ABSTRACT

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related, including: shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Rigidity is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased muscle tone, an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles. Effects of different herbal preparations have been evaluated on muscle rigidity so far and some of them are approved in clinic. In the present research, the effects of Nigella sativa hydroalcoholic seed extract on muscle stiffness in perphenazine-induced muscle rigidity were evaluated in adult male mice. In this experimental study, L-dopa 10 mg/kg, Nigella sativa hydroalcoholic seed extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were administered orally to male Balb/c mice for 12 days. Control group only received water. Muscle rigidity scores were then measured and compared. The muscle rigidity score in group receiving extract at 50 mg/kg had no significant difference with control group but at 100 mg/kg it had been significantly improved starting at the 40th minute. The extract at 200 mg/kg had significant difference in all times measured in comparison with control group that also showed lower scores compared to L-dopa treated group. According to the obtained results in this study, it can be concluded that Nigella sativa hydroalcoholic extract has good effects on muscle rigidity in dose-dependent pattern.

Keywords:Nigella sativa, Parkinson, Muscle Rigidity

1. Introduction

Nigella sativa is a dicotyledonous medicinal plant, belonging to the family of Ranunculaceae, which is native to southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia but widely cultivated in Pakistan and India. The plant reproduces capsulated fruits containing numerous white trigonal seeds, when being exposed to air, it turns black thus commonly known as Black Seed [1] [2] . Among the Muslim and Arabian communities, it is well known as Habbat Albarakah, Alhabahat Alsawda, and Alkamoun Alaswad. Various names in different languages have been referred, for instance, Shuniz, Khodhira, Black Cumin, or even as Black Caraway [3] . As is established historical and religion-based, it is advised for a wide range of health problems, and is one of the herbal medicines that are being actively investigated and thus has worldwide recognition [4] .

Reviews have reported antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of Nigella sativa in addition to many other therapeutic effects, such as antitumor, immunopotentiation, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial [2] [5] [6] . According to some studies, it appears that this plant may have anti-depression and anti-Parkinson effects [7] [8] .

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects between 100 and 200 per 100,000 people over 40, and over 1 million people in North America alone [9] [10] . PD is uncommon in people younger than 40, and the incidence of the disease increases rapidly over 60 years, with a mean age at diagnosis of 70 years [11] . The main features of PD are tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. A fourth feature, postural instability, is commonly mentioned, although it does not generally occur until much later in the course of the disease and is thus not included in any published diagnostic criteria for PD [12] [13] . The array of pharmacologic and surgical treatments available for the treatment of idiopathic PD is broader than any other degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Management of individual patients requires careful consideration of a number of factors including the patient’s symptoms and signs, age, stage of disease, degree of functional disability, and level of physical activity and productivity [14] .

Rigidity is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased muscle tone, an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles [12] . In Parkinsonism the rigidity can be uniform or ratchety (cogwheel rigidity) [12] [13] . The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity. Rigidity may be associated with joint pain; such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease. In early stages of Parkinson’s disease, rigidity is often asymmetrical and it tends to affect the neck and shoulder muscles prior to the muscles of the face and extremities. With the progression of the disease, rigidity typically affects the whole body and reduces the ability to move [11] -[14] .

During the last decades, potential effects of folk medicinal plants on muscle rigidity have been elicited. In the present research, we report black seed extract effects in perphenazin-induced muscle rigidity compared to L-dopa effect in male mice.

2. Methods

Fifty male adult Balb/c mice aged 8 weeks old (weighing from 20 - 25 g) were acquired from the Pasteur institute of Tehran and allowed to acclimatize to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness per day. Animals were randomly divided into five groups of ten mice in each. In this experimental study, L-dopa at 10 mg/kg, Nigella sativa hydroalcoholic seed extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses were administered orally via feeding needle to male Balb/c mice for 12 days. Control group only received water.

Muscular rigidity (usually named catatonia) was determined using the method of Morpurgo (8). The development of muscle rigidity was observed and scored as follows: Stage 1, mice move freely when placed on the table, score allocated = 0; Stage, mice move only when touched or pushed, score allocated = 0.5; Stage 3, mice placed on the table with one of the front paws alternately on a 1cm high block. Fail to correct the posture in 10 seconds, score allocated = 0.5 for each paw with a total score of 1 for this stage. Stage 4, mice fail to correct the posture in 10 seconds when the front paws are placed alternately on a 3 cm high block, score allocated = 1 for each paw with total score of 2 for this stage. Thus, for a single animal, the maximum possible score would be 3.5 reflecting total muscle rigidity. Low score would mean an apparently lower degree of muscle rigidity. Muscular rigidity was determined at 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after injections.

Black seeds were purchased from a local herb market, cleaned, dried, mechanically powdered, extracted with 70% ethanol and dried, with rotary evaporator to render the extract alcohol free and  kept in refrigerator at 4 degree centigrade until used. The seeds extract was provided at doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg and administered orally for 12 days. Half an hour after the last dose on day 12, perphenazin 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and after 20 minutes muscle rigidity test was performed.

The data were subjected to Analyses of Variances (ANOVA). The analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software for Windows Version 13. P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

3. Results

After analysis of the scores obtained from different groups at different times, the following results were derived: L-dopa at 10 mg/kg improved muscle rigidity significantly at most detected times (Figure 1). The muscle rigidity scores in group receiving extract at 50 mg/kg had no significant difference with control group (Figure 2). However, using extract at 100 mg/kg, muscle stiffness had been significantly improved starting at 40th minutes and lasted till the end of experiment (Figure 3). The muscle rigidity scores when extract at 200 mg/kg administered, had significant difference in all times measured in comparison with control group (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

In the present study it was observed that hydroalcoholic seed extract of Nigella sativa improves muscle rigidity

dose-dependently, in mice.

Parkinson’s disease is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mostly in substantia nigra [9] . Perphenazine is among typical neuroleptic medicines; commonly use to induce muscle rigidity, reflecting PD in animal models. Due to unknown etiology of PD, it is difficult to develop therapeutic approaches to stop the progression of the disease. To date, L-dopa or dopaminergic agonists are the best known treatment however their permanent use has limitations because of their serious side effects. Thus, the need to develop new therapeutic or supplement agents requires [10] [11] . Epidemiological data suggest that antioxidants may have a beneficial effect on many neurodegenerative diseases including PD and muscle rigidity [12] . Interest in the relationship between antioxidants and muscle stiffness led to some trials that reported effectiveness of vitamin C and vitamin E in PD [15] . Many herbal medicines contain high level of antioxidants and therefore can be good candidates for catatonia research. Some studies reported that Nigella sativa can be effective in the treatment of neurological diseases such as depression [7] [16] . Also, in one study, the protective effect of thymoquinone, one of the main chemicals in black seed on dopamine-producing cells against MPP+ and rotenone has been confirmed [8] . The results of this study confirmed usefulness of antioxidants existing in black seed; however, this hypothesis needs to be tested clinically.

5. Conclusion

Overall, according to the present research and other related studies, it is believed that black seed can improve muscle rigidity very well compared to L-dopa. According to our study, these effects appear to be dose-dependent. It can be attributed to its antioxidant properties reported to be high in black seed. Further studies are recommended to confirm the findings obtained, especially on human subjects.

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.