Received 29 November 2014; accepted 3 August 2015; published 6 August 2015

ABSTRACT

Objectives: C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels are associated with atherosclerosis and increased incidence of coronary events. Aim: To evaluate the utility for risk stratification of very early blood CRP levels, during the first 6 hours after the onset of chest pain, in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: 118 patients with AMI, 88 men, age 63.3 ± 8 yrs, were evaluated, and CRP was assessed within the first 6 hours after the onset of chest pains. Results: CRP level in all patients was 15.7 ± 14.1 mg/L. Its level increased with higher Killip class, 11.2 ± 5 mg/L in class 1, and 62 ± 7 mg/L in class 4 (p < 0.01), and with lower left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), 32.3 ± 10 mg/L with EF < 30% and 9 ± 4 mg/L with EF > 40% (p < 0.01). Higher CRP values were found in patients with 3 vessel coronary artery diseases 20.7 ± 8 mg/L, vs. 8.7 ± 4 mg/L with 2 and 1 vessel disease (p < 0.05). Patients with in-hospital complications had higher CRP, 33.7 ± 10 mg/L vs. 12.1 ± 5 mg/L in those without (p < 0.001). Eight patients died at one-year follow-up. The CRP levels on admission in patients who died during the first year of follow-up, 45.2 ± 7.7 mg/L were higher than those in the survivors without adverse events, 11.6 ± 5 mg/L (p < 0.001). Admission CRP level in patients re-admitted with unstable angina, re-infarction or those who had coronary bypass surgery was similar to that in those who were not. Conclusions: Very early blood CRP levels in patients with AMI predict functional capacity, systolic left ventricular function, extent of coronary artery disease, early and short term complications and 1-year mortality but not recurrent myocardial ischemic events.

Keywords:

C-Reactive Protein, Myocardial Infarction, Prognosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary Angiography

1. Introduction

C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant, is a marker of inflammatory activity and is associated with atherosclerosis and increased incidence of coronary events [1] [2] . Higher blood CRP levels are associated with increased risk in patients with unstable angina [3] - [6] , and its levels increase during the early days after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [7] . Very early, during the first hours after the onset of chest pain, CRP levels may reflect the process leading to coronary artery thrombosis and AMI. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of very early CRP levels after acute myocardial infarction in risk stratification.

2. Methods

Population: One hundred and eighteen consecutive patients, aged 63.3 ± 8 years, with AMI admitted to the coronary care unit were included. AMI was defined as prolonged typical chest pain, typical electrocardiographic changes with ST segment elevation, development of Q waves or persistent new ST depression, and elevation of troponin I and the MB isoenzyme of creatinine kinase of the study group 88 were men, age 60.4 ± 12 years and 30 were women, age 71.9 ± 7 years p < 0.05.

Patient Characteristics: The risk factor profile of patients on admission included smoking in 52 (44%), hyperlipidemia in 51 (43.2%), hypertension in 63 (53.4%), obesity in 31 (26.3%), previous MI in 34 (28.8%), family history of coronary artery disease in 25 (21.2%), diabetes mellitus in 29 (24.6%) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in 15 (12.7%).

At presentation, AMI with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) occurred in 71 patients (60.2%), 69 (97%) of them developed Q waves later, and 25 of them (35.2%) had a history of angina pectoris. Fibrinolytic treatment was administered in 44 patients (62%), while primary balloon angioplasty was performed in 16 (23%).

Non-STEMI was diagnosed in 47 Patients (39.8%), 31 (66%) of them had a history of angina pectoris. Overall 49 patients had Non Q-wave AMI.

Blood levels of CRP were measured immediately on admission within 6 hours of the onset of chest pain. Turbidimetric immunoassay method was used to measure CRP levels. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistical Analysis: Parameters were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Between-group comparisons were made using two-tailed Student t-test for continuous variables and Pearson c² test for categorical variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the analyses were done using SPSS version 13 software.

3. Results

Hospital arrival of the patients and measurement of blood levels of CRP averaged 3.71 ± 1.2 hours after the onset chest pain. Results of CRP were available within 15 minutes after taking the blood sample.

Patient Characteristics and CRP: Average CRP level was 15.7 ± 14 mg/L, and was higher in women 21.4 ± 10 mg/L compared to men 13.8 ± 7 mg/L (p < 0.01). No significant difference was found in CRP levels between STEMI, 15.3 ± 8 mg/L and non-STEMI, 16.3 ± 15 mg/L (p = ns) (Table 1). Patients with recurrent-MI, pre-MI angina pectoris, smoking, hypertension and PVD were associated with higher CRP values compared to those without (Table 1). Levels of CRP were higher with increasing age, 26.6 ± 11 mg/L (age > 75 years), 15.6 ± 8 mg/L (age 51 - 75 years) and 8.7 ± 4.5 mg/L (age 30 - 50 years), (p < 0.05).

CRP Levels in Subclasses of Patients: Levels of CRP were higher in patients with higher Killip class (Table 2). The majority of the patients (75), were in class I with a CRP level of 11.2 ± 5 mg/L, and 22.7 ± 8 mg/L in class II (p < 0.01), while in classes III and IV CRP levels were much higher 27.2 ± 4 mg/L and 62.7 ± 4 mg/L compared to classes I and II, respectively, (p < 0.01 for both); moreover, patients in class IV had significantly higher CRP levels than class III, (p < 0.05).

CRP levels were higher in patients with lower LVEF. Higher CRP levels were also found in patients with 3 vessel coronary artery disease, 20.7 ± 8 mg/L, versus 8.7 ± 4 mg/L in 2 and 1 vessel disease (p < 0.01) (Table 2).

AP: Angina Pectoris; MI: Myocardial Infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; ^*Statistically Significant (p < 0.05); ^**Statistically Significant (p < 0.01).

CAD: Coronary Artery Disease; LVEF: Left Venticular Ejection Fraction; ^*Statistically Significant (p < 0.05).

Prediction Power of Very Early CRP Levels: Most of the patients with CRP levels lower than 5 mg/L were in Killip class 1, while higher levels of CRP were associated with higher Killip class (Table 3).

Most of the patients with CRP levels less than 5 mg/L, had LVEF above 40%, while higher CRP levels were associated with lower LVEF (Table 3).

Eighty five patients had coronary arteriography, most of those with CRP less than 5 mg/L had one vessel disease while higher CRP levels were associated with 3 vessel disease (Table 3).

Ranges of CRP as Predictor of Mortality and Morbidity: Patients with cardiovascular events during the first month of MI had higher CRP blood levels (Table 4). In Table 5, CRP blood level ranges are described as a predictor of early and late events. It can be seen that higher CRP blood levels predicted early and short term complications and one year mortality but not recurrent myocardial ischemic events.

CA: Coronary Angiography; 1VD, 2VD, 3VD: number of coronary vessels diseased; Percent between brackets; ^*Statistically Significant (p < 0.05).

AP: Angina Pectoris; MI: Myocardial Infarction; IM: one month; IYr: one year; ^†Statistically Significant Compared to Event Free.

AP: Angina Pectoris; Re-MI: Recarnt Myocardial Infarction; ^*Statistically Significant (p < 0.05).

4. Discussion

In this study very early (3.71 ± 1.2 hours of onset of chest pain) CRP blood levels in patients with AMI, predicted functional capacity, LVEF, extent of coronary artery disease, early and short term complications and one year mortality but not recurrent myocardial ischemic events or interventions.

AMI is associated with an increase in inflammatory markers. Thus, elevation of white blood cell count develops within 2 hours after chest pain, and reaches peak 2 - 4 days after AMI. Worse angiographic appearances of culprit lesions in patients with acute coronary syndromes with higher white blood cell counts were reported [8] [9] . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is normal during the first 2 days after AMI, even though fever and leukocytosis may be present and reaches a peak on the fourth to fifth day, and may remain elevated for several weeks, but the peak does not correlate with the size of infarction or prognosis [10] [11] . In a study about the kinetics of CRP release in different forms of acute coronary syndrome, peak CRP appeared after 49 hours of onset of chest pain, and later in patients with STEMI [12] . In another work studying serial CRP levels, multiple logistic regression analysis identified only early CRP level after AMI as predictor of unfavorable outcome [13] . In patients with STEMI, elevated CRP is associated with worse angiographic appearance and higher risk to develop heart failure [14] [15] . In a study of serial CRP levels, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that peak CRP was an independent predictor of development of mitral regurgitation after AMI [16] . Absence of a significant relation between baseline CRP levels and extent of atherosclerosis on coronary angiography in patients with unstable angina was reported; however, both CRP level and atherosclerosis extent were associated with worse outcome after 6 months [17] .

CRP levels are related to the stable atherosclerotic process without acute coronary syndrome, but at lower concentrations and thus high sensitivity CRP assays are necessary for evaluation. Several days after AMI, CRP levels are high as a result of the MI. The CRP levels in this study, very early after the onset of chest pain and MI, are higher than the high sensitivity CRP related to stable atherosclerosis. The CRP levels in our study may reflect the intensity of the process immediately before and accompanying the acute coronary thrombosis and MI.

Measurement of cardiac biomarker levels is routinely applied in patients with AMI in order to estimate the extent of myocardial necrosis. Creatine phospokinase (CPK) and the MB isoenzyme blood concentrations were used to estimate infarct size [18] . Troponin blood levels replaced CPK in the evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndrome [19] . Several studies reported that a single measurement of troponin T and I 72 to 96 h after myocardial infarction provided an estimate of infarct size [20] - [23] . Thus, all these myocardial biomarkers need a long period of time in order to estimate the extent of myocardial damage. In contrast to the studies mentioned above, in the present study, very early CRP blood levels, which can be obtained several minutes after hospital arrival and blood sampling provide very early and rapid estimate of infarct size and prognosis. Thus, very early measurement of CRP blood levels, provide an additional useful and rapid tool in the clinical armamentarium for risk stratification in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and AMI.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, very early CRP blood levels may aid in risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndrome, and in patients with AMI may predict Killip class, systolic LV function, extent of coronary disease, early and short term complications, and one-year mortality but not recurrent myocardial ischemic events.

Competing Interest

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Cite this paper

DawodSharif,MahmoudHammoud,AmalSharif-Rasslan,EdwardAbinader,MajedOdeh, (2015) Very Early C-Reactive Protein Levels after Acute Myocardial Infarction Predict Early Outcome and Late Prognosis. International Journal of Clinical Medicine,06,547-553. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2015.68073

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.