studies are useful in order to both to understand the uptake mechanisms and to model more complex conditions i.e. multi metallic systems.

4. Conclusion

The Zn and Pb sorption capacities shown by Delftia tsuruhatensis can be considered of median magnitude compared to other reported biosorbents. Although Delftia tsuruhatensis shows notable resistance to Zn and Pb, the sorption capacity for these metals did not prove superior than that of other reported biological materials. Based on our results, we suggest that microorganisms that are resistant to metals do not necessarily show a more efficient sorption capacity compared to other non resistant organisms, at least when using dry biomass in contact sorption tests. It is important to search for other options that could potentially improve the advantages of this technology.

5. Acknowledgements

We thank the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) Mexico, for financial support given to the project “Formación Bacteriana de Nanopartículas Metálicas (CONACYT-53038)” and we thanks the Institute of Science and Technology of Distrito Federal ICYT DF for financial support given to the project “Bioacumulación de metales y formación de nanopartículas por microorganismos”.

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