ABSTRACT

Introduction and Objective: We investigated the association of endo-, meso- and ecto-morphic components of somatotype with aerobic power, mid-trunk flexibility and grip strength. Methods: Healthy male (n = 226) and female (n = 86) subjects, aged 9 - 55 years, sedentary (n = 154) or participating in sports (n = 158) were studied. Anthropometrics (height, weight, 8 skin folds, arm and calf circumferences, elbow and knee diameters), maximal exercise O₂ uptake, mid trunk flexibility, right and left grip strength were measured. Results: Sedentary adult females were endomorphic with mesomorph tendency, and had low aerobic power (27.8 ± 0.6 ml/Kg∙min) and low (48.7 ± 1 Kg) grip strength. Sedentary males (young and adults) and Sports adult males were mesomorph with endomorphic tendency. Sports junior males were balanced mesomorph. Aerobic power was 54.1 ± 0.9 ml/Kg∙min in sports young males, 53.8 ± 0.9 ml/Kg∙min in sports adult males, 41.2 ± 4.3 ml/Kg∙min in sedentary young males, and 39.5 ± 1 ml/Kg∙min in sedentary adult males. Grip strength was 89.9 ± 1.7 Kg in sports adult males, 86.7 ± 2 Kg in sedentary adult males, 75.6 ± 2.2 Kg in sports junior males and 52 ± 9.1 Kg in young sedentary males. Step-wise multiple regression analysis of somatotype components on aerobic power revealed dominant negative contribution (P < 0.001) of endomorphy (r² = 0.57, 57%), and small but significant positive contributions of mesomorphy (0.6%) and ectomorphy (0.6%): Aerobic power = [56.1 − 4.3 (endomorphy) + (mesomorphy) + 1.4 (ectomorphy)] ± 9.1 SEE. Height and somatotype components accounted for 69% of the variance (R²) in grip strength; height had greatest contribution (60%): Grip Strength = [1.7 (Height) − 6.5 (ectomorphy) − 3.4 (endomorphy) − 2 (mesomorphy) − 200] ± 12.9 SEE. Measured variables accounted for <2% of flexibility variance. Conclusion: Endomorphy contributes greatly and negatively to variance in aerobic power. Body height was the anthropometric variable with the greatest positive association with the variance in grip strength. Flexibility appears to be unrelated to somatotype components.

Keywords:

Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Endomorphy, Mesomorphy, Ectomorphy, Grip Strength

1. Introduction

Body built is to a large extent genetically determined [1] . Correlations of somatotype components between siblings are significant, and tend to be higher in the case of mesomorphy than in the case of endomorphy which apparently depends more on environmental influences, particularly in females [1] . High inheritabilities for mesomorphy and ectomorphy have been reported in twin studies at adolescence and are maintained in adulthood. For endomorphy, however, heritability at adulthood may be considerably lower than reported in studies on adolescent twins [2] .

Body type has important influence on body composition [3] . For example, ectomorphs were found to have less Fat Free Mass (FFM), less Body Cell Mass (BCM) and lower absolute maximal oxygen uptake than meso- or endo-morphs [3] . Certain physically active subjects have systematic deviations in the density of the FFM independently of differences in muscularity or musculoskeletal development [4] .

Top category weight lifters tend to have large body mass with high levels of mosomorphy and endomorphy. By contrast elite long distance runners tend to have small body mass, less endomorphy than mesomorphy and dominant ectomorphy [5] . Anthropometric and physiological differences exist among soccer players who play in different positions and the differences fit with their different workloads in the game [6] . The physically active subjects may select their sport modality according to their endowment and develop more specific physical and functional characteristics as a consequence of training.

To some degree, somatotype, and particularly its endomorphic and mesomorphic components, may be affected by the type and daily levels of energy expenditure and intake that impinge on body composition as well as on aerobic fitness and strength.

Studies in pubertal twins show that training can favor aerobic power (VO₂/Kg at lactate threshold) as well as aerobic capacity (VO_2max/Kg), but has no effect on absolute VO_2max. Thus, the effect of aerobic training in these young subjects is mostly on body composition (reduced % body fat) and not on the mass of oxygen delivered and extracted by the active muscles. This may be also true in very active adult males or females. However, in sedentary subjects, training has significant effects on oxygen delivery and extraction and on absolute VO_2max [7] .

Inherited factors have a strong effect on the extent of the adaptations to training (45% to 70%), and genotype-training interactions explain a small (10% - 20%), but prominent part of these adaptations [8] . Indeed, subjects with certain somatotypes (balanced mesomorphs and meso-ectomorphs) show greatest improvements in aerobic capacity with training indicating differences in the susceptibility to training according to the somatotype [9] .

The maximal ability to consume oxygen during exercise is also largely genetically determined although its decline with age may be modified by training and/or daily levels of energy expenditure and intake. By contrast, the aerobic capacity or relative VO_2max (ml/Kg∙min) depends in addition, on body composition characteristics such as % body fat and % muscle in the FFM, both of which may be modified by training, nutrition and hormones.

The studies mentioned above suggest that the somatotype component most susceptible to environmental influences and that which may have the strongest relationship to modifiable health-related fitness characteristic such as aerobic capacity is endomorphy. Indeed, aerobic capacity has been found to be inversely dependent on anthropometric parameters (% fat, BMI) more in obese than in non-obese women, while grip strength was directly dependent on body mass, more in obese than in lean women [10] .

In this study we investigate the relationships of endo-, meso- and ecto-morphic components of somatotype to aerobic capacity, flexibility and grip strength in adult Kuwaiti subjects.

2. Methods

Healthy male (n = 226) and female (n = 86) subjects, 9 - 55 years of age, sedentary (n = 154) or participating in sports (n = 158) were studied.

They were selected according to:

1. Their physical activity level (active or sedentary);

2. Their gender;

3. Their age (young or adult);

4. Their health status (no physical or mental disabilities).

Anthropometrics (height, weight, 8 skin folds, arm and calf circumferences, and elbow and knee diameters) were determined as thoroughly described in previous studies from our laboratory [7] .

Resting and maximal heart rates and blood pressures, maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) during treadmill exercise (Bruce’s protocol), mid trunk flexibility, right and left grip strength were measured, as described in detail in previous published studies from this laboratory [7] .

Endo-, meso- and ectomorphy, were calculated by using the Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype method (J.E.L., Carter, 2002).

3. Results

Sedentary adult females were endomorphic with mesomorphic tendency. Sedentary males (young or adult) and sports adult males were mesomorphic with endomorphic tendency. Sports young males were balanced mesomorphs (Figure 1, Table 1).

Aerobic capacity (VO_2max ml/kg∙min) was highest in sports young males (54.1 ± 0.9 ml/Kg∙min), similarly high in sportsadult males (53.8 ± 0.9 ml/Kg∙min), intermediate in sedentary young (41.2 ± 4.3 ml/Kg∙min) or adult males (39.5 ± 1.0 ml/Kg∙min) and lowest in sedentary adult females (27.8 ± 0.5 ml/Kg∙min) (Table 2).

SAF: sedentary adult females; SAM: sedentary adult males; SYM: sedentary young males; AAM; sports adult males; AYM: sports young males. Numbers in parenthesis refer to number of subjects in each group. Values are mean and standard error of the means (±SE). Significant between the groups at p < 0.05, if group numbers are used 1; 2; 3; 4. Significant between the groups at p < 0.001, if group letters are used a; b; c; d.

Grip strength was highest in sports adult males (89.9 ± 1.7 Kg) or sedentary (86.7 ± 2 Kg); intermediate in sports young males (75.6 ± 2.2 Kg), and lowest in sedentary young males (52 ± 9.1 Kg) and in sedentary adult females (48.7 ± 1.0 Kg) (Table 2).

Flexibility was highest (26.5 ± 1.0 cm) in sports adult males, similarly high (26.3 ± 0.9 cm) in sedentary adult females and in sedentary young males (25.4 ± 3.0 cm), intermediate in sports young males (21.1 ± 1.0 cm) and lowest (18.2 ± 1.0 cm) in sedentary adult males (Table 2).

SAF: sedentary adult females; SAM: sedentary adult males; SYM: sedentary young males; AAM; Sports adult males; AYM: Sports young males. Numbers in parenthesis refer to number of subjects in each group. Values are mean and standard error of the means (±SE). Significant between the groups at p < 0.05, if group numbers are used 1; 2; 3; 4. Significant between the groups at p < 0.001, if group letters are used a; b; c; d.

Step multiple regression analysis of aerobic capacity on somatotype components revealed a major contribution (p < 0.001) of endomorphy (57%), and minor contributions of mesomorphy (0.6%) and ectomorphy (0.6%), which accounted together for 58.4% (R² = 0.584) of the variance in aerobic capacity (Figure 2).

Height and somatotype components accounted for 69% (R2) of the variance in grip strength; height had the greatest contribution (60%), endomorphy (4%), ectomorphy (3.7%) and particularly mesomorphy (1.6%), had smaller contributions, (Figure 3).

Measured variables accounted for only 2.2% of flexibility variance (p > 0.1).

4. Discussion

Endomorphy contributes greatly to the variance in aerobic capacity in this group of healthy Kuwaiti subjects, sedentary or participating in sports, males or females, young or adults. This likely reflects the negative influence of percent body fat, on aerobic capacity.

The higher aerobic capacity present in the more physically active males, independently of age, would suggest that it is consequent to the higher levels of physical activity compared to sedentary males. We cannot exclude however, the role of genetic influences since their genetic endowment may have influenced the decision of the subjects to regularly participate in sports.

Aerobic capacity was particularly low in sedentary adult females, corresponding to their high level of endomorphy. Since aerobic capacity in females can be almost as high as that in males [7] , the severely low aerobic capacity observed in this group of sedentary adult females likely reflects their very sedentary life style and their high risk of exceeding energy needs, as reflected in their high endomorphy, even if the absolute level of energy intake is not high.

Somatotype components contribute significantly but to a much lesser extent than body height to the variance in grip strength. Surprisingly, mesomorphy contributed least to the variance in grip strength. Thus there may be a mechanical advantage to tall subjects for grip force development [11] .

Flexibility was not significantly related to the measured variables. This functional characteristic of the joints is high in females and in young males, even when sedentary. It is maintained in physically active adult males but is lowest in sedentary adult males. It is not related to ectomorphy or to any other somatotype component.

5. Conclusion

Endomorphy is found to have a strongly negative influence on aerobic fitness levels. Grip strength depends much more on height than on somatotype components, while flexibility is found to be independent of somatotype and other anthropometric measurements.

Cite this paper

Alkandari, J.R. and Barac Nieto, M. (2016) Somatotype Components, Aerobic Fitness and Grip Strength in Kuwaiti Males and Females. Health, 8, 1349-1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2016.813135

References